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Prepared by boiling together over a flow fire, one part of femivitrified oxide of lead in powder, and about two parts of olive oil, adding a little hot water from time to time, and conftantly agitating till the litharge

and oil are uniformly mixed.

This plafter has been long employed to cover exco-
riated furfaces, and to form plafters for fupporting the
teguments in the neighbourhood of fores and ulcers.
For the ill effects of lead as a poifon, fee Fothergill's
"Cautions concerning Poifons of Lead and Copper."
285. FERRUM, E. L. D. Iron. See CHEMI-
STRY, p. 664.

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Filings of iron are purified by placing a fieve over them, and attracting the purer particles through the fieve by means of a good magnet.

Sometimes employed internally as a tonic and anthelmintic, but their use is attended with an unpleasant extrication of hydrogenous gas.

b. FERRI OXIDUM NIGRUM PURIFICATUM, E. black oxide FERRI SQUAME PURIFICATÆ. black oxide of iron. Purified fcales of iron.

of iron.

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Purified

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g. TINCTURA MURIATIS FERRI, E. TINCTURA Tiitkré FERRI MURIATI, L. D. Tincture of muriate of iron.

three ounces of purified black oxide of iron in powder, The Edinburgh tincture is prepared by digesting and ten ounces of muriatic acid, with a gentle heat; then adding, after the powder is diffolved, as much alcohol as will make the whole liquor amount to two pounds and a half. The preparations of the other colleges do not materially differ from this. Dofe from 10 to 20 drops, twice or thrice a day.

iron.

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h. FERRUM TARTARISATUM, L. Tartarized iron. Tartanind Prepared by mixing one pound of iron filings, and two pounds of powdered crystals of tartar, into a thick mafs with distilled water, expofing them to the air for eight days in a wide glafs veffel, and then drying the matter in a fand bath, and grinding to a very fine powder. See CHEMISTRY, p. 671. Dofe from 10 to 30 grains.

286. SULPHAS FERRI NATIvus. iron. Green vitriol. Green copperas.

Native fulphate of Nate

Officinal Preparations.

phate of iran.

a. SULPHAS FERRI EXSICCATUS, E. Dried fulphate De
of iron.
phat: f
Prepared by expofing any quantity of fulphate of
This is a preparation of the fcales of iron that col- iron to the action of a moderate heat, in an un-
lect about a smith's anvil, by the magnet.

A better medicine than the former, as it is not attend-glazed earthen veffel, till it becomes white and perfect-
ly dry.
ed with the extrication of hydrogen gas. Dose from five
grains to a fcruple.

c. CARBONAS FERRI, E. FERRI RUBIGO, L. D. Carbonate of iron. Ruft of iron. See CHEMISTRY, N° 1886, and 1929.

A good tonic, ufeful in general debility, and in uterine obftructions dependent on debility. Dofe about a fcruple, feveral times a day.

d. AQUA FERRI AERATI, D. Water of aerated iron.

This is an artificial chalybeate water, prepared in the fame manner as, N° 875. with the addition of a coil of fine iron wire fufpended in the water.

An excellent tonic, forming a good substitute for the natural chalybeate waters. Dofe a glass or two, twice or thrice a day.

e. VINUM FERRI. L. VINUM FERRATUM, D. Wine of iron. Chalybeate wine.

Prepared by digefting four ounces of iron filings in four pints of Spanish white wine, for a month, with frequent agitation, and then ftraining the liquor.

A tonic formerly much used in chlorotic cafes. Dofe from a dram to half an ounce.

2

b. OXIDUM FERRI RUBRUM, E. Red oxide of iron. Ref Colcothar of vitriol.

Prepared by expofing the foregoing preparation to an intenfe heat till it is converted into a very red

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974 per.

975 -acetate opper.

976 pared igris.

977 -mel of Higris.

Tincture of

Prepared by rubbing together in a glafs mortar, acetated vegetable alkali, and vitriolated iron, of each an ounce, till the mafs deliquefces, and then adding during the trituration two pounds of alcohol, and straining the folution.

A powerful aftringent and tonic. Dofe 20 or 30 drops.

