of cities in England and Wales..... 103 of county towns 104 of Berlin in Prussia..... 104 ..... of Modena................... of Lucca.. statistics of............... 210, 103, 502 Railway smoking saloon,... of London in 1841.................. 103 Railways in England, accidents on, 1840-45,..... 97 97 . 208 21 Reading & Philadelphia R. R., freight and toll,. 99 of Boston, 1742 to 1845............ 211 Real estate of Boston, transactions in, 1836-45,.. 44 of the Austrian monarchy. Poor and the rich..... 211 Real and personal estate in Boston, 1845,....... 46 218 Regulations, commercial,... ..... 495, 398, 300, 194, 92 510 THE I. PRESENT STATE OF COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY IN ITALY. Translated from the "Giornale Del Lloyd Austriaco,". II. MINERAL REGION AND RESOURCES OF MISSOURI. By ISRAEL DILLE, of Ohio,.. 28 III. PROGRESSIVE WEALTH AND COMMERCE OF BOSTON,.. IV. AMERICAN ATLANTIC MAIL STEAMERS: With Reference to the Increase of Commer- V. MACGREGOR'S COMMERCIAL STATISTICS OF THE UNITED STATES,.... VI. THE SOUTHWESTERN CONVENTION, AT MEMPHIS: With Reference to the Com- merce, Manufactures, Internal Improvements, and Resources of the South and Southwest,... 63 VII. FIRST APPLICATION OF STEAM TO THE PADDLE-WHEEL AND PROPELLER. By J. E. BLOOMFIELD, of New Jersey,..... VIIL THE LAW OF DEBTOR AND CREDITOR IN LOUISIANA. By FRANCIS H. UPTON, late Counsellor at Law of New Orleans, now of New York,. IX. MARITIME LAW, NO. XI.-RESPONDENTIA LOANS. By A. NASH, Esq., of N. Y.,.. 75 Notes-Endorsers--Power of Attorney,.. Action of Assumpsit-Commission Merchant,. Action of Assumpsit on a Memorandum Check-Merchantable Goods,. Counterfeiting Foreign Labels by Manufacturers in the United States, Action to Recover on a Custom-House Bond-Salvage-The Ship American,. EMBRACING A FINANCIAL AND COMMERCIAL REVIEW OF THE UNITED STATES, ETC., ILLUSTRATED Commercial Affairs disturbed by diplomatic difficulties-Settlement of the Oregon Question-Com- mercial Importance of Peace between England and the United States-Mexican War-Rate of Bills at different periods-Condition of Banks of New Orleans-Prices of Produce in New York market- Grain and Flour in Bond in Great Britain-Average Price of Grain in Great Britain, two last years- Export of Wheat Flour and Corn in New York-Condition of the Provision-market-Finances of Knoll near the West End of the Pan Sand.-Buoyage on the East Coast,........ Light-House on the Southern part of Bermuda.-British Marine Society.-Point-a-Petre, Guadaloupe,. 96 Buoyage of the Gull Stream.-Port of Wilmington, North Carolina,.. ........... Accidents on Railways in England.-Receipts of English Railways, from 1843 to 1845,. Reduction of Fares on English Railways.-Troy and Greenbush (New York) Railroad,. Rates of Freight and Toll on Coal on the Reading Railroad,.... Statistics of British Trade and Commerce, in 1845,.. British and Foreign Vessels entered and cleared ports of the United Kingdom, from 1832 to 1845,... Value of British and Irish Produce and Manufactures exported from the United Kingdom to different British Revenue of Customs in each year, from 1839 to 1845,.. Silks entered the United Kingdom for Home Consumption, in each year, from 1814 to 1844,. British Silk Goods, value exported from U. Kingdom to different countries, from 1826 to 1845,.. JOURNAL OF BANKING, CURRENCY AND FINANCE. Savings Banks in England, Scotland, Wales, and Ireland,.. Movement of the Ohio Banks, Resources and Liabilities, May, 1846,. Pop. of London in 1841, compared with that of all the Cities and Chief Towns in England and Wales,... 103 Manufactures and Products of Connecticut, in 1845.-Manufacture of Potato Sugar,................. 106 The Wines of Syria.-British Customs Duties in India.—Fire Insurance in New York,.. Louisiana Law of Debtor and Creditor.-Commerce of France and Belgium,.......... British Woollen Manufactures exported in each year, from 1818 to 1845,.. HUNT'S MERCHANTS' MAGAZINE. JULY, 1846. Art. I.-PRESENT STATE OF COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY IN ITALY.* DUCHY OF MODENA-POPULATION OF THE ITALIAN STATES-PRODUCTS-MANUFACTURING AND AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRY-MARINE-COMMERCE OF MODENA BY LAND AND SEA-DUCHY OF LUCCA, ITS POPULATION-EMPLOYMENTS OF THE PEOPLE-MARITIME COMMERCE-EXPORTSGRAND DUCHY OF TUSCANY-ITS POPULATION, COMMERCE, AND INDUSTRY-MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY IN THE DEPARTMENT OF PISA-NAVIGATION OF THE ARNO-RAILWAYS IN TUSCANY, ETC., ETC. DUCHY OF MODENA. Population. Consumption is the vital element of all traffic. And if we wish to inquire into the commercial condition of a state, we must first regard its foundation in the amount of the population. According to the most recent data, the duchy of Modena contains 396,000 inhabitants, divided as follows: Province of Modena, 230,000; Reggia, 100,000; Garfagnana Estense, 30,000; Lunigiaria