woodmen accidentally drinking the water, were cured. Some Jesuits carried this bark to Rome, about the year 1639....Darwin, et cet.

JEWS, descendants of the patriarch Jacob. No nation on the globe has suffered such terrible calamities, and for so long time, as the Jews. During the siege of Jerusalem, the famine was so distressing, that after cating their horses, dogs, cats, and every other edible substance which they could lay their hands on, some even proceeded to eat their own children. In the siege and capture of the city, more than a million are said to have perished by famine and the sword; and several hundred thousand at the same time, in other parts of the province of Judea. Titus, the conqueror of Jerusalem, carried away ninety thousand captives; all of these under seventeen years of age, he ordered to be sold; and in such numbers, that thirty of them were commonly sold for a small piece of money. The emperor Adrian, not long after, slew five hundred thousand Jews; innumerable multitudes also he sold at the public fairs.Such prodigious numbers were exposed to sale, that there were not persons enough to buy them; and they were sent into confinement, and that so strict and severe, that they died by thousands together. Some were carried to Spain, multitudes fled to Babylon, and the east; they were scattered over all the face of the earth. They have been a most remarkably suffering people now for more than seventeen hundred years. They have been grievously persecuted in popish countries, particularly in Spain and Portugal; almost every government has oppressed them; Christians, Mahometans, and Pagans, have, by turns, plundered and murdered them. Still they have kept themselves a distinct people, and continue to observe their ancient rites and ceremonies. All this is justly considered as a most remarkable fulfilment of scripture prophecies, and indeed as a kind of standing miracle. It is remarkable that the Jews, in the East-Indies, and various other parts of the world, are now looking earnestly for the speedy restoration of their privileges, and for even greater manifestations of the divine favor, than their nation had ever yet enjoyed; founding these hopes upon prophecies of the

JIBOYA....JORDAN....JUDICIAL ASTROLOGY. 195

Old Testament: and it is yet more remarkable, that a vast number of enlightened and pious Christians are at the same time confidently expecting this event, from the prophecies both of the Old Testament and of the New....Josephus, et ceteri.

JIBOYA, an enormous serpent of Java and Brazil, which Legaut affirms, he has seen fifty feet long. Nor is he singular in this respect, as many of the missionaries affirm the same; and we have the concurrent testimony of historians as a further proof. The largest animal of this kind, (the skin of) which has been brought into Europe, is but thirty-six feet long; the most usual length is about twenty feet, and the thickness in proportion. It lies in wait for small animals near the paths, and when it throws itself upon them, it wraps itself round them so closely as to break all their bones; then moistening the whole body over with its slaver, it makes it fit for deglutition, and swallows it whole.... Goldsmith.

JORDAN, a small river of Palestine, often mentioned in scripture. Its course is upon the borders of ancient Galilee; and it empties into the Dead Sea, or Sea of Sodom. It is generally about four or five rods wide, and ten or twelve feet deep. At a certain season of the year, it overflows its banks, owing to the melting of the snows on Mount Lebanon, at the foot of which is the head of this river: it then forms a sheet of water sometimes a quarter of a league broad. At the time of its inundation, its waters are troubled, and of a yellow hue, and its course impetuous.... Volney.

JUDICIAL ASTROLOGY, the pretended art of calculating the future fortunes of persons, from the particular planet that ruled at the time of their birth. This occult science, which is now happily exploded except among the most ignorant, was in such repute even so lately as the seventeenth century, that a professed astrologer, at the court of Berlin, received applications from the most respectable houses in Germany, Poland, Hungary, and even from England, for the purpose of consulting him respecting the future fortunes of new

born infants; acquainting him with the hour of their nativity, and requesting his directions as to their management. The astrologers pretended to have the art of counteracting the influence of a malignant planet, by removing their pupils to a place that was governed by a friendly planet, or feeding them with certain kinds of vegetables, or casting medals of metal to be worn as amulets, or charms, round their necks.

