INTERVENTION BY HENRY G. HODGES, A.M. FORMER HARRISON FELLOW IN POLITICAL SCIENCE AT THE THESIS PRESENTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIRE- MENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY PRINCETON THE BANNER PRESS 045179 FOREWORD There is probably no other department of international law in which the uncertainty of principles is as marked or the differences of opinion amongst commentators as great, as in the questions relating to the doctrine of intervention. The unsatisfactory condition of international law as regards this subject is a matter of more than theoretical importance-a 'fact which has been clearly illustrated in our recent foreign policy with reference to Mexico. Mr. Hodges has done a real service in undertaking a careful historical analysis of the question, and in combining therewith a critical discussion of the legal principles involved. It is through such monographic studies that real advance is made in the development of a clearly defined, consistent body of principles for the guidance of nations in their international relations. It is to be hoped that studies similar to that of the author of this monograph will be undertaken in other departments of international law. Philadelphia, Pa. March 11, 1915 L. S. ROWE Professor of Political Science University of Pennsylvania PREFACE A more than passing interest in the subject of the doctrine of intervention revealed the lack of a comprehensive treatment of that subject. The present book represents an effort to trace the development of the doctrine, as well as to interpret it in accordance with the best modern practice. Should the ideas here expressed stimulate further inquiry, the study will have served a useful purpose. As pointed out in the text, the scope of justifiable interventions will undoubtedly be broadened with the rapid development of modern science. On the other hand, several causes for intervention, once justifiable, are gradually losing weight, and will cease to offer a recognized pretext as the forces of democracy advance. The subject is in a constant flux as regards certain of its provisions. It is to be hoped that several of the present ranking justifications will become untenable in future international relations. One practice which cannot be urged too strongly is for interventions, otherwise justifiable, to be undertaken by several states acting in concert. Concerted action will tend to foster an international |