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The author of "The Morning and Evening Sacrifice," "The Last Supper," and "Farewell to Time," has announced another work as in the press, in three volumes, duodecimo, to be entitled "The Living Temple," in which man is considered in his true relation to the ordinary occupations and pursuits of life.

The Rev. Michael Russell, LL.D., author of "A Connexion of Sacred and Profane History," &c. has in the press a small volume of "Discourses on the Millennium, the Doctrine of Election, Justification by Faith, the Assurance of Faith, and the Freeness of the Gospel," &c. &c.

A second edition, enlarged and improved, of "Historical Sketches

of the Native Irish and their Descendants, illustrative of their Past and Present State, with regard to Literature, Education, and Oral Instruction," by Christopher Anderson, is promised next month.

Mair's Introduction to Latin Syntax, with Additional Notes, Examples in Prosody, and a copious Vocabulary, by the Rev. Alexander Stewart, Editor of an improved edition of Cornelius Nepos, &c. is reported to be nearly ready.

A second series of Stories from the History of Scotland, by the Rev. Alexander Stewart, which is intended to complete the work, is preparing for publication.

Mr Charles Marsh has been for some time engaged in a complete General History of the East Indies, and has now made considerable progress in the work.

Perkin Warbeck, and the Court of James IV. of Scotland, is announced.

THE EXCLUSIVES.-The following curious revelation of the characters supposed to be represented in this work has just appeared in the Court Journal :-Lady Tilney-Lady Jersey. Duchess of Hermanton-Princess Esterhazy. Princess Leinsengen-Princess Lieven. Lady Ellersby-Lady Cowper. Lord Tonnerre-Lord Tullamore. Mr Leslie Winyard-Honourable H. de Roos. Frank OmbreFrank Russel. Spencer Newcombe-Honourable Spencer Perceval. Lord Glenmore-Lord Ellenborough. Lady Glenmore-Lady Ellenborough. Lord Albert d'Esterre-Lord G. L. Gower. Lady Dun melraise-Dowager Duchess of Leeds. Lady Tenderden-Lady Tankerville. Lady Marchmont-Lady Hopeton. Lord ArlingfordLord Sefton. Duke of Mercington-Duke of Wellington. Colonel Lord Gascoigne-Lord Alvanley. Sir William Temple-Sir G. WarTemple-Colonel Trench. Lady Feuillemerte-Lady Salisbury. render. Mr George Foley-Mr George Anson.

production, from the pen of the author of "Richelieu," contains, among other ably delineated scenes-the celebrated Field of the VIII.-The Court Fete, Banquet, and Pageant-The Combat, and Cloth of Gold-Description of White-Hall in the Reign of Henry deliverance of Francis I.-Shipwreck of Lady Contance, &c. Among other historical personages, we may enumerate, besides the two monarchs of France and England: The Duke of Buckingham-Cardinal Wolsey-Lord Derby-Earl of Devonshire-Duke of SuffolkLady Constance De Grey-The Earl of Surrey-Lord T. Howard-Lord Aberga'ny-Lord Montague-Sir W. Cecil, &c. &c.

DARNLEY; OR THE FIELD OF THE CLOTH OF GOLD.-This

AMERICAN PERIODICAL LITERATURE.-America possesses at present 827 periodical publications. In 1775 she had only 35; and in 1810, 358. Pennsylvania alone has now 185, and New York 161. It is also interesting to know that all the Indian tribes have now newspapers, and some more than one.

attended. The principal novelties of the season are to be the contiTheatrical Gossip.-The King's Theatre has been as yet but poorly nental prima donna Lalande, and Lablache, who has been pronounced the finest bass singer in Europe.-Nothing new has been doing at Drury Lane. In the temporary absence of Kean,-Liston, Farren, and Vestris are the chief attractions.-At Covent Garden, Miss Paton, who plays on the alternate nights with Miss Kemble, has been drawing indifferent houses. She receives L.20 per night; and it is said to be the intention of Lord William Lennox to take his wife from the stage as soon as she has secured for him an annual

income of L.1500;-this is very kind in Lord William. Fanny Kemble has written a song, which has been sung at the Harmonists' Society;-the words are pretty.-The French Company at the English Opera House are well attended.-A new piece, called "Van Diemen's Land," has been successfully produced at the Surrey Theatre. -The tragedy of "Werner" has been repeated at Bristol with increased success. Macready and Miss Foote have also appeared there

The Rev. Richard Warner has in the press a volume of Literary together in "Virginius" and "Matrimony."-Horne, Miss SmithRecollections and Biographical Sketches.

son, and Miss Dyer, formerly of the Theatre here, are at present in The Pilgrim of the Hebrides, and other Poems, by the author of Dublin.-Braham and Miss Clarke are in Aberdeen.-The novelties Three Days at Killarney, is announced.

