The "bounds" of the Tower Liberties are perambulated triennially, when, after service in the church of St. Peter, a procession is formed upon the parade: including a headsman, bearing the axe of execution; a painter to mark the bounds; yeomen warders, with halbards; the Deputy Lieutenant and other officers of the Tower, &c. : the boundary-stations are painted with a red "broad arrow "" upon a white ground, while the chaplain of St. Peter's repeats, "Cursed be he who removeth his neighbour's landmark." Another old custom of lighting a bonfire on Tower Hill on Nov. 5th was suppressed in 1854. Lady Raleigh lived on Tower Hill after she had been forbidden to lodge with her husband in the Tower. William Penn was born April 14th, 1644, in a court on the east side of Tower Hill. At the Bull public-house died, April 14th, 1685, Otway the poet, it is said of hunger. "In a by cutler's shop of Tower Hill," says Sir Henry Wotton, "Felton bought a tenpenny knife (so cheap was the instrument of this great attempt)," with which he assassinated the Duke of Buckingham. Postern-row, with a few posts set across the footpath (opposite about the middle of the Tower moat), denotes the site of the Postern-gate, at the south-eastern termination of the City Wall. Here is the rendezvous for enlisting sailors and soldiers, which formerly had its press-gangs. The shops display odd admixtures of marine stores, pea-jackets and straw-hats, " rope, hour-glasses, Gunter's scales, and dog biscuits." The Place of Execution, on Great Tower Hill, is shown in the old plan of the Tower at p. 793; the space eastward is Little Tower Hill. Notable Persons Executed on Tower Hill.-June 22, 1535, Bishop Fisher. July 6, 1535, Sir Thomas More. July 28, 1540, Cromwell, Earl of Essex. Jan. 21, 1547, Earl of Surrey, the poet. March 20, 1549, Thomas Lord Seymour of Sudeley, the Lord Admiral, by order of his brother, the Protector Somerset, who was beheaded Jan. 22, 1552. Feb. 12, 1553-4, Lord Guildford Dudley, husband of Lady Jane Grey. April 11, 1554, Sir Thomas Wyat. May 12, 1641, Earl of Strafford. Jan. 10, 1644–5, Archbishop Laud. Dec. 29, 1680, William Viscount Stafford, "insisting on his innocence to the very last." Dec. 7, 1683, Algernon Sidney. July 15, 1685, the Duke of Monmouth. Feb. 24, 1716, Earl of Derwentwater and Lord Kenmuir. Aug. 18, 1746, Lords Kilmarnock and Balmerino. Dec. 8, 1746, Mr. Radcliffe, who had been, with his brother Lord Derwentwater, convicted of treason in the Rebellion of 1715, when Derwentwater was executed; but Radcliffe escaped, and was identified by the barber who, 31 years before, had shaved him in the Tower. Chamberlain Clark, who died in 1831, aged 92 years, well remembered (his father then residing in the Minories) seeing the glittering of the executioner's axe in the sun as it fell upon Mr. Radcliffe's neck. April 9, 1747, Símon Lord Lovat, the last beheading in England, and the last execution upon Tower Hill, when a scaffolding built near Barking-alley fell with nearly 1000 persons on it, and 12 were killed. On the west side of Tower Hill is Great Tower-street: No. 48, on the south side, is the Czar's Head, built upon the site of the former tavern, where Peter the Great (Czar of Muscovy) and his companions, after their day's work, used to meet, to smoke pipes and drink beer and brandy. In Little Tower-street, No. 12, was Watts's Academy, where Thomson was tutor when he wrote his Summer. At the south-west corner of the Hill is Tower Dock, where Sir Walter Raleigh, disguised, embarked in a boat for Tilbury; but being betrayed, he was arrested on the Thames, and committed to the Tower. TOWER OF LONDON, THE, "THE citadel to defend or command the City" (Stow), stands on the north bank of * the Thames, about a mile below London Bridge, and in the oldest part of the metropolis; "between the south-east end of the City Wall and the river, though the west part is supposed within the City, but with some uncertainty; and in what county the whole stands is not easy discovered." (Hatton, 1708.) It comprises within the walls an area of 12 acres 5 roods. Tradition has assigned its origin to Julius Cæsar, and our early poets have adopted this antiquity: "Prince Edward. I do not like the Tower of any place. Did Julius Cæsar build that place, my lord ? Buckingham. He did, my gracious lord, begin that place, Prince Edward. Is it upon record, or else reported "It was proved in the case of Sir Thomas Overbury, upon a question as to whether his murder was committed within the boundaries of the City or in the county of Middlesex, that the City Wall traversed the buildings contained within the Tower; and his apartment being on the west of it, the criminals came accordingly under the jurisdiction of the City."