The preparations of iron, given in a moderate dose, gradually raife the pulfe, improve the colour of the face, and increafe the alvine, urinary, and cuticular excretions. Their taking proper effect is denoted by fetid eructations and black stools,

Thefe tonics are indicated chiefly in cafes of preternatural discharges, or fuppreffion of natural fecretions or excretions, proceeding from a languor and fluggishness of the fluids, and general weakness of the folids. They are therefore useful in paffive hæmorrhages, in dyfpepfia, hyfleria, and chlorofis; in moft of the cachexie, and in cancerous affections, and in the general debility that often remains after acute difeafes or exceffive hemorrhages.

The preparations of iron, when given too largely, or improperly, produce headach, anxiety, heat of fkin, and not unfrequently hæmorrhages or vomiting, pains in the ftomach, and fpafms and pains in the bowels. They are improper wherever the circulation is already too quick, the folids too tenfe and rigid; and where there is any ftricture and fpafmodic contractions of the

veffels.

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981

a. SOLUTIO SULPHATIS CUPRI COMPOSITA, E. A- Compound QUA STYPTICA. Compound folution of fulphate folution of of copper. Styptic water.

Prepared by boiling three ounces of fulphate of copper, and the fame of fulphate of alumina, in two pounds of water, till they are diffolved; then adding one ounce and a half of diluted fulphuric acid to the liquor previously filtered.

Employed chiefly as a flyptic for ftopping fuperficial

287. CUPRUM, E. L. D. Copper. See CHEMISTRY, hemorrhages, or bleedings at the nofe.

P. 674.

SUBACETAS CUPRI. SUBACETIS CUPRI, E. ÆRUGO. Subacetate of copper. Verdigris. See CHEMISTRY, N° 1995.

Employed chiefly as an efcharotic, to destroy callous edges or fungous flesh, or as a ftimulant to foul

ulcers.

Officinal Preparations.

a. ÆRUGO PREPARATA, L. D. gris.

ter.

fulphate of copper.

992 b. AMMONIARETUM CUPRI, E. CUPRUM AM- AmmoniaMONIATUM, D. Ammoniaret of copper. ret of copmoniated copper.

copper. Am

Prepared by the Edinburgh college, by rubbing two parts of the pureft fulphate of copper with three parts of carbonate of ammonia carefully together, in a glafs mortar, till the effervefcence has entirely ceafed, and they unite into a violet-coloured mafs, which is to be wrapt up in blotting paper, and dried, first upon a chalk ftone, and afterwards by a gentle heat, and put into a Prepared verdi- phial that is to be closely stopped.

Prepared like other fubftances not foluble in wa

b. OXYMEL RUGINIS, L. Oxymel of verdigris. Prepared by diffolving one ounce of prepared verdigris in feven ounces of vinegar, ftraining through linen, and boiling with 14 ounces of clarified honey to a proper confistance.

Sometimes used as a detergent gargle to venereal ulcerations of the mouth and tonfils, but with much precaution. More generally employed, mixed with fome ftimulant ointment, as an external ftimulant and escharotic.

Employed as a tonic and antifpafmodic, chiefly in cafes of epilepfy. Dofe about half a grain or a grain,, gradually increased to four or five grains, three or four times a-day.

per.

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985 Nitrate of filver.

986 Oxygenous gas.

987

Officinal Preparation.

a. NITRAS ARGENTI, E. ARGENTUM NI. TRATUM, L. D. CAUSTICUM LUNARE. Nitrate of filver. Nitrated fiver. Lunar cauflic.

Prepared by diffolving in a phial, with a gentle heat, four ounces of the pureft filver flattened into plates, and cut into pieces, in eight ounces of diluted nitrous acid, mixed with four ounces of diftilled water, and evaporating to a dry mafs, which is to be put into a large crucible, and placed on a gentle fire, increafed gradually till the mafs flows like oil; then pouring it into iron pipes previously heated and anointed with tallow, and when cool, putting it into a glass veffel to be well ftopped.

Employed chiefly as an efcharotic, to deftroy the callous edges of ulcers, warts, and other excrefcences; but lately much recommended, and employed with fome fuccefs, as a tonic in cafes of epilepfy. It fhould be begun in very small dofes, about one-eighth or onefourth of a grain, diffolved in diftilled water, or made into a pill with crumb of bread, gradually increafing the dofe to a grain or more, twice or three times a-day.

CHAP. IV. Gafeous Subflances.

290. GAS OXYGENEUM. air.

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294. GAS ACIDUM CARBONICUM. Carbonic acid Char gas. Fixed air. See CHEMISTRY, N° 595. acid gas

Befides the folution of this gas in water (fee N° 875), ufed internally as a tonic and refrigerant, the gas itself, as evolved from fermenting fubftances, is a good itimulant or antifeptic application to foul ulcers and canis contained in yeft or barm, has been much employed cerous fores. The modification of this fubitance, which of late in typhus, but we believe with no material be

nefit.

