κρίσεως, Ye are full of hypocrisy. Expressed, Ευπορωτερος εκ διδασκαλίας, More

abundant in learning. Gaza in Busby's Grammar, p. 142.

5. Genitives denoting the part of any substance, as Mark ix. 27, Κρατησας αυτον της χειρος. Expressed, Lucian Asin. Λαμβανεῖαι με εκ της θρας, He takes me by the tail; Id. (p. 158, edit. Bened.) Αραμενει εκ των ποδων, Lifting me up by the feet. 6. Genitives signifying the matter of which any thing is made, as Lucian, Σιδηρα πεποιημένος, Made of iron. Expressed, Theophrast. Τας τριήρεις εκ κεδρο πόιωσιν, They make their gallies of cedar.

7. Genitives signifying from or out of a place, as Euripid. Γης ελᾳν Κορινθιας. Το drive out of the country of Corinth. Expressed, Isocrat. Ελαυνεῖαι αυτον ἐκ τῆς Ἑλλαδος,

He drives him out of Greece.

8. The Genitives after Adjectives partitive, infinitive, interrogative, numerals, and superlatives, as Luke xi. 45, Τις των νομικων, A certain one of the lawyers; 1 Cor. ii. 11, Τις-ανθρωπων;- Who of men? Luke v. 3, 'Ἑν των πλοιων, One of the ships; 1 Cor. xv. 9. Ο ελακιστος των Αποστολων, The least of the Apostles. Εκ οι εξ is expressed John i. 35, Εκ των μαθητων αυτε δυο, Τωo of his disciples; Mat. vi. 27, Τις εξ ύμων; Who of you? And with a superlative, Lucian, Εγω εξ άπασων ἡ καλιστη είξα, I seemed the fairest of all.

9. The Genitive absolute (as it is improperly called), when joined with a Participle of a past tense, as Πατρος θανονίος, The father being dead.

V. By * ENEKA for, on account of, in respect of, understood, are governed,

1. The Genitives after Verbs of admiring, praising, envying, punishing, auger, and the like, Θαυμαζω σε της αρετης, I admire thee for or on account of (thy) virtue; Ζηλω, ευδαιμονίζω, - επαινω-σε της τύχης, I envy-congratulate-celebrate thee for (thy) fortune; Χωσμενον ευζωνοιό γυναικος, Angry on account of the well-shaped woman. Homer, II. i. lin. 429. Comp. 2 Pet. iii. 9.

2. The Genitive article te before Verbs infinitive, as Mat. ii. 13, Τε απολέσαι αυτό, To destroy it, i. e. in order to destroy, or on account of destroying it.

VI. Ry EIII over, in, during, in the time of, to, understood, are governed,

1. The Genitive after Verbs of commanding or ruling, as Mark x. 42, Αρχειν των Εθνων, To rule over the Gentiles. 1 Tim. ii. 12, Αυθενλειν ανδρος, Το assume authority over the man. Expressed, Mat. ii. 22, Αρχελαος βασίλευει έπι της Ιεδαίας, Archelaus reigns

over Judea.

2. Nouns of Time in the Genitive answering to the question when? as Lucian, To σεῖες απεκλεινα μιας ἡμερας, So many did I kill in one day; which is expressed presently after by επι μιας ήμεξας.

3. The Genitive absolute (as it is called), when joined with a Participle Present, as Luke iii. 1, 'Ηρωδε τετραρχονίος, Herod bring tetrarch, or when Herod was tetrarch. Expressed, Joseph. Ant. xii. 3, Επ' Αντιοχε-βασιλευοvios, When Antiochus was king.

4. The Genitive denoting to a place, as Sophocles, Ιωμεν ναος, Let us go to the ship. Expressed, Thucydides, Ιεναι επ' οxe, To go to (one's) house or home.

VII. Bу ПЕРІ about, concerning, of, as to, in, understood, are governed,

1. The Genitives joined with Verbs of remembering, forgetting, caring for, neglecting, and the like, as Μεμνησο της τύχης, Remember fortune; Αμέλεις των φίλων, You neglect your friends. Expressed, Dio Cass. Εμνησθη πεει αυΐων, He remembered, or was mindful of, them; Isocrat. Περι γραμμάτων ημελήσαν, They were careless of

letters.

