(c) Authorizing General Flight Rules. When traffic conditions permit, a tower or center shall authorize operation of aircraft in the airport control sector or control area under General Flight Rules when Instrument Flight Rule conditions prevail. Prior to such authorization by a tower located within a control area, the center for such area shall be notified of such intended action.

16. Traffic Clearances. Centers and towers shall issue traffic clearances as follows:

(a) General. Traffic clearances shall be issued to all aircraft flying on instrument flight plans within a control area or airport control sector.

(b) Standard Clearance Form. Traffic clearances shall be issued in accordance with standard phraseologies as set forth in Annex B, "Communications Procedures and Systems". Traffic clearances. shall contain the following elements:

(1) Flight or aircraft identification.

(2) Clearance specifying route and clearance limit.
(3) Altitude, approach or departure instructions.

(4) Any special instructions or information.

(5) Message delivery information and/or cancelation time if

necessary.

(c) Clearance Limits. A traffic clearance shall cover a specified portion of the control area or airport control sector of the center or tower issuing the clearance, depending upon existing traffic and weather conditions. The point to which an aircraft is granted such a clearance shall be termed a clearance limit, and shall be specifically defined in the clearance. A clearance limit normally shall be either a point of intended landing, a reporting point, or a control boundary. By coordination between centers and towers, clearances shall be combined when practicable.

(d) Altitude Instructions. The altitude instructions in a traffic clearance shall consist of the following:

(1) The cruising altitude or altitudes to be maintained.

(2) Altitudes over those reporting points which are to be crossed at other than cruising altitude.

(3) The place or time for starting climb or descent, and the rate of vertical speed, when necessary for proper control.

(4) Detailed departure or approach altitudes when necessary. (e) Time of Clearance Delivery. A traffic clearance shall be forwarded to the proper agency in sufficient time for transmission to an aircraft before it departs from within or enters a control area or airport. control sector. When a traffic clearance has been issued to an aircraft for flight within a portion of a control area or airport control sector and further clearance is required, such further clearance shall be issued before aircraft arrives at the clearance limit.

(f) Cancelation of Clearance. When it is desired to limit the effective time of a traffic clearance, such as one issued for a proposed departure, the clearance shall contain provision for its cancelation at a specified time.

17. Separation Standards. Centers and towers shall provide separation between aircraft in accordance with minima established by each State, based on navigation aids in use and other pertinent factors. The types of separation provided shall be as follows:

(a) Longitudinal Separation. The longitudinal spacing of aircraft at the same altitude by a minimum distance, expressed in units of time so that after one aircraft passes over a reporting point, the next succeeding aircraft at the same altitude will not arrive over the same reporting point within less than the minimum number of minutes.

(b) Lateral Separation. The spacing of aircraft horizontally by requiring the aircraft concerned to operate on different routes or in different geographical locations, as determined by visual observation or by use of radio navigational aids.

(c) Vertical Separation. The spacing of aircraft vertically by assigning different flight levels whenever the aircraft concerned would otherwise be operating with less than the minimum longitudinal or lateral separation.

18. Control of Arriving and Departing Aircraft. Centers and towers shall control arriving and departing aircraft under their respective supervision in accordance with the following procedures:

(a) Approach Sequence. When vertical separation is required between aircraft arriving at point of intended landing, the sequence in which such aircraft will be permitted to execute approach for a landing shall be established by the center or tower. Normally, such sequence shall be determined by the estimated time of arrival of each aircraft over point of intended landing.

(b) Approach Time. The time at which it is expected that each aircraft in an approach sequence will be able to commence approach for a landing shall be forwarded to the aircraft prior to arrival of the aircraft in the approach sequence.

(c) Types of Approach. When necessary to expedite the flow of air traffic, the type of approach for a landing which should be executed shall be specified by the center or tower in accordance with the following:

(1) An instrument approach when conditions require full use of navigational aids.

(2) A contact approach when conditions permit the aircraft to be flown directly to the airport by visual reference to the ground or

water.

(3) A general flight rule approach when conditions permit the aircraft to be flown below clouds and with visibility better than those minima requiring the observance of Instrument Flight Rules.

(d) Departure Instructions. In controlling departing aircraft so as to provide proper separation from other aircraft, specific instructions shall be issued by the center or tower with regard to one or more of the following:

(1) Direction of take-off and/or turn after take-off.

(2) Altitude and course to maintain before starting climb to desired altitude.

(3) Time or point at which altitude change shall be made.

19. Emergency Procedures

(a) General. Upon receipt of advice or development of and indication that an aircraft has or may have encountered an emergency, the center or tower concerned shall take action to place in operation rescue procedures, and shall make full use of available facilities in rendering any possible assistance.

(b) Emergency Descents. Upon receipt of advice that an aircraft is making an emergency descent through other traffic, the center or tower concerned shall immediately take necessary steps in preventing conflict between the emergency aircraft and any other aircraft.

(c) Two-Way Radio Failure. In the event of failure of two-way radio communications between aircraft and ground, the center or tower may broadcast instructions over the appropriate radio facilities. If the person in command of the aircraft receives such broadcast he will be expected to follow the instructions contained therein. If he does not receive such broadcast, he will be expected to follow the flight plan, including any amendments thereto, and to observe instructions contained in the last traffic clearance for which acknowledgment was made.