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Oxygenous gas. Vital STRY, Chap. iii.

On the nature and properties of this STRY, No 341.

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When air, with an increafed proportion of oxygen, is refpired, it acts as a powerful flimulus, increafing the circulation and animal heat, raifing the fpirits, and producing a temporary increase of vigour and activity, followed, however, in a fhort time, by correfponding languor and wearinefs. From its ftimulant effects, the refpiration of fuperoxygenated air has been much recommended in various cafes of debility, as chlorofis, epilepfy, afthmatic and dropfical affections; but it feems now falling into difufe, from a conviction that practitioners were too fanguine in their expectations.

See Alyon Effai fur les Proprietes Medicinales de Oxygene, 8vo. Ward Differt. Inaug. de Medicina Pneumatica, Edin. 1800. Hodges's Differt. Inaug. de Oxygenio, Edin. 1801; and the Practical Synoptis.

See

Gateous ox- 291. GAS AZOTII OXIDUM. OXIDUM NITROide of azote SUM. Gafeous oxide of azote. Nitrous oxide. CHEMISTRY, p. 493, 494, where the nature and effects of this gas are detailed at fufficient length. .

As the refpiration of this gas is not followed by the depreflion and debility confequent on the application of most other ftimuli, it promifes fair to become a ufeful remedy in fome cafes of debility and atony of the vital powers; but it is not yet much employed except by

It would be in vain for us here to attempt any account of the effects of heat on the human body, and these have been amply detailed, both by chemical and and as fuch is often employed, efpecially in the form of phyfiological writers. It acts as a powerful ftimulus, and as fuch is often employed, efpecially in the form of warm and vapour baths, in various cafes of debility and atony of the lyttem. The effects and uses of the warm and vapour baths have been already mentioned under WATER, as have the effects and uses of the cold bath. 296. LUMEN. Light. See CHEMISTRY, Chap. ii. Ligh Befides its effect on the eye, in producing vifion, light evidently acts as a general and powerful stimulus, raifing the fpirits, and increafing the vigour and activity of the body. See Ruth's lectures on animal life.

297. ELECTRICITAS. Electricity.

Common electricity acts as a powerful flimulus on the fyftem, in proportion to the degree of concentration in which it is applied. When applied under the form of a stream, or continued discharge of electric fluid, its effects are the moft gentle; but in general, when applied in the form of fparks, it is more active, but its effects are more confined; and when applied by way of a fhock, it acts very powerfully, producing an agitation of the mufcles of the part through which the shock is difcharged; and if the hock is violent, the whole body partakes of the agitation. E

le Aricity

992

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Electr

Hiftory of lectricity has been found of fervice, chiefly in cafes of Simple and paralyfs, and of uterine obstruction dependent on debility.

Officinal Medicines.

994 Galvanism.

For the mode of applying electricity to the body, under its various ftates, we must refer to Cavallo's Medical Electricity, and Cuthbertson's Practical Electricity and Galvanism.

298. GALVANISMUS. Galvanism.

This modification of electricity is found to have produced still greater effects on the human body, when applied under particular circumstances, into which we have not now room to enter. Much has of late been written on the efficacy of this powerful agent in the cure of various diseases, but like most other new remedies, its powers have been greatly overrated. It appears to have been moft fuccessful in cafes of local paralyfis, or nervous atony. In particular, it has in feveral inftances relieved deafnefs, especially that fpecies which feems to arise from torpor of the auditory nerve.

For the effects of galvanism on the body, and its application in medicine, fee Wilkinfon's Elements of Galvanifm, vol. ii. p. 441.; Cuthbertfon's Electricity and Galvanism; the Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal, &c.

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The fpace allotted to this article was fo fmall, and the time for preparing it fo fhort, that it is, of neceffity, much lefs full and complete than it might otherwife have been. As it was impoffible, under fuch circumstances, to produce any thing like an original and complete treatife, the compiler has endeavoured to render as ufeful as possible the selection that he found it neceffary to make, and to supply the unavoidable deficiencies by a reference to the most refpectable works on the subject.

ERRATA. N° 620; for The London and Dublin tinctures, read The Edinburgh and Dublin tinctures; and for ten grains, read ten drams.

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