2 The Genitive of the thing joined with Verbs of condemning, absolving, or the like, as Demosth. Αισχίνην εδένος αιτίωμαι, I accuse Eschines of nothing. Expressed, John

• Though I am well aware that 'Ένεκα is usually reckoned an Adverb, yet, as it manifestly governs a Genitive, just like a Preposition, I have not scrupled to insert it here, especially as either this word or γον, ίστ κατά χαριν, on account of, must frequently be supplied to explain the government of the Geni live in Greek.

f4

viii. 46.

viii. 46, Τις εξ ύμων ελεγχει με περι άμαρλιας; Who of you convicteth me of sin? Isocrat. Απαλλατίω σε περι τ8τ8, I acquit you of this.

3. The Genitive of the thing joined with Verbs of hearing, as Thucyd. Ως επυθονίο της Πυλε κατειλημενης. When they heard of Pylos being taken, for περι Πύλο.

4. The Genitives joined with Adjectives denoting knowledge, remembrance, care, and their contraries, as Έμπειρος το πολεμε, Skilful in war. Expressed, Xenoph. Φρονιμος πέρι τεῖον, Κηowing as to these things.

VIII Ву ПРО before, preferably, in preference to, understood, are governed,

1. The Genitives joined with Comparatives, as Ευδαιμονεστερος με, More happy than I. Expressed, Herodot. i. 62, Οισιν ἡ τυραννις προ ελευθερίης ην ασπαστοτερον, Το whom tyranny was eligible before, or * a more eligible thing than, liberty.

2. The Genitives joined with Verbs of chusing, preferring, and the like, as Ælian, Πλησιον εραστην ειλετο το χρηστε πενητος, She chose a rich lover before a good (but) poor one. Expressed, Dionys. Halicarn. Τα συμφερονία προ των δικαιων έλομενος, Preferring what was convenient before what was just.

ΙΧ. By ὙΠΟ by understood, is governed,

The Genitive joined to Verbs passive, as Isocrat. Ητλασθαι των συμφορων, Το be overcome by misfortunes; Luke viii. 20, Απηίγελη αυλῳ, λεγονίων – (supply ὑπο τίνων) It was told him by some, who said -. Ὑπο is very often expressed with the passive Verbs: For instances see the following Lexicon, or a Greek Concordance to Ν.Τ. under Ὑπο.

Of the DATIVE.

37. In general where the signs † to or for may be put before a Noun or Pronoun in English, that word in Greek is in the Dative, as Γραφω ύμιν, I write to you. Hence

38. Ειμι, denoting possession or property, is often joined with a Dative, as Luke ix. 13, Ουκ εισιν ήμιν, There are not to us, i. e. we have not. Comp. Luke viii. 42. Mark xi. 24. Acts iii. 6.

39. Verbs of profiting, trusting, obeying, disobeying, answering, suficing, and the like, govern a Dative, as Λυσιτέλει τη πόλει, It profiteth, or is profitable for, the city; John χίν. 8. Αρκει ήμιν, It sufficeth, or is sufficient for, us.

40. Adjectives of equality, likeness, decency, profit, easiness, trust, obedience, affection, nearness, and their contraries, govern a Dative, as Mat. xx. 12, Ισως ήμιν αυλες εποιησας, Thou hast made them equal to us; Luke vi. 48, ̔Ομοιος εστιν ανθρωπῳ, He is like (to) a man ; Εχθρος τη πόλει, Averse or an enemy to the city.

41. Verbs and Adjectives compounded with συν οι ὁμε govern a Dative by the force of the Preposition συν, as Συγχαίρειν χρη τοις φίλοις, It behoves (us) to rejoice with friends; Συντροφος εμοι, Bred up with me ; Ὁμοψύχος εμοι (ἱ. ε συν εμοι), Like-minded with me. 42. The Dative is often governed by a Preposition understood. I. By EN in, by, with, understood, are governed,

1. The Datives denoting in or at a place, as Αίθερι ναιων, Dwelling in the air. Expressed, Mat. ii. 19. iii. 3. & al. freq.