There is preparing for publication a History of the Church, from the Creation to the Commencement of the Nineteenth Century, in the form of Question and Answer; by the late Alexander Smith Paterson of Aberdeen, edited by the Rev. James Brewster, minister of Craig.

A new volume of Country Stories, by Miss Mitford, author of "Our Village," is in the press.

The Picture of India-exhibiting in a brief, yet clear and graphic manner, the Geography, Topography, History, Natural History, Native Population, and Produce, of that most interesting portion of the Earth; with a particular Account of the European Settlements, with the present state of the British Territories, and an impartial View of the India Question, with reference to the impending Discussion on the Renewal of the Charter-with many appropriate Illustrations from original designs, is announced.

this week at our Theatre, have been the revival of "Waverley" and "Clari," and the production of a new drama, entitled, "William Shakspeare, or the Bard of Avon's Early Days." In the two first pieces Miss Jarman distinguished herself as Flora M'Ivor and Clari; and in the last, which is an amusing enough production, and contains some pretty new scenery, Vandenhoff makes a very respectable representative of the Author of "Hamlet." Vandenhoff takes his benefit on Monday, but his engagement will of course be renewed, that he may perform along with Young. We have been informed that Mr Wilson, of whose singing at the last Professional Concert here we spoke very favourably, is to make his debut upon the stage in the opera of "Masaniello," now in preparation. If this be the case, we augur well of his success.

An Annual for the year 1830, entitled The Penelope, has been published at Leipsic. It is edited by Theodore Hell-a very startling SAT. name for English ears.

The second volume of Moore's Life of Byron is expected to be ready in a few weeks. The first has had a very extensive sale.

The papers of the Earl of Marchmont, comprising a variety of original and unknown Documents, Diaries, &c., illustrative of the reigns of Queen Anne, George I., &c. are in the press.

ELOCUTION. We observe that Mr Roberts is to deliver a rhetorical Lecture, illustrated with readings and recitations, next Saturday. Mr Roberts's entertainments of this kind are in general judiciously conducted, and calculated both to amuse and instruct.

GEORGE STREET READING ROOMS.-We understand that it is the intention of the Proprietor of this large and commodious establishment to add to it a billiard-room upon a suitably elegant scale. The idea seems to be a good one, and, if properly managed, may induce many gentlemen to avail themselves of this agreeable recreation, who have too great a regard for their characters to be seen in any of the common and less respectable billiard-rooms.

WEEKLY LIST OF PERFORMANCES.
Feb. 13-19.

The Wheel of Fortune, & A Roland for an Oliver.
Waverley, & The Bottle Imp.

Pizarro, & The Maid or the Magpie.

MON. TUES. WED.

William Shakspeare, The Youthful Queen, & Free and Easy.

THURS. FRI.

Do., He Lies like Truth, & Clari, the Maid of Milan. Pizarro, & Rob Roy.

TO OUR CORRESPONDENTS.

We must still appeal to the patience of several of our Correspon. ents. We are reluctantly obliged again to postpone the article by Mr Tennant till next week.

The verses, entitled "The Destruction of Sodom,"-" Sonnet to the Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus,”—" Sonnet" by "Veritaphistus,"-" The Star" and "Stanzas” by "P."—and the lines by "R. W." of Glasgow, will not suit us.-Who is "Euphrosine?"

[No. 67, February 20, 1830.1 ADVERTISEMENTS,

Connected with Literature, Science, and the Arts.

This day is published, in 3 very large vols. 8vo, price L.2, 2s. embellished with a fine portrait,

In 3 vols. post 8vo, DEVEREUX.

By the Author of "PELHAM," and "The DisOWNED." "The Novel before us is truly a great work."-Literary Gazette. "For the information of those who have not yet had an opportu nity of perusing the book, we subjoin the names of a few of the interesting characters who figure in its pages, viz.-Lord Bolingbroke (throughout the work)-Swift-Pope-Addison-Steele-Colonel Cleland (the supposed original of Will Honeycomb)-Beau Fielding (the Richard Cromwell-The Duke of Wharton-Lady M. W. Montague -Duchess of Marlborough-Regent of France-Anthony Count Hamilton-The Duchess of Orleans-Madame de Maintenon-The Czar Peter the Great-The Duke de St Simon,", &c. &c.—Morning Journal. HENRY COLBURN and RICHARD BENTLEY, London; and sold by BELL and BRADFUTE, No. 6, Bank Street, Edinburgh.

