1.

SECT. XX.

Of PREPOSITIONS.

A Preposition is an indeclinable Particle put before (præposita) Verbs in composi

2. * "Most Prepositions originally denote the relation of place, and have been thence transferred to denote, by similitude, other relations."

3. The Prepositions in Greek are usually reckoned eighteen, of which six are of one syllable, εις into, ex or ex out of, εν in, προ before, προς τo, συν with; and twelve of two syllables, αμφι round about, ava through, avli instead of, από from, δια by, επι in, upon, κατα according to, μετα with, wapa from, at, περι concerning, about, ύπερ αποτε, οτες, ύπο under.

4. The Prepositions, and their various uses, both in construction and composition, are so fully explained in the ensuing Lexicon, that I forbear saying any thing more of them in this place, only that αμφι about, concerning, near (not used in the New Testament), is in the Greek writers joined with three cases, the Genitive, Dative, and Accusative.

1.

SECT. XXI.

Of SYNTAX, and first of CONCORD.

SYNTAX from the Greek word Συναξις Composition, is that part of Grammar which teaches how to compose words properly in

Sentences.

2. Syntax may be distinguished into two parts, Concord or Agreement, and Government.

Of the FIRST CONCORD.

3. The Verb agrees with it's Nominative case in Number and Person, as εγω γραφω I write, ανθρωποι λέγουσι men say.

4. The Nominative case to a Verb is found by asking the question who? or what? with the Verb, as in the sentence just given, men, answering to the question who say? is the. Nominative case to the Verb say.

5. All Nouns are of the third Person, except such as are joined with the pronouns I, thou, we, or ye..

6. A neuter Noun plural has † generally a Verb singular, as πανλα εγενετο all things were made, ζωα τρεχει animals run.

7. Two

Bishop Lowth's Introduction to English Grammar, p. 97, 2d edit. But comp. Encyclopedia Britan nica in GRAMMAR, No. 128, &c.

+ By no means always; see Mark v. 13. John x. 27. 1 Cor. xii. 25. Jam. ii. 19. Rev. xviii. 23. xx. 12. We may further observe, that Nouns plural, both masculine and feminine, are likewise sometimes, though rarely, joined with Verbs singular in the best Greek writers. Thus Pindar, Ol. 11. lin. 4, 5, Μελιγαρνες ὕμνοι ύστερων άρχαι λόγων τέλλεται, The sweet hymns is the prelude to the discourses which follow; Plato Ονα ιστιτώτιος απιχώται συμποσίων η Κentes, There is not who abstain from feasts except the Cretans

Aristotle

7. Two or more Nominatives, of whatever Number, generally have a Verb plural, and if the Nominatives differ in Person, of the most *worthy Person, as Σπερμα και καρπος διαφερουσι, Seed and fruit differ; Εγω και συ τα δίκαια ποιήσομεν, I and thou will do right things. 8. A Noun of multitude, though singular in form, may have a Verb plural, as Luke viii. 37, Ηρωτησα αυτον άπαν το πλήθος, All the multitude asked him. Comp. John vii. 49, and Rule 15, below.

9. A Verb placed between two Nominatives of different Numbers, may agree with either, as Έθνος πολυανθρωπωτατον εστιν, οι εισιν, Αραβες, The Arabians are a most populous nation.

10. The primitive Pronouns, whether of the first or second Person, are generally omitted before a Verb (unless some emphasis or distinction be intended), as γραφω 1 write, λεγεις thou sayest.

11. The Nominative case of the third Person is also often omitted, especially before such Verbs as these, λεγεσι, φασι, they say ; ειώθασι, φιλεσι, they are wont, &c. understand ανθρωποι men. So before Verbs of nature, as εβρονλησε it thundered, γστραψε it ightened, i. e. Θεος God, or spavos heaven.

Of the SECOND CONCORD.

12. The Adjective agrees with it's Substantive in Number, Case, and Gender, as χρηστος ανηρ a good man, καλαις γυναιξι to fair women. 13. The Adjective to a Substantive may be either Noun, Pronoun, or Participle; and it's Substantive is found by asking the question who? or what? with the Adjective, as in the last instance, who fair? answer, women.

14. Two or more Substantives singular generally have an Adjective of the plural Number, and of the most † worthy Gender (if the Substantives differ in Gender,) as Αδελφος η αδελφη γύμνοι, A brother or a sister naked, Jam. ii. 15.