2. The Datives signifying the time when, as Mat. xvii. 23, Τη τριτη ή μερᾳ, On the third day. Expressed, Mat. vii. 22, Εν εκεινη τη ἡμερα, In that day.

3. The Datives denoting the instrument, cause, or manner of action, as Homer, Ηλασε ξιφεῖ, και επέφνε, δολῳ, ο κραζεϊ, He smote (him) with a sword, and killed (him) by fraud, not by valour. Expressed, Euripid. Εν βελει πληγεις, Struck with a dart. II. By EII upon, for, concerning, on account of, understood, are governed.

• Comp. above Rule 17.

+ When the signs to or for do or may follow a V. in English, that V. is said to be put acquisitively, because the Noun or pronoun following the sign acquires something.

The

The Datives after Verbs of anger, rejoicing, envying, following, and the like, as Demosth. Οργίζεσθαι τῳ εξαπατησανλι, To be angry with a person who deceived him. Expressed, Lain, Επι τοις παρεσιν αγανακίειν, Το be offended at the present circumstances.

III. By META with, understood, is governed,

The Dative joined with Verbs of following or accompanying, as Mat. viii. 19, Ακολο θησω σι. I will follow thee. Expressed, Hesiod, Op. lin. 230, Μετ' ανδρασι λιμος πει. Hunger follows or accompanies men. Comp. Luke ix. 49.

IV. Bу ПАРА by, understood, is governed,

The Dative of the agent after the Verb passive, as Τι πεπρακίαι τοις αλλοις, What is done by others. Expressed, Joseph. De Bel. i. 30. 3, Ερῥηθη δε παρα πάσαις τα προεισημενα, The things before related were asserted by all (the women).

Of the ACCUSATIVE.

43. Verbs * transitive govern an Accusative, as Γνωθι σεαύλον, Κηοτο thuself; Τον Θεον φοβείσθε, Fear ye God.

44. Verbs are joined with their cognate Nouns in the Accusative, as Εχαρησαν χαραν μείαλην, They rejoiced (with) great joy.

45. The Accusative is often governed by a Preposition understood. 1. By AIA on account or because of understood, is governed,

The Accusative absolute (as some call it), when a reason is implied, as Acts xxvi. 3, Μαλιστα γνωστην ονία σε, Especially because of thy being, or because thou art, skilful. II. By ΕΙΣ to, concerning, against, understood, are governed,

1. The Accusative of the thing after Verbs of advising, exhorting, or the like, as Προτρέπω σε τουτο, I exhort you to this. Expressed, Demosth. Εις ὁμονοιαν προῖρεψαι, Το exhort to unanimity.

2. The Accusative of the person after Verbs of doing or speaking well or ill. Λεγω σε каха, I speak evil concerning thee, for εις σε. Comp. Mat. xxvi. 10.

III. By EIII for, during, understood, is governed,

The Accusative of a Noun of time, as Mat. iv. 2, Νησίευσας ἡμερας τεσσαρακονία και νυκίας τεσσαρακονία, Having fasted forty days and forty nights. Επι is expressed, Luke iv. 25. Acts xiii. 31. xix. 8.

IV. By KATA as to, in respect of, understood, are governed,

1. The Accusative of the thing after Verbs of asking, requesting, depriving, as Αίλειν τίνα τι, To ask any one any thing, for καλα τι; Αποσίερειν τινα τα χρημαία, Το deprive any one of, or as to, (his) goods.