JUGGERNAUT, the chief idol of Hindostan; nearly resembling the Moloch of the ancient Canaanites, and perhaps differing from it only in name. The rites of Juggernaut's worship consist of shocking exhibitions. of obscenity, and his chosen libation is human blood.This terrible idol has his principal temple in a town called by his name, situated in the province of Orissa, which now is subject to the British empire. Thither pilgrims resort, not by thousands merely, but by hundreds of thousands, as well from the remotest as from the adjacent parts of India. As you travel towards the temple of Juggernaut, the road is covered with pilgrims, before and behind, as far as the eye can reach; marching slowly, with their wives and children, under a scorching sun. Some you see stooping with age, and others laboring under mortal distempers; yet exerting the utmost of their little remains of strength, that they may reach the temple of their god, and die in his presence. Others perish by the way, and, being left unburied, are fed upon by dogs, jackalls, and vultures. Ere you come within fifty miles, you know it to be the road to Juggernaut, by the human skulls and bones strewed over it. When arrived at this region of the shadow of death, the habitation of the idol, you behold the walls of the town surrounded with numberless squalid famishing pilgrims, with clotted hair and painted flesh, practising their various austerities and modes of self-torture. Upon entering the town (if it be the great day of the idolatrous feast) you see a stupendous car or tower, sixty feet in height, resting on wheels, and drawn by men. On the top of the car you see a throne surrounded with priests; and upon the throne, a block of wood, having a frightful visage painted black, with a distended mouth of a bloody colour. It is Juggernaut !

JUNO....JUPITER.

197

Instantly the welkin rings with the yell-like acclamations of innumerable multitudes of men; the females joining the chorus in a kind of hissing scream, with the lips circular, and the tongue vibrating, as if a serpent were speaking by their organs. The horrors of thescene now thicken. The car that carries the idol moves on, and, as it slowly moves, the wheels, prest down by the ponderous weight above, deeply indent the ground. And now is the moment for the devotees of Juggernaut to pay him their last and most acceptable homage. They fall prostrate, women as well as men, before the moving wheels which support his throne, and are crushed into the earth. Their dead bodies are cast forth, as a prey to ravenous beasts and birds; polluting the atmosphere, which the worship of Juggernaut renders constantly fœtid and loathsome.

"Moloch, horrid king, besmeared with blood

"Of human sacrifice, and parents' tears."

What a mercy to enjoy the light of the gospel! What matter of joy that the Prince of Peace is erecting his throne in India, and will finally establish it upon the ruins of Juggernaut's horrid empire....Buchanan's Chrislian Researches.

JUNO, or Harding, a primary planet, between Mars and Jupiter; it was discovered by Mr. Harding, of Germany, on the first of September, 1804. It appears like a star of the eighth magnitude. Its distance from the sun is about two hundred, and twenty-five million miles; its periodic revolution is performed in fifteen hundred and eighty-two days....Bowditch.

JUPITER, the largest of all the planets; being easily distinguished from them by its peculiar magnitude and light. Its diameter is eighty-nine thousand one hundred and seventy miles; its distance from the sun four hundred and ninety million miles; and the time of its periodic revolution is four thousand three hundred and thirty-two days and an half. Though Jupiter is the largest of all the planets, yet its diurnal revolution is the swiftcst, being only nine hours and fifty-six minutes.

198

JURY....KALMUCS.

Jupiter is attended by four satellites, invisible to the naked eye; but through a telescope they make a beautiful appearance....Bowditch.

JURY, a company of men, consisting commonly of twelve, and sworn to deliver a true verdict on such evidence as shall be laid before them respecting the cause they are to decide. This admirable institution which has been almost peculiar to the English nation and their descendants, had its origin about a thousand years ago, and in the following manner. Alfred, king of England, in the ninth century, divided the whole kingdom into counties: these counties he subdivided into hundreds; and the hundreds into tythings or tenths, over which a person called a tything man presided. In smaller differences the tything man summoned the heads of the ten families under his jurisdiction, to assist him; but important causes were brought before the hundred, who regularly assembled once in four weeks: and out of these hundred householders twelve freemen were chosen, who having sworn, along with the magistrate of the hundred, to administer justice, proceeded to the examination of the cause that was committed to them.... Russell.

KALMU

K.

ALMUCS, a nation of Tartars, who inhabit that part of the Russian empire in Asia, which lies between the river Volga and the river Ural, towards the Caspian Sea. In all their country, which is immensely large, there is not a house to be seen; as they all live în tents, and remove from one place to another in quest of pasturage for their large herds of cattle, consisting of horses, camels, cows, and sheep. They neither sow nor reap; they eat no bread, nor any kind of vegetable. Their food is milk, flesh, fish, butter, and cheese: they prefer mare's milk, and horseflesh, which they cook by each putting a piece under his saddle, and riding upon it. They wear sheep-skin coats, with the wool on, and