MEMOIRS of the LIFE and TIMES of DANIEL Orlando of the Spectator)-Colley Cibber-Sir Godfrey Kneller

DE FOE, containing a Review of his Writings, and his Opinions upon a variety of Important Matters, Civil and Ecclesiastical. By WALTER WILSON, Esq., of the Inner Temple. London: HURST, CHANCE, & Co., St Paul's Church-Yard. Where may be had, just published, in 2 vols. 8vo, price 21s, The HISTORY of the HEBREW COMMONWEALTH, from the Earliest Times to the Destruction of Jerusalem, A. D. 72. Translated from the German of JOHN JAHN, D.D. With a Continuation to the time of Adrian. By CALVIN E. STOWE. This day is published,

price 3s. 6d. bound, a new edition of JOHNSON'S ENGLISH DICTIONARY,

WITH

WALKER'S PRONUNCIATION

Of all the difficult or doubtful Words.

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The two Standard Dictionaries of the English Language are those of Johnson and Walker; the former in all that regards the authority and spelling of words, the latter as to their pronunciation. The object of the volume now offered to the Public is to combine in a portable form the advantages of both and to assist in acquiring the ease and elegance of a correct speaker, in the current language of every day.

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SCOTTISH ACADEMY OF PAINTING, SCULPTURE, & ARCHITECTURE.

In two volumes small 8vo, with Portrait,
Dedicated by Gracious Permission to his Majesty,
RANDOM RECORDS.

By GEORGE COLMAN the Younger.
Among the numerous distinguished persons that figure in this work,
will be found-George III.-The Margravine of Anspach-The late
Duke of York-John Sheffield, Duke of Buckingham-Lord North
-Marquis of Wellesley-The late Lord George Gordon-Duchess
of Kingston-Lord Erskine-Lord Kellie-Sir Thomas Mills-
Lord Colchester (afterwards Speaker of the House of Commons)→
William Pulteney, Earl of Bath-Captain Phipps (afterwards Lord
Mulgrave)-The late Sir Watkin Williams Wynne-Sir Joseph Banks
-Sir Charles Turner-R. B. Sheridan-Jekyll-Vincent Bourne-
Dr Johnson-Gibbon-Dr Goldsmith-Boswell-Caleb Whitefoord-
Drs Busby, Fountain, Smith, Vincent, &c.-Garrick, Foote, Pow-
ell, Henderson, Miss Farren, John Palmer, Charles Bannister,
Parsons, Bensley, &c. &c.

HENRY COLBURN and RICHARD BENTLEY, London; and sold by BELL & BRADFUTE, No. 6, Bank Street, Edinburgh.

In small octavo, neatly bound, Vol. I.
Price 4s. 6d.

THE FOURTH ANNUAL EXHIBITION of THE FAMILY CLASSICAL LIBRARY, or Eng

the ACADEMY for the WORKS of LIVING ARTISTS is NOW OPEN, at the Rooms of the Academy, 24, WATERLOO Place. By order of the Council,

Edinburgh, 15th Feb. 1830.

ELOCUTION.

WM. NICHOLSON, Secretary.

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The Musical Butcher,
Conscience,
Lord William,
Four Eyes!!!

PART II.

Method of Teaching the

PART III.

H. G. Bell.

Anonymous. Der zhaven.

Attic Miscellany. Byron. Southey. Speaker.

ADMISSION TICKETS, 3s. each, to be had of Messrs WHYTE and Co., and of Mr ANDERSON, Booksellers, George Street; of Mr MILLER and Mr BLACKWOOD, Booksellers, Prince's Street; at the Music Shops; of Mr JOHN ANDERSON, jun., Bookseller, North Bridge; and of Mr ROBERTS, 62, Hanover Street.

Doors open at One-commence at Two precisely. Mr ROBERTS continues to teach Elocution, in all its departments, whether intended for Private or Public Practice.-He is particularly careful to impart a pure English Pronunciation, and undertakes the removal or alleviation of oral impediments and ungraceful gesture.

lish Translations of the most celebrated Greek and Latin Historians, Poets, and Orators. Edited by A. J. VALPY, A.M. Vol. I., contains LELAND'S TRANSLATION of the ORATIONS of DEMOSTHENES, with Notes and Improvements.