2. The Accusative joined with Verbs passive, or signifying passively, in such expressions as these: Euripides, Την δ'εκ χειρων άρπαζομαι, She is snatched out of my hands, literally, I am snatched as to her out of my hands; Μωρος ου πιστευεῖαι την αρχην, for καία την, A fool is not intrusted as to, or with, the government; 1 Cor. ix. 17, Οικονομιαν πεπισίευμαι, I am intrusted with a dispensation. Comp. Rom iii. 2. Mat. xvi. 26. 3. Most Accusatives absolute, as some call them, as 1 Cor. x. 16, † Τον αρλον, ὁν κλωμεν, ουχί κοινωνια του σωμαίος του Χρισίου εστιν; As to the bread which we break, is it not the communion of the body of Christ? So Sophocles, Edip. Tyran. lin 457, Τον ανέρα τουῖον, ὁκ παλαι ζηλεις -έλος εστιν ενθαδε, As for that man whom you seek of a long time, he is here. Comp. Mat. xii. 36. xxi. 42. Luke xxi. 6. Acts x. 36, 38. 4. Innumerable other Accusatives joined both with Nouns and Verbs, as Παλριδα, 'Ῥωμαιος, As to, or by, country a Roman; Ειδος καλλιστος, Most beautiful as to, or in, form; Αλίεω την κεφαλήν, I ache as to, or in, my head. See Bos Ellips. under Kala.

All Verbs in which the action passes from the agent to the object, that is, all Verbs active, and such as have an active signification, are called transitive, from the Latin transire to pass. † The Latins have imitated this construction. Thus Virgil, Æn. i. lin. 577. Urbem, quam statuo, Vetra ut. As to the city, which I am building, it is your's.

V. By META after, understood, is governed,

The neuter Participle Accusative, which may be rendered by after that, or when, and a Verb, as Ακουσθεν, it being heard, or after it was heard, i. e. Μεία το πραγμα ακου σθεν, After the thing being heard; So Προσλελαγμενον, it being ordered, i. e. Μεία τι πραγμα προσλελαγμενον. See Luke xxiv. 47, and many more instances in Bos Ellips under Μελα, and in the following Lexicon under Αρχω ΙΙ.

VI. By ΠΡΟΣ to, understood, is governed,

The Accusative of the thing after Verbs of teaching, John xiv. 26. Διδαξει ύμας πανία, He shall teach you all things, for wρος πανία. Expressed, Isocrat. Παιδευειν προς αρείην, To instruct to, or in, virtue.

GENERAL RULES.

46. Verbs compounded with Prepositions generally govern the same cases as those Prepositions, as Luke xiii. 12, Απολελυσαι της ασθενειας, Thou art loosed from thy infirmity; Acts xiv. 22, Εμμενειν τη πιστει, To persist in the faith; Mat. xv. 3, Παραβαινετε την εντολην, Ye transgress the command.

47. Verbs of filling, separating, depriving, estimating, exchanging, absolving, condemning, admonishing, appeasing, besides a Genitive of the more distant Substantive governed by a Preposition understood, and having the signs with, from, of or for before it in English, require an Accusative of the nearer, as Luke i. 53, Πεινωνίας (ανθρωπους namely) ενέπλησεν αγαθων, He hath filled the hungry with good things; Demosth. Θηβαίους παυσει της ύβρεπς, It will make the Thebans cease from their insolence. Comp. above Rule 36. I. 1. II. 1. VII. 2.

48. Verbs of giving, saying, shewing, comparing, joining, agreeing, contriving, and such like, govern an Accusative of the nearer Substantive, with a Dative of the more distant, which latter may have in English the signs to, for, or with before it, as Eph. iv. 27, Μητε διδοίε τοπον διαβολῳ, Neither gite place to the devil: Herodian, Γυναικι θαναλογ εμηχαναίο, He contrived death for the woman.

N. B. Thus have I selected the most common and useful Rules of Government in the Greek language; but these are very far from comprehending all that might be given upon such an extensive and indeed almost * inexhaustible subject. Government, in the best writers, is so extremely various, that it seems impossible to reduce it within any certain Rules; and it must be confessed, that it is often different from those here laid down: Nor need the Learner wonder at this, if he will remember, that the cases of Greek Nouns are very often regulated by a Preposition or some other word UNDERSTOOD: Let him, therefore, when he meets with a Noun in a case for which he cannot readily account, diligently consider whether there is not an ellipsis or deficiency of some word, and particularly of a Preposition, by which such Noun is really governed; and he will frequently find the construction cleared to his satisfaction. In making this enquiry, an attentwn to the above Rules may be of considerable service; and for further information I refer him to the learned Bos's Ellipses, or to the Abridgment of that Work in Dr. Milner's Grammar, p. 175, &c. to the former of whom the Reader is much indebted for what is here delivered on Government.

