their ao or aw into w; aos into w; 00 into ou; and likewise the as into ov, ɛw plu into ω, εοι dual into 01, if they come from Nouns in ης, ες, or 05. 3. Datives singular always contract αï into ᾳ, εἴ into ει, ιϊ into 1, of into 01. 4. Nominatives, Accusatives, and Vocatives contract as and aa, and sa after pinto εα from ης pure into a or η (as ύγιης, Acc. ύγια and ὑγιη), εα impure into y; also from ης, ες, or os into η; εες, εας into εις ; ια into 1, and ιας into ις; νες, νας into σες, οας into ες; θα into w. N. B. Though these Rules of Contraction must necessarily appear puzzling to a beginne yet, for his encouragement, he may be assured that PRACTICE will soon make the familiar, and indeed the best way of learning them will be by diligently committing memory the following examples of contracted Nouns. We observe then 32. II. The Cases to be contracted. 1. Nouns in ης, ος, and ες are contracted in all cases that can admi of contraction. And note, that some Nouns in s are masculine others feminine, Nouns in os and ες neuter only. Ὁ Δημοσθένης Demosthenes is thus declined and contracted: Sing. Ν. ὁ Δημοσθεν-ης, G. - εος, ους, D. -εϊ, ει, Α. -εα, η, V. -ες Plur. Ν. V. Δημοσθένεες, εις, G. εων, ων, D. -εσι, Α. -εας, εις. Sing. Ν. Α. V. το τελ-cς (an end), G. -τος, ους, D. -εϊ, ει. Plur. N. A. V. τελ-έα, η, G. -εων, ων, D. -εσι. Note, the compounds of κλέος are doubly contracted, as N. ὁ 'Ηρακλ-εης, ης, G. -8805, 285, and -805, 85, &c. but Voc. Ἡρακλ-εες, -εις. Some proper names in ης form the Accusative in y, as Αριστοφανης, Acc. Αριστοφανην. This is usually called the first Declension of contracted Nouns. 2. Nouns in 15 and ; are contracted only in the Dative singular and in the Nominative, Accusative, and Vocative plural; is is masculine or feminine, neuter. Sing. Ν. ὁ οφις (a serpent), G. -105, D. 61, 1, A. -, V. -1. Plur. Ν. V. οφιες, -ις, G. -ιων, D. -ισι, Α. -ιας, ις. Neuters in 1, as σινήπι mustard, are declined in the same manner, only the Nom. Acc. and Voc. sing. are alike (comp Rule 16.), and the Nom. Acc. and Voc. plur. are formed -ια - 1. This Declension in 105 is properly Ionic, as appears from it's being used by Herodotus, who wrote in that dialect. The Attic form, which is used by the Writers of the N. T. is as follows: Sing. Ν. ὁ οφ-15, G. -εως, D. -εϊ, ει, Α. -ιν, V. -ι Dual. N. A. V. ο-εε, G. D. -εων. Plur. Ν. V. οφεες, -εις, G. εων, D. -εσι, Acc. -εας, εις. Thus also are declined ή δυναμις power, ή πολις a city, &c. This is usually called the second Declension of contracted Nouns. 3. Nouns in ευς, υς, and u, (G. εος) are likewise contracted only in the Dative singular, and in the Nominative, Accusative, and Vocative plural, as Sing. Ν. ὁ βασιλ-ευς (a king), G. -εος, Attic -εώς, D. -, εἰς Α. -εα, V. - ευ. Dual. Ν. Α. V. βασιλ-εε, G. D. Plur. Ν. V. βασιλ-εες, -εις, G. - εων, D. -ευσι, Α. εας, εις. So ὁ πηχυς (a cubit), G. -εος, Att. έως; but Α.