-Archer's Vestiges, part iii. Successively from age to age, he built it? Buckingham. Upon record, my gracious lord." Shakspeare's Richard III., act iii. sc. 1. This, however, is unsupported by records; but that the Romans had a fortress here in a subsequent age is probable, from the discovery of Roman remains upon the site; and a Roman wall is still visible near the ditch. The Saxon Chronicle leads to the belief of there having been a Saxon fortress upon the spot. The oldest portion of the present fortress is the Keep, or White Tower, so named from its having been originally whitewashed, as appears from a Latin document of the year 1241. This tower was built about 1078, for William the Conqueror, by Gundulph, bishop of Rochester, who also erected Rochester Castle; and the two fortresses have points of resemblance. William Rufus greatly added to the Tower. At the close of his reign was sent here the first prisoner, Ralph Flambard, or Firebrand, who cotrived to escape by a window which is shown. Henry I. strengthened the fortress; and Stephen, in 1140, kept his court here. Fitzstephen describes it as "the Tower Palatine, very large and very strong, whose court and walls rise up from a deep foundation. The mortar is tempered with the blood of beasts. On the west ire two castles, well fenced." About 1190, the Regent Bishop Longchamp surrounded the fortress with an embattled stone wall and "a broade and deepe ditch:" for breaking down part of the City wall he was deposed, and besieged in the Tower, but surrendered after one night. King John held his court here. Henry III. strengthened the White Tower, and founded the Lion Tower and other western bulwarks; and in this reign the palacefortress was alternately held by the king and the insurgent barons. Edward I. enlarged the moat, and on the west made the last additions of military importance prior to the invention of cannon. Edward II. recired here against his subjects; and here was born his eldest daughter, Joan of the Tower. Edward III. imprisoned here many illustrious persons, including David king of Scotland, and John king of France with Philip his son. During the insurrection of Wat Tyler, King Richard II. took refuge here, with his court and nobles, 600 persons: Richard was deposed whilst imprisoned here, in 1399. Edward IV. kept a magnificent court here. In 1460 Lord Scales was besieged here by the Yorkists, and was taken and slain in endeavouring to escape by water. Henry VI., twice imprisoned in the fortress, died here in 1471; but the tradition that George Duke of Clarence was drowned here in 1478, in a butt of malmseywine, is of little worth. The beheading of Lord Hastings, in 1483, by order of the Protector Gloucester (on a log of timber in front of the Chapel); the seizure of the crown by Richard; and the supposed murder of his nephews, Edward V. and the Duke of York, are the next events in the annals of the fortress. Henry VII. frequently resided in the Tower, where also his queen sought refuge from "the society of her sullen and cold-hearted husband:" the king held a splendid tournament here in 1501; his queen died here in 1503. Henry VIII. often held his court in this fortress: here, in great pomp, Henry received all his wives previous to their espousals; here were beheaded his queens Anne Boleyn and Catherine Howard. About this time (1548) occurred a great fire in the Tower : "ij A° (Edw. VI.) Item the xxij day of November was in the nyghte a grete fyer in the tower of London, and a gret pesse burnyd, by menes of a Frencheman that sette a barrelle of gonnepoder a fyere, and soo was burnyd hymselfe, and no more persons, but moch hurte besyde."-Chron. Grey Friars of London. Edward VI. kept his court in the Tower prior to his coronation: here his uncle, the Protector Somerset, was twice imprisoned before his decapitation on Tower Hill, in 1552. Lady Jane Grey entered the fortress as queen of England, but in three weeks became here a captive with her youthful husband: both were beheaded. Queen Mary, at her court in the Tower, first showed her Romish resolves: her sister, the Princess Elizabeth, was imprisoned here on suspicion of favouring Sir Thomas Wyat's design; she was compelled to enter at the Traitors' Gate, when she exclaimed, "Here landeth as true a subject, being a prisoner, as ever landed at these stairs; and before Thee, O God, I speak it." Queen Elizabeth did not keep her court in the Tower, but at no period was the state prison more "constantly thronged with delinquents." James I. No person was allowed temp. Edward III. to bathe in the Tower, or in the Thames near the Tower; under penalty o death, i 2 resided here, and delighted in combats of the wild beasts kept here. In Charles I.'s reign many leading partisans were imprisoned here; and under the government of Oliver Cromwell, and in the reigns of Charles II. and James II., the Tower was EZ filled with prisoners, the victims of state policy, intrigue, tyranny, or crime. The Courts of Justice, the King's Bench and Common Pleas were held here; the former in the Lesser