Vol. II., containing the Conclusion of DEMOSTHENES, and the whole of SALLUST, is also ready for publication, embellished with two finely-engraved steel plates of Demosthenes and Sallust.

Vol. III., VIRGIL'S ECLOGUES, by Archdea

con Wrangham.

GEORGICS, by Mr Sotheby.
ENEID, by Dryden.

Vol. IV., PINDAR, a New Translation, by the Rev. Mr Wheelwright, Prebendary of Lincoln.

HENRY COLBURN and RICHARD BENTLEY, London; and sold by BELL and BRADFUTE, No. 6, Bank Street, Edinburgh. Dedicated, by Permission, to the Honourable Mrs Augustus Legge. This day is published,

In one volume large 12mo, price 9s.

RINGSTEAD ABBEY, or THE STRANGER'S

GRAVE; with OTHER TALES. By Mrs SARGANT, Author of "The Life of Cranmer," &c. &c. London: HURST, CHANCE, & Co., 65, St Paul's Church-Yard. Where may be had, lately published, by the same Author, in one volume 12mo, price 6s. 6d.

THE LIFE OF ARCHBISHOP CRANMER. Dedicated, by Permission, to the Hon. the East India Company.

This day is published,

In 2 vols. 8vo, price 24s., with Plates,

NARRATIVE and SUCCESSFUL RESULT of

a VOYAGE in the SOUTH SEAS. Performed by Order of the GOVERNMENT of BRITISH INDIA, to ascertain the ACTUAL FATE of LA PEROUSE'S EXPEDITION. By the Chevalier Capt. P. DILLON. London: HURST, CHANCE, and Co. 65, St Paul's Church-Yard. This day is published,

In one thick vol. post 8vo, price 12s., with a beautiful Frontispiece, THE POETICAL ALBUM, and REGISTER of

MODERN FUGITIVE POETRY. SECOND SERIES. Edited by ALARIC A. WATTS, Esq.

"See, I have cull'd the flowers that promised best,
And where not sure-perplex'd, but pleased-I guess'd
At such as ɛeem'd the fairest."-BYRON.

London: HURST, CHANCE, & Co., 65, St Paul's Church-Yard. Where may be had, lately published, price 12s. the First Series of THE POETICAL ALBUM and REGISTER of MODERN FUGITIVE POETRY. Edited by ALARIC A. WATTS, Esq. In one thick volume, post 8vo, with a beautiful Frontispiece by Williams.

This volume will be found to contain a very large proportion of the most beautiful Fugitive Poetry that has appeared during the last ten years, including upwards of 300 poems, for the most part inedited, of Byron, Moore, Campbell, Wilson, Wordsworth, Rogers, Coleridge, L. E. L., Bowles, Shelley, Mrs Hemans, Miss Baillie, Barry Cornwall, Moir, Montgomery, Croly, Horace Smith, Alarie A. Watts, &c. &c. &c.

LODGE'S

PORTRAITS AND MEMOIRS

OF THE

MOST ILLUSTRIOUS PERSONAGES

OF

BRITISH HISTORY.

Three complete Sets of Plates having been entirely exhausted in supplying the extensive and increasing applications for the cheap edition of this popular Work, a Fourth Set has been prepared, which is now in course of publication in Monthly Numbers, and delivered with the Magazines and Reviews, by every Bookseller and Newsman in the Kingdom.

A Biographical Catalogue and Prospectus of TWO HUNDRED of the Portraits and Memoirs to be contained in this Work, may be obtained (free of expense) from every Bok and Printseller in the Kingdom; to whom they have been sent for presentation to persons desiring to acquaint themselves with the plan of the Work, or to subscribe for it.

THIS COLLECTION of Illustrious English Por

traits and Biography, comprises the History of the Country in Memoirs of the most Illustrious English Nobility and great Officers of State, from the earliest introduction of Portrait Painting to the present time. The subjects are selected from the highest authorities in the land, the original Pictures being preserved in the Galleries of his Majesty and of the Nobility, (descendants of the distinguished persons represented,) or in the Public Collections, and are painted by Holbein, Rubens, Vandyke, Lely, Kneller, Reynolds, and other great Masters. The Portraits and Memoirs already published are those of Lord Nelson and Earl St Vincent, both from his Majesty's Collection; Sir Philip Sidney, from the Duke of Bedford's Gallery ; Queen Ann Bullen, from the Earl of Warwick's; Archbishop Cranmer, from the British Museum; Cardinal Wolsey, from Oxford; Queen Jane Seymour, from the Duke of Bedford's; Wentworth, Earl of Strafford, from the Earl of Egremont's; Sir Walter Raleigh ; Lord Burghley; Queen Elizabeth; Sir Francis Drake; Lady Jane Grey; Dudley, Earl of Leicester; the Earl of Essex, &c. &c. &c.