Of INFINITIVES and PARTICIPLES,

49. The Infinitive is put after Verbs, Substantives, and Adjectives, as in English, thus Βουλομεθα γνωναι, We desire to know; Εξουσίαν γενεσθαι, Power to become ; Αξιος κληθηναι, Worthy to be called.

* What a prodigious number of Rules and Observations on Government has the great Dr. Busby collected in his Grammar! But after all I much doubt whether any human abilities-0101 ΝΥΝ ΒΡΟΓΟΙ ΕΙΣΙΝ-are capable of retaining them, or of applying them any otherwise than by USE. 50. Instead

- 50. Instead of the Infinitive is frequently used the Participle agreeing with the Nominative case of the preceding Verb, especially with Verbs of persevering, desisting, remembering, knowledge, and affection, as Επαυσαλο λαλων, He ceased to speak, or speaking; Μέμνημαι ποιησας, I remember to have done ; Αισθανομαι διαμαξίων, I perceive I was

mistaken.

51. The Infinitive mood is often governed by a Noun or Pronoun in the Accusative case going before, to which Noun or pronoun in English is or may be prefixed the Conjunction that, as Mark x. 49, Ειπεν αυτον φωνηθηκα, He ordered that he should be called, or as we also say in English, He ordered him to be called.

52. The Infinitive with the neuter Article To is used as a Noun in all cases, and is often joined with Prepositions, as Το φρονειν, Being wise, or wisdom; Απο του μαχεσθαι, From fighting; Εν τω χρησθαι, In using. Comp. Heb. ii. 15. Luke xxii. 15. Acts xxv. 11. Phil. i. 21. ii. 13. 53. The Infinitive, when thus applied, admits a Noun in the Accusative case before it, as John i. 49, Προ του σε Φιλιππον φωνησαι, Before that Philip called thee, or before Philip's calling thee; John ii. 24, Δια το αυτον γινωσκειν πανίας, Because of his knowing all men. 54. A Participle, of whatever Tense, with the Article, is in meaning equivalent to the relative is and the Verb of the same Tense, as Ὁ αιτων, He who asketh; Ὁ λαλησας, He who spake.

55. Participles govern the same cases as their Verbs, as Ουκ εστι πένης ὁ μηδεν εχων, αλλ ̓ ὁ πολλων επιθυμων, He is not poor who has nothing, but he who desires many things. Comp. above Rule 43. and 36. VII. 1. 56. The Verbal Noun neuter in τεον, denoting necessity, admits the case of it's Verb, and moreover a Dative of the agent, as Γραπλεον εμοι επιστολην, I must write a letter, or, more literally, There is to be written by me u letter*.

Of the Construction of ADVERBS and INTERJECTIONS.

57. Adverbs govern cases by the force of a Preposition understood. 58. Derivative Adverbs take after them such cases as the words they come from, as Αξίως το γενες, i. e. ανλι του, Worthily, i. e. in a manner worthy, of his birth, Κυκλοθεν του θρονου, i. e. απο του -, Round about the throne.

59. Many Adverbs of quantity, place, time, cause, order, concealing, separation, number, also Adverbs of the comparative and superlative degrees, are joined with a Genitive, ας Τοι ουλων αδην εχομεν, We have enough of such persons (ex being understood); Πορρω της πόλεως, Far from the city; Χωρις αυλον, Without him; supply απο. Comp. above Rule 36. II. 1. IV. 7.

60. Adverbs which denote accompanying or collecting have a Dative, as ̔Αμα αυτοις, Together with them; Θεοις όμου, With the Gods, i. e. assisting; understand the Preposition συν with.

61. Adverbs of swearing are followed by an Accusative, the Preposition προς by being understood, as Μα Δια, By Jove; Νη τον Πλουθωνα, By Pluto.

2. Two or more negative Adverbs in Greek deny more strongly, Luke xxii. 18, Ου μη ww, I will by no means drink; ver. 16, Ουκεῖι ου μη φαγω, I will by no means any

• Comp. Lexicon under βλητέος.