Hall, beneath the east turret of the White Tower; the latter in the Great Hall, by the river. Almost from the Conquest, our sovereigns, at their coronations, went in great state and procession from the Tower, through the City, to Westminster; the last observance being at the coronation of Charles II. All the domestic apartments of the ancient palace within the Tower were taken down during the reigns of James II. and William and Mary. In 1792 the garrison was increased. Γ A. White Tower. B. Wardrobe Tower. C. St. John's Chapel, in the White Tower. D. Cold Harbour. E. Bloody Tower. F. St. Thomas's Tower. G. Traitor's Gate. H. Well Tower. I. Cradle Tower. K. Hall Tower. L. Lantern Tower. M. Salt Tower. N. Tower above the Iron Gate. 0. Tower leading to the Iron Gate. P. Broad Arrow Tower. Q. Constable Tower. R. Martin Tower. S. Brick Tower. T. Bowyer's Tower. U. Flint Tower. V. Bell Tower. W. Devilin Tower X. Beauchamp Tower. Y. Bayard Tower. Z. Middle Tower. 1. Posts of the Scaffold. 2. Cage. 3. Barkin Church. 4. The Bulwark Gate. 5. Lyon Tower. 6. Lyons Gate. 7. St. Peter's Church. 8. Postern Gate. 9. The Stone Kitchen. 10. Lieutenant's Lodgings. 11. Jewel House. 12. Hall decayed. 13. Queen's Gallery. 14. Private Gardens. 15. Iron Gate. 16. Thames-strect. 17. Queen's Lodgings. 794 "Several hundred men were employed in repairing the fortifications, opening the embrasures, mi mounting cannon; and on the western side of the fortress a strong barrier was formed with old car filled with earth and rubble; the gates were closed at an early hour, and no one but the military allowid to go on the ramparts."- Bayley. The Tower Palace occupied the south-eastern portion of the inner ward, as show (p. 793) in the plan of the fortress in the reign of Elizabeth, within a century from which period much of its ancient character was obliterated by small buildings between its towers and courts. Northward of the White Tower was built, temp. James II. and William III., the Grand Storehouse for the Royal Train of Artillery, and the Small Armoury for 150,000 stand of arms: this building, 345 feet in length, was destroyed by fire October 30, 1841;* since which the Tower has been " small dwelling-houses have been cleared away, and several towers and defences have remodelled," many been rebuilt. The houses of Petty Wales and the outworks have been removed, with the Menagerie buildings at the entrance from the west. The Lion Tower was built by Henry III., who commenced assembling here ■ menagerie with three leopards sent to him by the Emperor Frederic II., "in token of his regal shield of arms, wherein those leopards were pictured." Here, in 1255, the Sheriffs built a house "for the King's elephant," brought from France, and the first seen in England. Our early sovereigns had also a mews in the Tower: "Merry Margaret, as Midsomer flowre, Gentyll as faucon and hawke of the Towre."-Skelton, To the Lion Tower was built a semicircular enclosure, where lions and bears were baited with dogs, in which James I. and his court much delighted. A lion was named after the reigning king; and it was popularly believed that "when the king dies, the lion of that name dies after him" (see also Addison's Freeholder, No. 47). the Lions on the first of April" was another popular hoax. The menagerie greatly declined until 1822, when it revived under the management of Mr. Cops; the last of Washing the animals were, however, transferred to the Zoological Society's Gardens, in the Regent's Park, in 1834: but the buildings were not entirely removed until 1853; the Refreshment-room and ticket-office occupy part of the site of the Lion Tower. The Tower Menagerie, with woodcut portraits drawn by Harvey. See The Tower Moat or Ditch was drained in 1843, filled up, and turfed, for the exercise of the garrison: occasionally sheep feed here. The banks are clothed with thriving evergreens; and on the north-east is a pleasant shrubbery-garden.† "In draining the moat were found several stone shot, which had probably been projected against the fortress during the siege of 1460, when Lord Scales held the Tower for the king, and the Yorkists cannonaded him from a battery on the Southwark side of the river."-Hewitt's Tower and its Armouries, The land entrance to the fortress is by the Middle Tower, and a stone bridge, anciently a drawbridge, crossing the Moat, at the south-west angle, to the Byward Tower: these towers were strongly fortified, and provided each with a double portcullis. On the right, a small drawbridge crosses the Moat, and leads to the wharf fronting the Thames. Here is St. Thomas's Tower: Ings, the Cato-street conspirator, was the last person confined in this Tower. until lately connected the ditch with the river: by this entrance state prisoners were Beneath it is Traitors' Gate, with a cut which formerly brought into the Tower; and through it "Went Sidney, Russell, Raleigh, Cranmer, More.”