more eat; Heb. xiii. 5, Ου μη σε ανω, ουδ' ου μη σε είκαλαλιπω, I will by no means lear thee, nor will I in any wise forsake thee. Comp. Luke xxiii. 53*.

63. Interjections are joined with different cases, especially the Genitive, and frequentl with several cases together, as Αι μοι των αγρων, Woe to me for my fields ! ένεκα οι account of being in such expressions understood before the Genitive.

Of the Construction of CONJUNCTIONS and PREPOSITIONS

64. The Conjunctions Εαν if; επειδαν since; ίνα, οφρα, όπως, that, to the end that; ὅλαν οποίαν, when ; καν and av for although, are joined with a Subjunctive.

65. Όπως and wως how, with an Indicative.

66. Oli that has an Indicative, and sometimes an Optative and Subjunctive; so it's com pounds διολι and καθολι.

67. Επει and επειδη after that, since, an Indicative, and more rarely an Infinitive.

68. Ως that, an Indicative, sometimes an Optative and Subjunctive, and more rarel)

an Infinitive.

69. Ωστε so that, an Infinitive, sometimes an Indicative.

70. Et if, an Indicative, sometimes an Optative or Subjunctive.

71. Av if, a Subjunctive, sometimes an Optative and Indicative.

72. For the Construction of the PREPOSITIONS the Reader is referred to the following Lexicon.

1.

SECT. XXII.

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS for rendering Greek into

E

VERY

English.

+ finite Verb hath a Nominative case with which it agrees, either expressed or understood.

2. Every Adjective has a Substantive expressed or understood.

3. Every Relative has, in like manner, an Antecedent expressed or understood.

4. Every Genitive is governed by a Substantive, or by a Preposition, expressed or under

stood.

5. Every Dative either has in itself the force of acquisition, i. e. denotes the Person or Thing to or for which any thing is or is done, or is governed by some Preposition expressed or understood.

6. Every Accusative is governed by a Verb transitive, or by a Preposition expressed or

understood.

7. In rendering Greek into English let the Learner remember, in general, that the Nominative case (if expressed) with it's Adjective, or the words connected with it, is to be taken before the Verb, then the Verb itself, and the Adverb (if any) which qualities it's signification; next the Accusative case after a Transitive Verb, or the Nominative after a Neuter one, or the Infinitive mood; and lastly, the Genitive or Dative case with or without a Preposition, or an Accusative with one. Words expressive of the time when are usually to be taken towards the beginning of the sentence. A Vocative case (if any) is to be thrown in where most ornamental; and the Relative, with the words connected with it, to be ranged after it's Antecedent. Dependant Sentences, which

* See Vigerus, De Idiotism. Cap. VII. Sect. xii. Reg. 2. and Hoogeveen's Note 43. That is, every verb not in the Infinitove mood.

aro

are connected with the principal one by a Conjunction, are most usually put before the principal sentence, or in the middle of it, more rarely after it.

1. After all, Usz will be the best master in directing the Order in which English words translated from the Greek may be most properly and elegantly placed.

1.

B

SECT. XXIII.

Of DIALECTS, and particularly of the ATTIC.

or speaking peculiar to

Y Dialects are meant the various manners of pronunciation several sorts of people who all use the same language. Thus in England the Diolect of the North differs from that of the South, and the West-country man has a Dialect distinct from both: But all England being subject to one government, the Dialect of the Court and of the Metropolis is the only one usually committed to writing. It was otherwise among the Greeks; for as they were divided into a number of distinct sovereign states, the Authors who flourished under those several governments wrote in the Dialect of the country wherein they lived; as the Italians did a few centuries ago. 2. The Greek Dialects, which are preserved in the writings that are come down to us, are principally the Attic, the Ionic, and the Dorict. To these some add the Holic, the Berotic, and the Poetic: But as for the two former, there is but little that has escaped the ravages of time, except so far as the Holic agrees with the Doric; and the Poets that remain, except some few forms of expression peculiar to their own style, wrote in one or other of the three Dialects first mentioned.

3. The inspired Writers of the New Testament generally write in common Greek, such as it is described in the preceding Grammar; but of the Dialects they chiefly use the Attic, which, being that of the inhabitants of Athens and it's neighbourhood, was reckoned the politest of all, and is remarkable for being elegantly simple, neat, and compact; not but that the sacred Penmen have occasionally interspersed the other Dialects in their writings: But as they have done this sparingly, I shall here take notice only of the Attic, and content myself with noticing the few other dialectical torms in their proper places in the Lexicon.

The following then are

The GENERAL PROPERTIES of the ATTIC DIALECT.

1. The ATTICS love Contractions; hence the contracted Nouns and Verbs belong principally to their Dialect.

2. But they are not only fond of contracting syllables in the same word, but likewise blend different words by Apostrophe, as ' aulo for το αυτο, τα 'μα for τα εμα, τουτ' εσίι for τουῖο εστι, ω 'γαθε for ω αγαθε, που 'σιι, for που εστι, μη 'στι for μη εσίι, or by Crusis, as καίγω for και εγω, κα'μοι for και εμοι, τούνανίιον for το ενανλιον, τούνομα for

το όνομα.

3. They change into ξ, ρ, or τ, ας ξυνεῖος, θαρρειν, τημερον, θαλατία, for συνεῖος, θαρσεν, σημερον, θαλασσα. But in Preter-perfects passive they use for p, as μεμαρασμαι for μεμαραμμαι.