-ον, V. -, and Dat. plur. πηχεσι. So the Neut. το αστυ a city, only remember that the Nom. Acc. and Voc. sing. are alike, and that the Nom. Acc. and Voc. plur. are formed in -εα, η. This is called the third Declension of contracted Nouns. 4. These Nouns following contract only in the Nom. Acc. and Voc. plur. namely those which end 1.) in us, G. υος, as ὁ βοτρ-υς, G. -υος, Ν. V. plur. βοτρ-υες, υς, Α. -υας, υς. So ὁ ταχυς an ear of corn, ὁ ιχθυς a fish, ή αρκυς α net, ἡ δρυς an oak; 2.) in αυς, G. αος, as ή ναυς a ship, G. ναος, Ν. V. plur. ναες, ναυς, Α. ναας, ναυς; 3.) in 8s, G. 005, as ὁ & ή βες an ox, G. β005, N. V. plur. βοες, βες, Α. βοας, βές. 5. Nouns in w and ως are contracted only in the singular, their dual and plural being declined like λόγος of the second Declension, as ή λεχω a woman in child-bed. Sing. Ν. ή λεχ-ω, G. -005, cus, D. -6%, οι, Α. -σα, ω, V. There are but two Nouns in ws that follow this form, ή αιδώς modesty, and ή ηως the morning. Nouns thus declined are feminine only. This is usually called the fourth Declension of contracted Nouns. 6. Nouns neuter in as pure and pas are contracted in all the cases that admit of contraction, thus, Sing. Ν. Α. V. το κερ-ας, (a horn), G. -ατος, αος, ως, D. -ατι, αϊ, ᾳ. Dual. Ν. Α. V. κερ-ατε, αε, α, G. D. -ατοιν, αοιν, ων. Plur. Ν. Α. V. κερ-ατα, αα; ας G. -ατων, αων, ων, D. -ασι. δο το κρεας, κρης, flesh. This is usually called the fifth Declension of contracted Nouns. 33. In all the Declensions of Substantives 1. The Nominative, Accusative and Vocative dual are always alike; so the Genitive and Dative dual. 2. In the plural the Nominative and Vocative are always alike; and the Genitive always ends in ων. 3. In every Number the Nominative, Accusative, and Vocative of neuter Nouns are always the same, and in the plural these cases, if uncontracted, always end in a, except in Attic Nouns of the second Declension in ων. See above Rule 16. 34. N. B. Here let the Learner, before he proceeds, write down with the Article, through all the Numbers and Cases, and commit to memory, several other examples of Nouns of each Declension, besides those above given. Οργη anger, πρυμνα the poop of a ship, ayopa a market-place, μωρια folly, ταμιας α butler, σατράπης α vice-roy, κριτης a judge, οινοπώλης a vintner, may be very proper examples of the first Declension; Ἡ ὁδος α way, το τεκνον a child, of the second; And of the third, ὁ μην a month, ὁ αστηρ α star, ή νυξ, G. -κλος, the night, ἡ φλεψ, G. -έδος, α vein, μελι honey, ναπυ, G. vos, mustard, νοημα a design; And for the Contracts in this Declension ή τριηρης a galley, το Ἱππομανες the Hippomanes, ὁ Περικλέης Pericles, ἡ δυναμις power, both according to the Ionic and Attic form, ὁ βραβευς an umpire, ἡ γρανς, γραος, an old woman, ἡ φειδω parsimony, το κρεας flesh. SECT. IV. Of the GENDER of Nouns Substantive. 1. THE termination. I. By their SIGNIFICATION. 2. Nouns signifying males, winds, and rivers are generally masculine 3. Nouns signifying females, countries, islands, cities, trees, and plants are for the most part feminine. 4. Nouns referring to both sexes are common, as ὁ και ἡ παρθενος α virgin. II. By their TERMINATION. 