Sir Walter Scott has observed, in writing of this work, "This valuable and extended Series of the Portraits of the Illustrious Dead affords to every private gentleman, at a moderate expense, the interest attached to a large Gallery of British Portraits, on a plan more extensive than any collection which exists, and at the same time the essence of a curious library of historical, biographical, and antiquarian works."-Extract of a Letter from Sir Walter Scott. (See Prospectus.)

"Largely as we have been tempted to speak of the graphic part of these volumes, we do not hesitate to say, that even were the engrayings absent, they would form a most valuable addition to the English library. This strong language we use deliberately."-Quarterly Review.

PLAN OF PUBLICATION.

This work was originally published upon a scale exceeding two hundred guineas in price; an expense so large for a single work, as to preclude it from the possession of all but the inheritors of princely fortunes. The high character it acquired, and the very general expression of regret at its removal beyond the attainment of the public, induced the Proprietors to republish it in a smaller form, to admit of a wider dissemination of the Work, which had obtained universal favour. The success of the undertaking equalled the endeavour to merit it, for the patronage which attended this republication was wholly without precedent, and one edition has followed another in a succession so rapid, as at times to have suspended the means of sup plying the demand until new Plates could be engraved. To keep pace, therefore, with the still increasing patronage of the public, an other entirely fresh set of Plates has been commenced, with the same attention to excellence of execution, and the work is now republishing in the same popular manner of Monthly Numbers, at a price scarcely exceeding that of the Magazines and Reviews, in order to render it accessible to every class of purchasers, and thus to introduce it, at the charge of a few shillings monthly, to the shelves of every well-furnished book-case in the kingdom.

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THOMAS JEFFERSON,

Late President of the United States.

Edited by THOMAS JEFFERSON RANDOLPH. "A work of extraordinary interest-a work full of acute observation and of the materials of political knowledge. Mr Jefferson, it is well known, was a man of great shrewdness and imperturbable temper, and as Minister at Paris, for several years before and during the French Revolution, he enjoyed opportunities of studying the charae. ters of public men, and the influence which particular tempers have excrcised upon the destinies of their country, such as no other man perhaps could avail himself of, before or since."-Standard.

"These volumes must be read with intense interest. They teem with profound philosophy. They will form the code of future legislators. They are worthy of transmitting a great name to immortality."-Allas.

HENRY COLBURN and RICHARD BENTLEY, London; and sold by BELL & BRADFUTE, No. 6, Bank Street, Edinburgh.

USEFUL AND ELEGANT PRESENT.
In 3 vols. post 8vo, neatly bound, 24s.
ALES OF THE CLASSICS.

ΤΑΙ

A NEW DELINEATION of the MosT POPULAR FABLES, LEGENDS, and ALLEGORIES commemorated in the Works of POETS, PAINTERS, and SCULPTORS, SELECTED and WRITTEN by a LADY, for the Amusement and Instruction of her own DAUGHTERS.

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NEW EDITION OF THE ENCYCLOPÆDIA
BRITANNICA.

On the 31st of March, 1830, will be published,
PART FIRST,

Price Six Shillings, of a new, greatly improved, and cheap Edition of the

ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, being the

SEVENTH, including the recent Supplement to that Work: with Preliminary Dissertations on the History of the Sciences. By the late Professors STEWART and PLAYFAIR, and by the Right Hon. Sir JAMES MACKINTOSH and Professor LESLIE Illustrated with a new set of Engravings on Steel. To be published in Monthly Parts, and completed in Twenty Volumes quarto.

Edited by Professor NAPIER.

MODE AND TERMS OF PUBLICATION.

I. By augmenting the contents of the page, but without decreasing the size of the type, the work, while much improved in appearance, will be comprised, notwithstanding the great extension of its matter, in Twenty Quarto Volumes, handsomely printed on paper of a superior quality, twenty volumes of the present being nearly equal to twenty-four of the former Editions. Each volume will consist of 800 pages, containing a much greater quantity of matter than any similar publication; and the Proprietors hold themselves distinctly pledged to the Public, that the work shall not, on any account, exceed Twenty-One Volumes; their present confident belief, at the same time, being that it will be completed in Twenty.