15. A Substantive of multitude, though singular, and of the feminine or neuter Gender, may have an Adjective plural and masculine, as Luke ii. 13, Πληθες στρατιας ουρανίου, αινουνλων τον Θεον, και λεγοντων, A multitude of the heavenly host, praising God, and saying; Luke ΧΙΧ. 37, ̓Απαν το πληθος χαιρονίες, All the multitude rejoicing. Comp.

Acts v. 16.

16. The Greek Ν. χρημα, plur. χρηματα, signifying thing or things, is usually omitted, and implied in the neuter Adjective, as καλον εστιν, it is a good thing. Hence

Aristotle, Ουκ ενεξεφυετο τους μεν οι τρίχες, τοις δε τα πlερα, On some grew no hairs, on others no feathers. The Author of the Port Royal Grammar, who produces the passages just cited, accounts for this construction (Book ix. Kule 5,) by observing, that "such expressions are real Syllepses (and the Sylepsis is defined, Book vii. ch. 7, to be a figure which marks some disproportion and disagreement in the parts of a Mentence), for, as when we say turba ruunt, the multitude rush, the Verb is put in the plural, because we apprehend a multitude by the word turba; so when we say animalia currit [ζωα τρέχει] the Verb is To put in the singular, by reason we conceive an universality by the word animalia animals, as if it were omne animal currit, every animal runs, or indefinitely animal currit, an animal runs." Thus my author, who shews that similar phrases are used both in the Latin and French language; I add, that so are they likewise in Hebrew; see Joel i. 20. Jer. xxxv. 14, and my Hebrew Grammar, Sect. VIII. 21.

In Persons the first is called more worthy than the second, and the second than the third; or as Mr. Halmu states it, in his Latin Grammar, p. 53, Note, "I and another are we, thou and another are ye; wo that the Verb agrees with the first Person rather than the second, and with the second rather than the third."

Of Genders the masculine is more worthy than the feminine, and the feminine than the neuter. f2

17. A Substantive feminine is often joined with an Adjective * neuter, as Ουκ αγαθον πολυκοιρανιη, (Homer) The rule of many is not good, or a good thing, χρημα being understood. Comp. Mat. vi. 25, 34. 2 Cor. ii. 6. † So sometimes a N. masc. as Aristoph. Plut. lin. 203, Δειλοτατον εσθ' ὁ Πλετος, Plutus is a most fearful thing; Longin. De Sublim. sect. 31, Ὁ ιδιοτισμος εστι εμφανιστικωτερον, A common expression is more significant; Herodot. ii. 68, Ὁ δε τροχιλος ειρηναιον δι εστι (where understand ζωον) 1.

18. So two Nouns, one masculine, the other feminine, are joined with an Adjective neuter plural, as ̔Αι δυναστειαι και ὁ πλετος δια την τιμην αιρετα, Power and riches are desirable on account of honour.

Of the THIRD CONCORD.

19. The relative Pronoun, ός, ή, ὁ, agrees with the Substantive to which it refers, called it's Antecedent, in Gender, Number, and Person; and if there be no Nominative case between the Relative and the Verb, the Relative itself will be the Nominative case to the Verb, as Μακαριος εστιν ὁ ανηρ ὁς ελπιζει, Blessed is the man who hopeth. 20. But if there be some other Nominative case to the Verb, the Relative will, as to Case, be governed by the Verb, or by some other word in the sentence, as Μακαριον το έθνος ὁυ Κυριος ὁ Θεος εστι' λαος ἐν εξελέξατο, Blessed (is) the nation whose God the Lord is, the people whom he hath chosen. In this sentence the first Relative & is, as to Case, governed by the Noun Θεος, (comp. Rule 32.) the second Relative or by the Verb εξελέξατο. Comp. Rule 43.

21. But observe that the Relative and Antecedent in Greek are often put in the same case, as Επιστευσαν τῳ λογῳ ὡ (for ὧν) ειπεν, They believed the word which he spake. John ii. 22.

..