5. In the first Declension Nouns in 7 and a are feminine, in ης and as masculine (as in Sect. III. 5.) 6. In the second Declension Nouns in os (and ws) are masculine, and sometime feminine or common. 7. Nouns in or are neuter, whatever they signify, as το κορασιον damsel, το θυγατριον a little daughter. 8. Nouns of the third Declension in », ξ, ρ, ψ, ας-αντος, ης, εις, ευς, 85, ws, are generally masculine; in ω, ιν, γξ, της -τητος, ις, υς, αις, αυς, ας-αδdos, generally feminine; in a, ι, υ, αρ, ορ, ας-ατος are almost always neuter. SECT. V. Of HETEROCLITES, or irregular Nouns. 1. HETEROCLITES (so called from ἑτέρως κλιτος otherwise declined) are such Nouns as differ from the common way of declining, by being either defective, variant, or redundant. 2. Defectives in Number are either singular only, as generally proper Names and such as want the plural in sense, as the names of herbs, liquors, ages of men, virtues, vices, and the like; or plural only, as the Feasts of the Gods, thus, τα Διονυσια the Feast 인 Bacchus; some Names of Cities, as αι Αθηναι Athens, τα Ἱεροσολυμα Jerusalem. 3. Defectives in Case are 1. Aptotes (from a neg. and wλωσις a case), which have but one ending for every case, as the Names of Letters, αλφα, βητα, &c. foreign Names, Δαβίδ, Ισραηλ, Names of Numbers from four to a hundred, as πενίε, έξ, &c. and some Substantives neuter, as το χρεων fate, δεμας the body, ήπαρ a vision, &c. 2. Monoptotes (from μονος a single, and wλωσις case), which are used but in one case, as ἡ χρειω necessity (Homer, II. x. lin. 172.) ή δως a house, w'ταν ho, such an one! ho you, Dir ! ἀι Καλακλωθες the Fates. 3. Diptotes 3. Diptotes (from δις twice, and wλωσις a case), which have but two cases, as ὁ λις α lion, Α. τον λιν; so the Dual αμφω, G. and D. αμφοιν, both. 4. Triptotes (from τρις thrice, and wλωσις a case), which have but three cases, as ὁ μαρὺς a witness, Α. μαρῖυν, D. plur. μαρίυσι. So the blessed Name ὁ Ιησες Jesus, as to termination, Ν. ὁ Ιησες, G. D. V. Ιησε, Α. Ιησεν. 4. Variants in Gender are masculine in the singular, and masc. and neut. in the plural, as Sing. Ν. ὁ δεσμος a chain; Plur, ὁι δεσμοι and τα δεσμα. So διφος, κυκλος, &c. But Sing ή κελευθος a path; Plur. τα κελευθα. Sing. ὁ και ἡ Ταρταρος Tartarus; Plur. τα Ταρταρα. 5. Variants in a Case, as το γον-υ the knee, το δορ-υ spear, G. -ατος; το ύδωρ water, Gen. ύδαλος; ἡ γυνη α woman, Gen. γυναικος, &c. Voc. γυναι, as if from γυναιξ. But these irregularities may be best learnt by USE. Ἡ ναυς a ship, in prose, is thus declined: Sing. ή ναυς, G. νεως, D. νηΐϊ, Α. ναυν; Plur. Ν. νηες, G. νεων, D. ναυσι, Α. ναυς. 6. Redundants form their oblique cases in a two-fold manner. Thus some Nouns in 85 are declined after both the second and third Declension, as ὁ νες the mind, G. ve and νους, D. νῳ and νοϊ. So χρος, &c. Some Nouns in ως of the Attic form are declined also according to the third, as ὁ γελως laughter, G. γελω and γελωίος ; ὁ καλως α cable, G. καλω and καλωλος. Some Nouns in ης are declined after the first and third, 25 ὁ Θαλης Thales, G. Θαλε and Θαληλος. Ὁ Μωσης Moses, Mat. viii. 4, hath Dat. Μωση, Mat. xvii. 4. Acc. Μωσην, Acts vi. 11, and also G. Μωσεως, Mat. xxiii. 