II. The publication will proceed in Monthly Parts, of which Six will form a volume; each part thus averaging above 133 pages. The First Part will be published on the 31st of March 1850. As the print

Each Number contains three highly-finished Portraits, with corresponding Memoirs, in imperial 8vo. price 7s. 6d. ; or with Proofing of the whole will be finished long before the expiration of the Impressions of the Plates upon India Paper, royal 4to size, 15s.

The Publishers have just commenced a republication of the entire Work, beginning with No. I. containing the Portraits and Memoirs of

SIR PHILIP SIDNEY. QUEEN ANN BULLEN. ARCHBISHOP CRANMER. Specimens may be inspected at the Publisher's, and at every Bookseller's in the kingdom.

London: HARDING and LEPARD, Pall-Mall East.

Country Booksellers desiring the agency of this work, are requested to apply to the Publishers free of expense; and if any difficulty be experienced in obtaining Catalogues and Prospectuses through their respective London Agents, the Country Trade are requested to write direct to the Pu lishers, stating the case, and channel through which applications may have been previously made.

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III. Each Part will be sold for Six Shillings, thus making the price of a quarto volume, of 800 ample pages, only Thirty-Six Shillings-a price very considerably lower than that of any similar publication of the day; and which, when the quantity of Matter in each volume, the quality of Paper and Printing, the numerous Engravings, and the ability of the Articles, are taken into account, must be allowed to place the work in a highly advantageous point of view. Considering its Execution and Extent, it will, indeed, present the cheapest Digest of Human Knowledge that has yet appeared in Britain, in the convenient form of a Dictionary.

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LITERARY CRITICISM.

The History of Chivalry and the Crusades. By the Rev. Henry Stebbing, M.A. In 2 vols. Constable's Miscellany, vols. 50, 51.

PRICE 6d.

of the same spirit concentrated in one channel, and poured in the direction of the East, instead of being allowed to wander at will and dissipate itself among the scattered provinces of Europe. Accordingly, the greater part of Mr Stebbing's work is devoted to a sketch of these wars, the strangest, perhaps, in the history of the human mind ; and though unquestionably by no means free from the admixture of baser motives, yet, on the whole, originating in, and supported more completely by, feeling and

Chivalry, in its modern meaning, is a term applied to a peculiar system of manners and opinions, which had its origin during the middle ages, and extended its influence over the greater part of Europe. It expresses the particular creed, with regard to morals and the relations of society, of which the order of knighthood, conferred by formal ceremonies, was the external sign. It is, therefore, to be considered as distinct from feudalism. It was a system, as it were, within the feudal system,--a code of moral equity, arising out of the peculiar consequences of the feudal government, coinciding with its spirit in its great leading outlines, while it controlled its operation upon society, and reconciling, though imperfectly, its habits of warfare with that security to property, and that protection from oppression, which seem essential to the

No better proof can exist of the union of sagacity and enterprise which distinguished the late Mr Constable than the fact, that the plan of this Miscellany, one of his latest speculations, has since been acted upon in all quar-principle, than any other contests which history records. ters with complete success. Nothing meets our eye but Family Libraries-classical, historical, philosophical, geographical—“ neat, trimly drest," in fascinating covers of crimson, brown, yellow, or pea-green. We have two reasons, however, for preferring the Miscellany to any of its brethren: First, That it has an undoubted claim to the rank of primogeniture, with its corresponding privileges; and secondly, that it is truly a Miscellany-neither exclusively scientific, nor historical, nor classicalbut blending all subjects-original writing and translation, travels, biography, history, "quicquid agunt homines," in short; and all arranged and combined, upon the whole, with singular good taste and judgment. Perhaps the selection of some of the earlier numbers might have been improved; but since the duty of Editor devolved on Mr Aitken, we should be at a loss to suggest any improve-existence of every community. ment in the principle of selection on which it is conduct- Perhaps no system has ever spread more widely, or ed. The public, indeed, have a guarantee for the good exercised a stronger influence over human opinion, than taste and judgment with which this task is likely to be Chivalry; and yet none has left fewer traces of its proexecuted, in the "Cabinet" of this gentleman-unques-gress from infancy to maturity. The scattered elements tionably the best collection of miscellaneous pieces in prose and verse with which we are acquainted—and we rejoice to see, from the list of forthcoming publications announced in the Miscellany, that the spirit and industry which the Editor has hitherto displayed is not on the deeline. The "Life of King James the First," by Mrban Legion of Xenophon as well as the Sagas of ScandiChambers, will, we trust, prove as amusing and successful as the previous Histories of the Rebellions-works for which we have occasion to know the readers of the Miscellany are indebted to the suggestions and advice of Mr Aitken.*