22. Two or more Antecedents generally have a Relative plural, agreeing in Gender and Person with the most worthy, as Ανηρ και · γυνη, οι αγαπωσι τον Θεον, A man and a woman who love God. 23. A Relative between two Antecedents of different Genders or Numbers may agree with either, as Lucian, Πολεις εισιν ες φωλεος νομίζεις, Those are cities which you take for caves. Gal. iii. 16, τῳ σπερματι σε, ὃς εστι Χριστος, to thy seed, which is Christ. Eph. iii. 13, ταις θλίψεσι με, ήτις εστι δοξα ύμων, my afflictions, which are your glory. 24. Αυτος, δυτος, εκείνος, όσος how many, ήλικος as great, διος of such kind, also wares how many, ποστος of what number, or &c. ποταπος of what country, ποσαπλες and ποσαπλάσιος of how many fold, are sometimes used after the manner of the Relative, as Ελεφανίων εμβρυον (εστι) ἡλικον (εστι) μοσχος, The fetus of elephants is as big as a calf; Χαριζομένος οιῳ σοι ανδρι, Οbliging such a man as you.

** Comp. Lexicon under Αρκετος. The Latins have sometimes imitated this construction. Thus, Virgil, Æn. iv. lin. 568, 9.

Fæmina.

Varium & mutabile semper

+ In Longinus, Sect. xxxii. p. 174, edit. tert. Pearce, we even meet with a N. feminine plur. joined with an Adjective neut. sing. Ως ύψηλοποιον ὡι μεταφοραι, That metaphors are conducive to the sublime. † So in Latin, Ovid,

Turpe senex miles, turpe senilis amor.

And Virgil, Ecl III. lin. 80,

Triste lupus stabulis

i

25. Relatives often agree with their Antecedents, not as to their Gender, but as to their Sense, as Mat. xxviii. 19, εθνη-αυίες. Rom. ii. 14, εθνη-ετοι. Col. ii. 19, την κεφαλήν, εξ 8- Rev. xvii. 16. Κερατα-ετοι. So in Latin, Terence, Andr. III. 5, 1, Scelus, qui me perdidit. Horace, Monstrum, quæ-Lib. I. ode xxxvii. lin. 21.

26. The Relative is often put before the Antecedent, especially when in the same case, as John xì. 6. Εμεινεν εν οἱ ην τοπῳ, He stayed in the place in which he was. 27. A Verb, an Adjective, or a Relative, sometimes agree with a preceding Infinitive mood, or a sentence; and in such instances the Verb is put in the third Person, and the Adjective or Relative in the neuter Gender, as Ξυρειν τον λεονία ουκ εστιν ασφαλες, Το shear a lion is not safe; Μη μεθυσκεσθε οινῳ, εν ώ (neut.) εστιν ασωτία, Be not drunk with wine, in which (being drunk with wine namely) is profligacy. Eph. v. 18.

Of GOVERNMENT.

28. Government is that part of Syntax which respects the cases of Nouns and Pronouns.

Of APPOSITION.

29. Two or more Substantives belonging to the same thing are put in the same case by Apposition, as Παυλος Αποστολος, Paul an Apostle; Τιμοθεῳ τεκνῳ, Το Timothy (my) 800; Ασωπός πόλις, the town Asopus.

30. The proper name of a place, particularly of a town, is sometimes put with it's Appellative in the Genitive, as Αθηνων πολις, the city of Athens.

Of the NOMINATIVE Case.

31. Verbs signifying being or becoming, gesture, and passives of calling, take a Nominative after them as well as before them, as 'H ἁμαρτια εστιν ἡ ανομια, Sin is unlawfulness, 1 John iii. 4. Στη δ' ορθος, He stood upright; Αυτοι διοι Θεου κληθησονλαι, They shall be called the sons of God, Mat. v. 9.

Of the GENITIVE.

32. In general where the sign of is or may be put before a Noun or Pronoun in English, that word in. Greek is in the Genitive.

33. The latter of two Substantives with of before it in English is put in the Genitive, as Οικια του πατρος, The house of the father, or The * father's house.

34. The Noun denoting the quality of a substance, or measure of magnitude, after a N. is put in the Genitive, as Ανηρ μεγαλης αρετης, A man of great virtue; Herodian, Ανδριας δωδεκα πηκεων, A statue of twelve cubits (high).