2. D. Μωσει, Mark ix. 4. Α. Μωσεα, Luke xvi. 29, as if from Μωσευς. So from Μωύσης, Acts vi. 14, we have not only Acc. Μωϋσην, Acts vii. 35, but also G. Μωϋσεως, Acts xv. 1, and D. Μωϋσει, 2 Tim. iii. 8, as if from Μωϋσευς. Some Nouns have a double Genitive, &c. of the same declension, ἡ τιγρ-ις a tigress, G. -δος and -ως; ή θεμεις right, G. -ιδος and -15ος. Ο Ζευς Jupiter is thus declined: G. Ζηνος οι Διος, Β. Ζηνι or Διϊ, Α. Ζηνα or Δια, V. ω Ζευ. The truth is, Διος, Διί, Δια are from Nom. Δις; Ζηνος, -νι, -να from Nom. Ζην or Ζαν. SECT. VI. Of Nouns COGNATE, FEMININE, PATRONYMICS, GENTILES, POSSESSIVES, AMPLIFICATIVES, DIMINUTIVES, VERBALS, and COMPOUNDS. 1. COGNATE OGNATE Nouns are of various sorts; for 1. From most Adjectives may be deduced Masculines in wv, Feminines in της, ια, ύνη, and Neuters in ιον; as from φίλος, η, ον, come Φιλων (a proper name) and φιλοΤης, φιλια, φιλοσυνη, and το φιλιού love, friendship. 2. From the Dative plural of the third Declension in art are formed feminines in 1a; as from γερων an old man, Dat. plur. γερεσι, comes γερεσια a senate. 3. From Adjectives in ης come feminines in εια; as from αληθης true, αληθεια truth. 4. From Substantives are made Adjectives in αιος, αλεος, and ιος, as δρυμαιος, αργαλεος, ερανιος, from δρομος, αλίος (or ερδον), ερανος. 2. Feminine Substantives from Masculines of the first Declensions in ης end in ις, τρια, οr τρις, ας ή προφηλις a prophetess, ή ποιητρια a poetess, ή αυληθρις a minstreless, from ὁ προφήλης, ὁ ποιητης, ὁ αυληλης. From Masculines of the second they end in a, ινη, οι αινα, * de a goddess, δελη a female slave, ιατρινη a female physician, Auxaiva a she-wolf, from c2 from their Masculines Θεος, δελος, ιατρος, λυκος. From Masculines of the third they often end in αινα, ασσα, εια, as λεαινα a lioness, ανασσα a queen, ἱερεια a priestess, from ὁ λεων a lion, ὁ αναξ a king, ὁ ἱερευς a priest. 3. Patronymics (from παλρος ονυμα, the name of a father) are names which the Poets give to persons from their fathers or ancestors, thus Πηλείδης is the son of Peleus, Αίρειδης the son of Atreus, Ηρακλείδης a descendant of Hercules. 1. Masculine Patronymics end in αδης, ιδης, οι ιαδης; for from primitive proper Names of the first Declension in as or 7s, or of the second in 105, come Patronymics in αδης, as Αινει-αδης, Ἱπποτ-αδης, Ἡλι-αδης, from Λινει-ας, Ἱπποτ ης, Ἡλι-05. 2. From the second in os impure, or from the Genitive of the third, in ιδης, as Αιακιδης, Νεστορ-ιδης, from Αιακ-ος, Νεστ-ωρ, -ορος*. But when the penultima (i. e. the last syllable but one) of any Genitive is long, the last syllable may be changed into ιαδης, ας Αίχισιαδης, Αλλανί-ιαδης, from Αίχισ-ης, 8; Αίλας, ανίος. So from Πηλεύς, εος, Ionic -nos, comes Πηλε-ιδης, by crasis Πληειδης, and Ionic Πηλη-ιαδης. 