—Rogers. "When it was found necessary, from any cause, to carry a prisoner through the streets, the Sheriffs received him from the king's lieutenants at the entrance to the City, gave a receipt for him, and took another on delivering him up at the gates of the Tower. The receipt of the Governor for the body of the Duke of Monmouth-his living body-is still extant."-Dixon's Prisons of London, 1850. Traitors Gate is now a modernized sham. Eastward is the basement-story of the Cradle Tower, in good condition; the Well Tower is used as a warder's residence. There were 94,500 stands of arms, of which 4000 were saved: loss by the fire, about 250,000%, Among the objects destroyed and lost were a cannon of wood, and the state swords of Justice and Mercy carried before the Pretender when he was proclaimed in Scotland in 1715. † In 1830 the Tower Ditch was filled with water, and cleansed, by order of the Duke of Wellington. as Constable; which measure was gravely described at the time as putting the fortress into a state of security against the Reform Bill agitation The front wall is embattled, and mounted with cannon; and on the wharf were formerly fired the "Tower Guns." Hatton describes them, in 1708, as "62 guns, lying in a range, fast in the ground, always ready to be discharged on any occasion of victories, coronations, festivals, days of thanksgiving, triumphs, &c." The guns are now fired from a new "Saluting Battery," facing Tower-bill. Between the outer and inner wards extends a narrow street, in part formerly occupied by the buildings of the Mint, removed to Tower Hill in 1810. The towers of the inner ward are commencing from the south-east, the Bell Tower, containing the alarm-bell of the garrison; it is said to have been the prison-lodging of Fisher, Bishop of Rochester, and subsequently of the Princess Elizabeth: "at this point, in former times, were other gates, to prevent an enemy getting possession of the lines, and to guard the approaches to the inner ballium."-Hewitt. Between the Bell Tower and the Beauchamp Tower was formerly a passage by the leads, used as a promenade for prisoners, of whom the walls bear memorials; among them is "Respice finem, W. D." Next, northward, is the Beauchamp or Cobham Tower, a curious specimen of the military architecture of the 12th and 13th centuries. This tower is named from Thomas Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick, being confined here in 1397, and the Cobhams in 1554. It was restored by Anthony Salvin in 1854; when lithographed copies of the Inscriptions, Memorials, and Devices cut on the walls of the rooms and cells, were published by W. R. Dick. It is much to be regretted that these records in stone have been removed from their original places into the large room. Upon the wall is a rebus of Dr. Abel, chaplain to Catherine of Aragon; a bell inscribed TA, and Thomas above. Couplets, maxims, allegories, and spiritual truths are sometimes added: of these we can only select a few: "Thomas Willyngar, goldsmithe. My hart is yours tel dethe." By the side is a figure of a bleeding "hart," and another of "dethe;" and "T. W." and “P. A.” "Thomas Rose, Within this Tower strong Kept close By those to whom he did no wrong. May 8th, 1666." The figure of a man, praying, underneath "Ro. Bainbridge" (1587-8). "Thomas Bawdewin, 1584, Jvly. As vertve maketh life, so sin cawseth death." "Walter Paslew, dated 1569 & 1570. My hope is in Christ." Devices of the Peverels; and crucifix and bleeding heart. "J. C. 1538." "Learne to feare God." "Reprens. le. sage. et. il. te armera.— Take wisdom, and he shall arm you." Over the fireplace is inscribed: "Quanto plus afflictionis pro Christo in hoc sæculo, Tanto plus gloriæ cum Christo in futuro. Arundell, June 22, 1587." "Gloria et honore eum coronasti Domine: In memoria æterna erit justus. Atuch ..... One of the most elaborate devices is that of John Dvdle, Earl of Warwick, tried and condemned in 1553 for endeavouring to deprive Mary of the crown; but being reprieved, he died in his prison-room, where he had wrought upon the wall his family's cognizance, the lion, and bear and ragged staff, underneath which is his name; the whole surrounded by oak-sprigs, roses, geraniums, honeysuckles, emblematic of the Christian names of his four brothers, as appears from this inscription : "Yow that these beasts do wel behold and se, The names of the four brothers were Ambrose, Robert, Guildford, and Henry: thus, "Ihs 1571, die 10 Aprilis. Wise men ought circumspectly to see what they do, to examine before they speake, to prove before they take in hand, to beware whose company they use, and above all things, to whom they truste. Charles Bailly." Another of Bailly's apophthegms is: "The most vnhapy man in the world is he that is not pacient in adversities; for men are not killed with the adversities they have, but with ye impacience which they svffer." |