• These differences are less now than formerly, and by a more frequent and free communication of the several parts of the kingdom with the capital, and with each other, they seem to be continualy diminishing.

† See Maittaire De Dialect is Introduct. p. i. ii. Strabo, lib. viii. ad init.

4. In Nouns they change a into e, and o into w, as λεως a people, νέως a temple, fo λαος and ναος. See Sect. III. 17. In the Genitive of contracted Nouns they us αφέως, βασιλεως, for οφιος, βασιλεος; and indeed almost their whole declension c contracted Nouns in 15 and 6 is peculiar. See Sect. III. 32. 2.

5. They use these syllabic adjections, ουν and γε, as εκέν not, 8μενον by no means, έγωγε συγε thou, adding γε throughout all cases. They often postfix to some Adverbs, a - νυνι now, 8x not, εἶωσι so, for νυν, εχ, έλως; and to some Pronouns, εκέινοσι, ὅλοσ for εκείνος, ότος; τελει, τελονι, for τεΐα, τελον; τελοϊ and τελι, for τελο ; ταυλι for ταυλα But we meet not with thus added to Pronouns in the New Testament.

6. In Verbs. In the Pluperfect Indicative they charige et into e, as ελελυφέσαν for εἶεία φεισάν. So Rev. vii. 11, έστηκεσαν for ἱσληκεισαν.

In Futures of more than two syllables in ισw they often reject &, as in αφοειῶ fo αφορισω, Mat. xiii. 49. xxv. 32; διακαθαριῶ for διακαθαρισω, Mat. iii. 12; εδαφικ for εδαφισω, Luke xix. 44. Comp. Mat. xii. 21. Luke i. 48.

In the syllabic augment of Verbs they often change & into ή, as ημελλόν for εμελλον Luke vii. 2. xix. 4, & al. So in compounds διηκόνεν, Mat. iv. 11, & al. from διακονεί to minister ; απηλαύον from απολαυw to enjoy. In Perfects they change λε and με inte ει, as ειληφα (Rev. ii. 27. iii. 3, & al.) for λεληφά; ειμαρμάι for μεμαμαι. Ι Pluperfects they cast off the prefixed e, as Mark xv. 7, πεποιηκεισαν for επεποιηκεισαν John xì. 87, δεδωκεισαν for εδεδωκεισαν ; Mark xiv. 44, δεδωκει for εδεδώκει; Mark κν. 10, παραδεδωκείσαν for παρεδεδωκεισαν. So Lucian, Θεων Κρισις, § 4, edit Leeds, whom see, αποβεβληκει for απεβεβληκει.

In the temporal augment they put & before w, thus έωρων, John vi. 2; ἑωρακα, John i. 34, & al. for ὡραον, ώρακα; and sometimes before o, οι and y, as ειλπα for ηλπα, from ελπw to hope; εδικα (Jam. i. 6, 23.), for εικα, from είκω to be like; εηκα for ηκα I hate sent; they resolve η into εα, as in 1 Aor. εαξα for ηξα, from ayw to break; they change ει into y, as γκαζον for εικαζον, from εικαζω to liken; they sometimes prefix the two first letters of the Present to the Perfects active and middle of Verbs begin. ning with 2, ο, ε, as from αγειρω to gather, Perf. act. ηγερκα, Attic αγηγερκα; from ακεω Perf. mid. ηκοα, Attic ακήκοα, Acts ix. 13. John iv. 42, & al. from ολλυμι Perf. ωλεκα, Attic ολωλεκα, so in Perf. mid. ολωλα; from ελαύνω οι ελαω Perf. ηλακα, Attic εληλακα ; but in the second Aorist the augment is prefixed with a like reduplication, as from ayw to bring, 2 Aor. ηγον, Attic ηγαγον; whence Imper. αγαγε, Infin. αγαγειν. This Attic use of the second Aorist of ayw and it's compounds is very common in the New Testament.

In Verbs of two syllables in the first and second class they change & in the penultima of the Perfect active into o, as wεμπω to send, Perf. πεπεμφα, Attic πεπομφα; βρεχώ to wet, Perf. βεβρεχα, Attic βεβροχα.

In Imperatives, in the 3d Pers. plur. for – είωσαν and -αλωσαν they use ονlων and ανίων, as τυπῖονίων, τυψανίων, for τυπίείωσαν, τυψαλωσαν; in the passive and middle, -ων for -ωσαν, as τυπίεσθων, τυψασθων, for τυπίεσθωσαν, τυψασθωσαν. In Optatives, they often use the second and third Persons singular and the third Person plural of the Molic 1st Aorist, τυψεια, ας, ε, -av; thus Luke vi. 11, ποιησειαν; and in the Present after a contracted syllable they change με into ην, as τιμωμι, ως, Attic τιμῳην, ης, η; φιλοιμι, δις, δι; Attic φιλοιην, ης, η; and changing of into w, φιλῳην, ης, η. So in the third sort of Verbs in με they have δωην, ης, η, for δοίην, ης, η, 2 Aor. Opt. of δίδωμι. See 2 Thess. iii. 16. 2 Tim. i. 16. iv. 14. In the contracted Verbs, ζαw to live, διψαω to thirst, welvaw to hunger, χρασμαι το use, they contract by 7, as ζης, ζη, ζην, for ζας, ζα, ζαν. See Gal. ii. 14. Mark xvi. 11. Luke xxiv. 23, al. freq. χρηΐαι for χραίαι, 1 Tim. i. 8. For εσίι οι ενεσι they often use evt.

SECT.