2. Feminine Patronymics end in aς, ις, ηϊς, ινη, or wνη; for 1. From masculine Patronymics in αδης and ιδης, by leaving out δη, come as and 15, as Ήλιας and Καδμις, from Ἡλιαδης and Καδμίδης; but the Poets often insert η, as Καδμηϊς, Βρισηίς, Χρυσηίς. 2. Feminine Patronymics from primitive Nouns of the second and third Declension, with the last syllable + impure, end in ινη, with the last syllable pure in wνη; ας Αδραστ-ινη, Νηρ-ινη, from Αδραστ-ος, Νηρ-ευς; and Ακρισι-ωνη, Ηελι-ωνη, from Aκρισι-ος, Ηελι-ων. Note, Patronymics in δης and vη are of the first Declension, but in ων, ας, and 15 of the third. 4. Gentiles, or the Names of Townsmen, end generally in της, αιος, ιος, ινος, oι ευς; as Σπαρλιαλης, Αθηναιος, Βαβυλωνιος, ̔Ρηγίνος, Αλεξανδρεύς, from the Cities Σπαρτη, Αθηναι, Βαβυλων, Ῥηγιον, Αλεξανδρεια. Feminines end often in σσα, as Κρησσα, Κιλισσα, from Κρηλη, Κιλικία; and sometimes in sa, from Masculines in 105, as Αθηναια, &c. 5. Possessives, or Adjectives expressing Possession or Relation, are derived both from proper Names and Appellatives, and end in εος, ιος, ειος, κος, νος, οι ωδης; as 'Έκτορεος, παῖρωΐος, Αχιλλειος, μεσικος, ανθρωπινος, λιθωδης, from Ἑκίωρ, παΐηρ, Αχιλλευς, μεσα, ανθρωπος, λίθος. 6. Amplificatives increase the signification, and end in oς, ιας, or ων, as αρνείος a fullgrown lamb, from as a lamb; παιδνος a great boy, a lad, from παις a boy: πωγωνιας a man with a great beard, from wωγων a beard; στομιας one with a large mouth, from στομα α mouth; χειλων blubber-lipped, from χειλος α lip. 7. Diminutives are derived both from proper Names and from Appellatives. 1. Masculines generally end in wν, αξ, σκος, λος, υς, ας μωρίων a little fool from μωρος, λιθαξ a little stone from λιθος, ανθρωπισκος a little man, a mannikin, from ανθρωπος, εξωλυλος a little love from ερως, -ωλος, Διονυς, Diminut. of Διονυσιος Dionysius. 2. Feminines end in 15, σκη, νη, as κρηνις a little fountain from κρηνη, παιδισκη a little maid from παις, παιδος, πολιχνη a little city from πόλις. 3. Neuters in ιον, θυγαλριον a little daughter from θυγατηρ, -ρος. 8. Verbals are deduced, 1. from the active present of Verbs, as νικη α victory, from νικαω to conquer, ειδος a form from είδω to see: 2dly, from the 2d Aor. as φυγη flight from εφυγον, 2 Aor. of φευγω to flee; παθος suffering from επαθον, 2 Aor. of ob obsolete πήθω to suffer: 3dly, from the Perfect Middle, as λόγος α word from λελογα," Perf. Mid. of λεγω to speak; τροφη food from τελροφα, Perf. Mid. of τρεφω to nourish: 4thly, from the three Persons singular of the Perfect Passive, which end in μαι, σαι, and ται, ας γραμμα a letter, γραμμη a line from γεγραμμαι, 1 Pers. Perf. Pass. of γραφω τo write; ψαλμος α psalm, from εψαλμαι, 1 Pers. Perf. Pass. of ψαλλω to sing to musick; κρισις judgement from κεκρισαι, 2 Pers. Perf. Pass. of κρινω to judge; δοκιμασια proof from δεδοκιμασαι, 2 Pers. Perf. Pass. of δοκιμαζω το prove; ποιητης a poet, Χρισίος * Ionic Patronymics end in των, as from Κρονος Κρονίων; Doric Patronymies in das, as from Κρεων Κρεωνδας † See Sect. 1. 19. |