(d) Unreported Aircraft. Every effort shall be made to determine the whereabouts of unreported aircraft. The center or tower concerned shall restrict other aircraft operations in such manner as is considered appropriate to prevent possibility of collision between the unreported aircraft and other known aircraft.

SECTION V

Flight Advisory Service

20. Application. The purpose of flight advisory service is to render assistance to the person in command of an aircraft. Flight advisory service shall be provided by centers and towers to those aircraft for which a flight plan has been received, or for which such service is requested, and which are not represented by an operations officer.

21. Flight Advisory Information. Flight advisory information. shall include the following:

(a) Weather conditions reported or forecast to be at or below the established safe minima for landing at destination.

(b) Icing conditions along the route of flight.

(c) Thunderstorms, tornadoes, line squalls, and other severe turbulent conditions.

(d) Information pertaining to navigation facilities and airports. (e) Information on other known aircraft operating outside control areas or zones which might conflict with the aircraft being advised.

ANNEX E

STANDARDS GOVERNING THE LICENSING OF OPERATING AND MECHANICAL PERSONNEL

CHAPTER I

STUDENT, PRIVATE, AND COMMERCIAL PILOT CERTIFICATES

Section I. General

1. Certificates. A pilot certificate entitling the holder to pilot powered aircraft other than scheduled air carrier or lighter-than-air aircraft shall be issued to a responsible applicant who meets the minimum requirements prescribed herein for any one of the following classes:

(a) Student pilot
(b) Private pilot
(c) Commercial pilot

2. Ratings. Each pilot shall be rated for the type of aircraft, the airplane class, and horsepower he has been found competent to pilot under the terms of his certificate, and shall have special ratings so stating if he has been found competent to instruct students or to pilot aircraft under instrument conditions.

Section II. Student Pilot

3. Age. Minimum age, 16 years.

4. Physical Standards

(a) Applicant for a student pilot certificate shall meet the physical standards to be decided later.

5. Aeronautical Knowledge. No requirement except that:

(a) Before his first solo flight a student pilot shall demonstrate to a rated instructor that he has an adequate knowledge of the rules of the air and local control procedures.

(b) Before his first cross-country solo flight he shall pass an examination on the pertinent air regulations dealing with contact flight, on safety practices and procedures, and shall have demonstrated his ability to interpret aeronautical charts.

6. Aeronautical Experience. No student pilot shall make either his first solo flight or his first solo cross-country flight until found competent for such flight by a rated instructor and until the instructor has so endorsed his certificate.

7. Duration. A student pilot certificate shall be of 12 months' duration unless suspended, revoked, or otherwise terminated by a competent authority, or a higher class of certificate is issued.

Section III. Private Pilot

8. Age. Minimum age, 17 years.

9. Physical Standards. Applicant for a rating shall meet physical standards to be decided later.

10. Aeronautical Knowledge. Applicant shall be familiar with and accomplish satisfactorily a written examination covering: Such of the provisions of air regulations and the air traffic rules as are pertinent to the certificate and rating sought; prevailing weather conditions in the country issuing his pilot's certificate, as encountered in flying; sufficient knowledge of meteorology as to enable him to understand weather reports and forecasts; practical air navigation problems and the use of maps; navigation by terrain and the use of aids to navigation in visual contact flying; and the general servicing and operation of aircraft.

11. Aeronautical Experience. Applicant shall have completed a minimum of dual and solo flying of not less than a combined total of 40 hours' flying, except that in the case of unorthodox classes of aircraft this requirement may be modified in accordance with the greater or lesser degree of skill and experience which may be considered by the certificating authority as necessary in such cases. As part of this flying time, the applicant shall have completed at least 5 hours' solo cross-country flying of such a nature as to satisfy the certificating authorities.

12. Aeronautical Skill. Applicant shall demonstrate his ability safely and competently to carry out all normal maneuvers with the category of aircraft for which he is applying for a rating, and, where applicable, to recover from stalls and spins. In the case of light training aircraft capable of being stalled and spun the following maneuvers will be performed (Required maneuvers for other categories of aircraft should also be based generally on the following requirements.):

(a) A series of three landings from an altitude not to exceed 1,000 feet (300 meters) with engine throttled, and a 180-degree change in direction, the aircraft touching the ground in normal landing attitude within 300 feet (100 meters) beyond a designated mark. At least one landing shall be accomplished from a forward slip;

(b) Three moderately banked figure eights either "on pylon" or "around pylon", variation in altitude not to exceed 200 feet (60 meters);

(c) A 720-degree power turn in each direction in a banked attitude of not less than 60 degrees, variation in altitude not to exceed 200 feet (60 meters);

(d) A right- and left-hand spin, each of at least one full turn; (e) Recovery from stalls.

Section IV. Commercial Pilot

13. Age. Applicant shall be at least 18 years of age.

14. Physical Standards. Applicant for a rating shall meet the physical standards to be decided later.

15. Aeronautical Knowledge. Applicant for a powered aircraft rating shall pass a written examination covering: Such of the provisions of air regulations and air traffic rules as are pertinent to his certificate; meteorology as applied to the recognition of weather conditions while flying; the analyzing of weather maps and sequence reports; practical