houses, and cities which are in distant countries at, is used; as," He lives at Hackney ;"" He resides at Montpelier."

It is a matter of indifference with respect to the pronoun one another, whether the preposition of be placed between the two parts of it, or before them both. We may say, "They were jealous of one another;" or " They were jealous one of another;" but perhaps the former is better. Participles are frequently used as prepositions: as, excepting, respecting, touching, concerning, according. 66 They were all in fault except or excepting him.”

RULE XVIII

Conjunctions connect the same moods and tenses of verbs, and cases of nouns and pronouns : as, "Candour is to be approved and practised:" "If thou sincerely desire, and earnestly pursue virtue, she will assuredly be found by thee, and prove a rich reward:" "The master taught her and me to write ;""He and she were school-fellows."

Conjunctions are, indeed, frequently made to connect different moods and tenses of verbs; but in these instances the nominative must be repeated, which is not necessary, though it may be done, under the construction to which the rule refers. We may say, " He lives temperately and he has long lived temperately;" « He may return, but he will not continue;" " She was proud, though she is now humble ;" but it is obvious, that the repetition of the nominative in such cases, is indispensable; and that, by this means, the latter members of these sentences are rendered not so strictly dependent on the preceding, as those are which come under the rule. When, in the progress of a sentence, we pass from the affirmative to the negative form, or from the negative to the affirmative, the subject or nominative is always resumed: as, "He is rich, but he is not respectable." "He is not rich, but he is respectable." There appears to be equal reason for repeating the nomi

native, and resuming the subject, when the course of the sentence is diverted by a change of the mood or tense.

A few examples of inaccuracies respecting this rule may further display its utility.

"If thou bring thy gift to the altar, and there rememberest that thy brother hath aught against thee." It ought to be," " and there remember."

"If he prefer a virtuous life, and is sincere in his professions, he will succeed;"" if he prefers.”

"To deride the miseries of the unhappy, is inhuman ; and wanting compassion towards them, is unchristian ;" " and to want compassion."

"The parliament addressed the king, and has been prorogued the same day :" and was prorogued."

"Anger glances into the breast of a wise man, but will rest only in the bosom of fools;" "but rests only;" or, "but it will rest only." "His wealth and him bid adieu to each other;"" and he." "He entreated us, my comrade and I, to live harmoniously;" "comrade and me.” "My sister and her were on good terms;" "and she.” "Virtue is praised by many, and would be desired also, if her worth were really known;"" and she would." "The world recedes, and will soon disappear;" "and it will." "We often overlook the blessings which are in our possession, and are searching after those which are out of our reach;" it ought to be," and search after."

RULE XIX.

Some conjunctions require the indicative, some the subjunctive mood, after them. It is a general rule, that when something contingent or doubtful is implied, the subjunctive ought to be used: as, If I were to write, he would not regard it;" "He will not be pardoned, unless he repent."

Conjunctions that are of a positive and absolute nature require the indicative mood. "As virtue

advances, so vice recedes :" "He is healthy, because he is temperate."

יי.

The conjunctions, if, though, unless, except, whether, &c. generally require the subjunctive mood after them: as, "If thou be afflicted, repine not;" "Though he slay me, yet will I trust in him ;" "He cannot be clean, unless he wash himself;" "No power, except it were given from above ;” "Whether it were I or they, so we preach." But even these conjunctions, when the sentence does not imply doubt, admit of the indicative: as, " Though he is poor, he is contented."

The following example may, in some measure, serve to illustrate the distinction between the subjunctive and the indicative moods. "Though he were divinely inspired, and spoke therefore as the oracles of God, with supreme authority; though he wereendued with supernatural powers, and could, therefore, have confirmed the truth of what he uttered by miracles; yet, in compliance with the way in which human nature and reasonable creatures are usually wrought upon, he reasoned." That our Saviour was divinely inspired, and endued with supernatural powers, are positions that are here taken for granted, as not admitting of the least doubt; they would therefore have been better expressed in the indicative mood: "Though he was divinely inspired; though he was endued with supernatural powers." The subjunctive is used in the like improper manner in the following example: "Though he were a son, yet learned he obedience, by the things which he suffered," But, in a similar passage, the indicative with great propriety, is employed to the same purpose: "Though he was rich, yet for your sakes he became poor."

1. Lest, and that, annexed to a command preceding, necessarily require the subjunctive mood: as, "Love not sleep, lest thou come to poverty; "Reprove not a scorner, lest he hate thee;" "Take heed that thou speak not to Jacob."

If with but following it, when futurity is denoted, requires the subjunctive mood: as, "If he do but touch the hills, they shall smoke ;" "If he be but discreet, he will succeed." But the indicative ought to be used, on this occasion, when future time is not signified: as, "If, in this expression, he does but jest, no offence should be taken ;' "If she is but sincere, I am happy." The same distinction applies to the following forms of expression: “If he do submit, it will be from necessity;" "Though he does submit, he is not convinced :" "If then I do not reward this service, he will be discouraged;' ;"" If thou dost heartily forgive him, endeavour to forget the offence."

2. In the following instances, the conjunction that, expressed or understood, seems to be improperly accompanied with the subjunctive mood. "So much she dreaded his tyranny, that the fate of her friend she dare not lament." "He reasoned so artfully that his friends would listen, and think [that] he were not wrong.”

3. The same conjunction governing both the indicative and the subjunctive moods, in the same sentence, and in the same circumstances, seems to be a great impropriety : as in these instances. "If there be but one body of legislators, it is no better than a tyranny; if there are only two, there will want a casting voice." "If a man have a hundred sheep, and one of them is gone astray," &c.

4. Almost all the irregularities in the construction of any language, have arisen from the elipsis of some words, which were originally inserted in the sentence, and made it regufar; and it is probable, that this has been the case with respect to the conjunctive form of words, now in use; which will appear from the following examples: "We shall overtake him though he run;" that is, "though he should run ;" "Unless he act prudently, he will not accomplish his purpose;" that is, "unless he shall act prudently." "If he succeed and obtain his end, he will not be the happier for it ¿

that is, "If he should succeed, and should obtain his end.” These remarks and examples are designed to show the original of our present conjunctive forms of expression; and to enable the student to examine the propriety of using them, by tracing the words in question to their proper origin and ancient connexions. But it is necessary to be more particular on this subject, and therefore we shall add a few observations respecting it.

That part of the verb which grammarians call the present tense of the subjunctive mood, has a future signification. This is effected by varying the terminations of the second and third persons singular of the indicative; as will be evident from the following examples: If thou prosper, thou shouldst be thankful," "Unless he study more closely he will never be learned." Some writers however would express these sentiments without those variations; "If thou prosperest," &c. "Unless he studies," &c: and as there is great diversity of practice in this point, it is proper to offer the learners a few remarks to assist them in distinguishing the right application of these different forms of expression. It may be considered as a rule, that the changes of termination are necessary, when these two circumstances concur: Ist, When the subject is of a dubious and contingent nature; and 2d, When the verb has a reference to future time. In the following sentences, both these circumstances will be found to unite: "If thou injure another, thou wilt hurt thyself;" "He has a hard heart; and if he continue impenitent, he must suffer:" "He will maintain his principles, though he lose his estate ;" " Whether he succeed or not, his intention is laudable; "If he be not prosperous, he will not repine;"" If a man smite his servant, and he die," &c. Exodus xxi. 20. In all these examples, the things signified by the verbs are uncertain, and refer to future time. But in the instances which follow, future time is not referred to; and therefore a different construction takes place: "If thou livest virtuously, thou art happy ;”“ Unless he means what he says, he is doubly faithless;" " If