The present volumes, we think, are likely to be popular, and deservedly so. They are not loaded with useless references, though they are obviously the result of no inconsiderable reading;they are not absurdly eulogistic, nor written in that villainously affected style, which disfigures Mill's History of Chivalry; but temperate and philosophical, yet not without a kindly glow of imagination, and a style which, though betraying marks of haste, is animated and graphical.

From the consideration of Chivalry itself, its use, progress, character, and influence, the transition is natural and easy to the Crusades, which were but the emanation

We are not afraid that our character for impartiality will suffer by the praise given above to a work which issues from the house of our own publishers. We are as independent of Messrs Constable and Co. as we are of any Booksellers in the country; but as we have never shrunk from pointing out what we conceived to be the faults of their publications, so we shall not shrink from bestowing upon a work, so deservedly popular as the Miscellany, the commendations it deserves. -ED.

from which its institutions were framed, are indeed occasionally to be found both in the early records of the Gothic tribes, and in the classic authers of Greece and Rome. The spirit of fraternity and clanship which connected the body of knighthood, finds a parallel in the The

*

navia; the preparatory course of discipline and reverential
obedience which it exacted, is shadowed out in the cus-
toms quoted by Athenæus, in his treatise on the Man-
ners of the Celts; the practice of admitting candidates
into the Order of Knighthood at a certain period, and
even the peculiar ceremonies on that occasion, correspond
with the custom of the German tribes on the admission
of their young men into the military profession;† the
devotion and religious veneration with which it regarded
women, was a distinguished feature in the character of
the northern nations, even during the days of Tacitus ;
the singular and sometimes ludicrous vows which it en-
couraged, are to be traced both in the Scriptures and in
the historians of Greece and Rome; the principle of
Knight Errantry appears in the labours of Hercules, of
Theseus, and Perseus; the joust and tournament are but
the games of antiquity, modelled to suit another climate
and other manners; the system of judicial combat ap-
pears to have been known to the Germans in the days of
Augustus, and forms part of the Burgundian code of
the sixth century;|| in short, there is scarcely a feature
Tacit. Germ. c. 13.
Tacit. Germ. s. 18, c. 19, Hist. lib. iv. c. 18.
§ Vellcius Paterc.
Leg. Gundebal, A.D. 501.

Athenæus, lib. iv. c. 36.

voted to destruction, and paved the way for the extrava-
gances of the Crusades. To slay an infidel was, in itself,
a positive virtue, which, in the middle ages, was allowed
to counterbalance a positive vice; and thus the knight
was enabled to indulge in an extreme laxity in the moral
duties of religion, by submitting to the gentle penance of
destroying a few supernumerary Jews, Turks, infidels, or
heretics. Even the virtues inculcated on the knight,
were allowed to be in abeyance in the case of an infidel.
Generosity and courtesy, mercy, and even fair dealing, he
had no right to expect. "If an infidel," says St Louis,
a great authority, "impugn the doctrines of the Christian
faith before a churchman, he should reply to him by argu-
ment; but a knight should render no other reason to the
infidel, than six inches of his falchion thrust into his ac-

which has been considered distinctive of Chivalry of which traces are not to be found either among the classical or the northern nations. It was in their combination alone that Chivalry could be considered as an original institution. By the union of virtues of different kinds, each acquired a higher lustre; humility and obedience appeared more dignified when united to strength and valour; scrupulous honour, and undeviating veracity, were doubly honoured in those who were bound to performance by no stronger obligation than that of conscience and opinion; and valour itself, the point in which Chivalry may be said to have added least to the ages which preceded it, derived a nobler character from the objects to which it was now applied, and its union with the softer virtues of mildness, temperance, and chastity. It is true, however, that this general theoretical out-cursed bowels." Even the ladies ran some risk, if they line of the chivalrous character, imposing as it appears, was disfigured by practical defects and absurdities inseparable from a period of limited knowledge and unbounded superstition; that the religion of the knight was seldom unmingled with bigotry, and always alloyed by degrading superstition; that the valour which in theory was to be applied only to the defence of his country, his sovereign, his lady, or his brother in arms, was too often dissipated in absurd and meaningless encounters; and that, even in the purest period of chivalry, no intelligible line of distinction appears ever to have been drawn between licentiousness and love.