Estense, 14,000; Massa Carrara, 22,000; total, 396,000. Nearly one-half of the soil is jagged by the Appenines, which divide it into two districts, altogether distinct. The most populous portion of the duchy, situated in the plains of Lombardy, contains 330,000 inhabitants, while the maritime provinces, ultra-Appenine, contain only 60,000. These last named provinces are comprised in the vice-consular district of Viareggio, extending from the mouth of the Magra to that of the Arno, and form the subject of the following observations. Garfagnana is mountainous and sterile. Lunigiana, which forms part of the valley of Magra, is richer in culture and products. The duchy of Massa Carrara is blessed with a sky so mild, a climate so soft, and a soil so fruitful, that it may well be said to be an abode of delights. Products. Chesnuts are the principal production of Garfagnana. In the plains of Lunigiana, and in Massa, are cultivated grain, legumes, fruits, garlick, onions, wines, and, in some parts, the mulberry. In the provinces of Massa, thick woods, entirely of oranges and lemons, forming the principal fortune of the owners, are to be found. In other parts, the * Translated from "Giornale del Lloyd Austriaco,” for the Merchants' Magazine. inhabitants are good graziers. However, the chief riches of this part of the country consist in the celebrated quarries of Carrara marble. Manufacturing and Agricultural Industry. In the duchy of Massa and its vicinity, agriculture is cultivated to the extreme point of which it is susceptible. Not a handful of soil remains uncultivated, and the laborious hand of the needy agriculturist allows neither truce or repose to the fertile glebe. Notwithstanding this, the duchy of Massa does not produce grain enough to nourish its inhabitants four months of the year. laborious peasantry of Massa are sober, patient, and indefatigable. From morn to eve they work like beasts of burden; yet, in spite of their laboriousness, they are ill clothed, ill fed, and ill housed, leading, certainly, no joyous life. The It seems, at first, surprising that this needy rural population should ex ist in the most fertile parts of the soil. But the surprise ceases when we contemplate the limited extent of the Massese territory, and its superabundant inhabitants. Whenever in a purely agricultural country the just equilibrium between production and consumption is destroyed, penury necessarily results. And the reason is plain. A loaf which will sustain two or three, cannot be made to support ten. This self-evident truth seems entirely overlooked by the old economists. Persuaded that the public wealth would increase with equal rapidity as the population, they turned all their attention to the means of increasing that population, never reflecting that, especially in the salubrious and fertile provinces of central Italy, land would much sooner fail the people than people the land. Pre-occupied with the present, they neither thought nor cared about the future. Hence arose dotations for the encouragement of marriage, premiums by public associations to fathers of large families; the abolition of majorities, the breaking up of large holdings, and their consequent division. into ever decreasing portions. Their peculiar system of tenancy assists the tendency to multiply families. Introduced from Tuscany into the duchy of Massa, it has produced all the results which are so visible. The population is denser than it ought to be. All the holdings are copyhold; i. e., holding from a seigneur, or lord of the manor. Few are free. Property in land is literally so reduced into fragments that an owner is often found included in the class of the miserable poor. This class is also the more extended, as the inhabitants, hoping everything from the soil, confine their labor to it, seldom resorting to other industry. The duchy of Massa is, consequently, tributary to the foreigner for all that contributes to the conveniences, of life, and these it obtains from the neighboring LivorIts traffic is hence limited and passive. Indeed, with the exception of the sculpture of marble, the local industry has produced not a single article of exchange, so that, were it not for the resource of block marble, trade would fail for want of equivalents. no. Marine. The coast, though extensive, has no port. The most frequented places are Avenga and San Giuseppe. The first is nearest to Carrara, and is the place of shipment for the marble. The largest vessel does not exceed fifty tons. The marbles are carried to Livorno or Genoa, where they are transhipped in other vessels there waiting. The state of Modena has no war-marine. The commercial marine is limited to a very few vessels of various denominations. There are five of 360 tons burthen, with a crew of thirty men. This petty marine is engaged in fishing and in the coasting trade, plying between Viareggio, the mouth of the Arno, |