*Father's in English is the Genitive, as truly as Πατρος in Greek, or Patris in Latin. See Bp. Lowto's Introduction to English Grammar, p. 24, &c.

f3

35. Ειμι

35. Ειμι to be, when possession, property, custom, business, or duty are implied, is joined with a Genitive, as Παύλα Θεου εστιν, All things are God's; Πλούτου εστιν ύβριζειν, It is the custom of riches to be insolent*. 36. The Genitive case in Greek is very often governed by a Prepo

sition understood.

N. B. This last Rule includes so great a part of the Government of the Greek language, and will so well account for the Reason of it, that it may be proper particularly to illus

trate it.

I. then, By ANTI for, instead of understood, are governed,

1. The Genitives joined with Verbs of exchanging, as Homer, Αμειβειν χρυσεα χαλκειων, Το exchange gold for brass. Avli is expressed by Aristotle, Αλλατίεσθαι τροφας ανλι νομισματος, Το exchange victuals for money.

2. The Noun of Price in the Genitive, as Acts vii. 16, Ωνησατο Αβρααμ τιμης αργυρις, Abraham bought for a sum of money; Πανία ωνια πλεί8, All things (are) to be purchased for money. Avt is expressed Heb. xii. 16, Ος ανίι βρώσεως μιας απέδοτο τα προλολοκια αυie, Who for one meal sold his birth-right.

3. Hither may be referred the Genitives joined with Adjectives signifying comparison or worth, and it's opposite, as Homer, Έκτορος αξιοι, Comparable to (i. e. a match for) Hector; Plutarch in Scapula, Τριων αξια ταλανίων, Things worth three talents; Αξιος έπαινε -- θαναλε, Worthy of praise of death.

II. By ΑΠΟ from, at understood, are governed,

1. The Genitives joined with Verbs of ceasing, freeing, absolving, abstaining, wanting, differing, separating, driving away, and such like, as 1 Pet. iv. 1., Πεπαυῖαι της ἁμαρτιας, He hath ceased from sin; Euripid. Ελευθερω σε τε πονe, I free you from this labour; Rom. viii. 32, 1818 18 εκ εφείσαλο, He spared not his own son. Expressed, Ps. xxxvii. 8, Παυσαι από οργης, Cease from wrath; Mat. vi. 13, ̔Ρυσαι ήμας από το πονηρε, Deliver us from the evil one."

2. The Genitives after Verbs of touching, as Mat. viii. 3, Ηψαλο αυτε ὁ Ιησες, Jesus touched him. Expressed in LXX of Lev. v. 3, H αψηλαι από ακαθαρσιας ανθρωπο, Or shall touch the uncleanness of a man.

3. The Genitives after Adjectives denoting privation, want, freedom, distance, and the like, as Xenoph. Ερημος συμμαχων, Destitute of allies; Demosthenes, Ελευθερος των τυραννων, Free from tyrants. Expressed, Steph. Ελευθερος από των Βαρβαρων, Free from the Barbarians; Αίνη απο ανδρος συνεσίας, Pure from the cohabitation of man. III. By AIA in or by understood, is governed,

The Noun of Time in the Genitive answering to the question when? as John iii. 2, Ηλθε νυκτός, He came by or in the night. Expressed, Acts v. 19, Δια της νυκίος ηνοιξε, He opened in the night.

IV. By EK or EE out of, from, with understood, are governed,

1. The Genitives joined with Verbs of filling, as John ii. 7, Γεμισαλε τας ὑδριας ὑδαλος, Fill the water-pots with water. Expressed, Mat, xxiii. 25, Εσωθεν δε γεμόσιν εξ άρπαγης και ακρασιας, But within they are full of rapine and excess. So John xii. 3. 2. The † Genitive of the Person joined with verbs of hearing, as Acts i. 4, Ηκεσατε μα, Ye hare heard of or from me. Expressed, 2 Cor. xii. 6, Η ακοει τι εξ εμα, Οι heareth any thing of or from me.

3. The Genitive joined with Verbs of tasting, as Luke xiv. 24, Ουδεις-γεύσεται-τε δειive, No one shall taste the supper. Expressed, Job xx. 18, Εξὁ ε γευσεται, Of which

he shall not taste.

4. The Genitives after Adjectives denoting fulness, Mat. xxiii. 23, Μεστοι εστε ύπου

• It is manifest that in such expression the N. χρημα thing, εθος custom, εργον business, or the like, are understood, † Or else this Genitive may be governed of waga from, which is expressed John i. 40.

κρίσεως,