We differ from Mr Stebbing in his supposition, that Chivalry acquired its peculiar devotional character so early as the reign of Charlemagne. On the contrary, however intimate may have been the relations which subsisted between the Emperor and the church, we do not see the least traces of this character in any of the ceremonials of Chivalry during his reign. The earliest notice, from which we can infer that the military character of the institution had become combined with the religious, is in the tenth century.

crament.

*

laboured under the fatal stain of heresy. Sir Bevis of Hampton declines the invitation of the Princess Josiane, whom he terms " an heathen hound," and absolutely refuses to hold any communication with her, till appeased by her offer,

"My false gods I will forsake,

And Christendom, for thy love, take."

The religion of the knight, as it was generally founded, not on reasoning, but education and habit, was necessarily debased by superstition; and if the common occupations of life acquired a higher and more elevated character, from their connexion with religion, there is reason to believe that religion itself lost much of its spiritual and solemn impressions, by being perpetually blended with the affairs of common life. God and the saints held a divided em-pire with the eyes of the ladies, and the knight appealed to each, in turn, with the same confidence and devotion. The names of the saints formed the watchword of particular champions. St Michael, St George, and St James, all of whom tradition had invested with the order of knighthood, were in peculiar request. Tournaments were proclaimed in honour of the Virgin Mary, and, indeed, the knights never seem to have considered her in any light very different from that in which they viewed their mistresses. At a tournament held at Valladolid, in the year 1428, the King of Castile was accompanied by twelve knights, who personated the twelve Apostles.† Even the patriarchs and remarkable personages of Scripture were invested with the attributes of knighthood, by the same wide-spreading extravagance which placed Alexander the Great at the head of a court of Macedonian Paladins, similar to that of Charlemagne, and represented Jason as distinguishing himself at a tournament, given in honour of the admission of Prince Hercules into the order of knighthood. § In the Visions of Pierce Plowman, a passage occurs, which shows how completely Chivalry had become incorporated with the whole opinions and habits of thinking at that period; for the poet, describing the crucifixion, and speaking of the person who pierced our Sa

Ingulph* observes, that among the Anglo-Saxons at that time, it was customary for the candidate, who desired to be admitted among the milites, to confess his sins to the bishop, and to pass the night in the church in prayer and mortification, before his sword was blessed by the priest. The knight, after his admission, received the saIn the eleventh century, the religious character of the institution was still more decidedly fixed, by an ecclesiastical decree of the Council of Clement, ordaining all persons of noble birth, on attaining the age of twelve, to take a solemn oath before the bishop of the diocese to defend the oppressed, the widow, and the orphan,-to protect the traveller, and to check oppression and tyranny. The candidate for knighthood was now taught to consider himself, in the first place, as the defender of the church; he watched his arms on hallowed ground; he assumed the white robes of the neophytes; vigils, fasts, and confessions, prepared him for the rite in which he was to participate; his godfathers became sponsors for him in knight-viour's side, calls him a knight, who came forth spear in hood, as they had done at his baptism; the weapons with which he was invested were blessed by the priest, and the knight bound himself, by the oath of Chivalry, to defend the rights of the holy church, to respect religious persons and institutions, and to obey the precepts of the Gospel.+

In our estimate of the influence of the religious character thus impressed on Chivalry, we are very much at one with Mr Stebbing. The religion thus connected with the spirit of Chivalry, exercised a strong, though not always an amiable, influence on the knightly character. If it animated his patriotism and self-devotion, it created a determined spirit of bigotry and intolerance, taught man to consider infidels and heretics as vessels of wrath, de

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hand, and jousted with Jesus; and afterwards, for the base act of wounding a dead body, he is pronounced a craven and recreant knight. When such revolting absurdities characterised the religious belief of the day, it is difficult to conceive that the subject of religion could exercise over the minds of its votaries that solemn and awful effect, which, in a purer form, it was calculated to produce, or to doubt that the union of the religious with the military character, however plausible in theory, had led to the most absurd and impious consequences in practice.

But leaving the feeling of devotion, we come now to another strong ingredient in the character of the knight; -his devotion to the fair sex, and, in particular, to the lady whom he selected as the chief object of his affections.

Romaunt of Sir Bevis.

† Cronica del Conde D. Pero Nuno, p. 293.
Poeme d'Alexandre, passim.

Livre du Preux et vaillant Jason et de la belle Medée.

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