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No. V.

CONTAINING

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ED, by a Revision of its Economy, Discipline, and Ritual, its Alliance with other Branches of the British Reformation on the Basis of Mutual Aid and Concession. With an Introductory Address to the Lord Bishop of London. By the Rev. JOHN RILAND, M.A., Curate of Yoxall, Staffordshire. Price 6s. in cloth.

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A LETTER addressed to a CLERICAL ADVO-
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A TREATISE on the LORD'S SUPPER; designed as a Guide and Companion to the Holy Communion. Eighth Edition, in 12mo, price 5s. boards. III.

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In 30 vols. 18mo, with numerous Maps and Engravings, price L.8, 5s. boards,

THE MODERN TRAVELLER;

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OF

of the CHURCH of SCOTLAND, from the Restoration to the Revolution, with a Memoir of the Author, Extracts from his Correspondence, a Preliminary Dissertation, Notes, and a copious THE CHRISTIAN REVIEW AND CLERICAL Index. By the Rev. ROBERT BURNS, D.D., F.A.S. E., Paisley. Embellished by Portraits of the principal Characters of the period. In 4 vols. 8vo. L.2, 8s. cloth.

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On the ASSURANCE of FAITH; and on the EXTENT of the ATONEMENT and UNIVERSAL PARDON. By RALPH WARDLAW, D.D. 1 vol. 12mo. 5s. boards.

"A desire to have Scripture on our side, is one thing; and a sincere desire to be on the side of Scripture, is another."-Whatiey. III.

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Instructor.

V.

SIX SERMONS ON INTEMPERANCE. · Delineating its Nature, Occasions, Signs, Evils, and Remedy. By LYMAN BEECHER, D.D. Boston, United States. With an Introductory Essay, by JOHN EDGAR, Professor of Divinity, Belfast College. Ninth Edition. Price 6d.

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MAGAZINE.

CONTENTS:-The Dying Franciscan; a Tale founded on FactsThe Catholic Question not settled-The Street Preacher, No. ILSentiments of British Divines present at the Synod of Dort-Letter on the State of Religion in Holland-Thoughts by a ClergymanScriptural Coincidences-Catholic, Jewish, and Clerical Emancipation-Critical Notices of the following Works: Bishop of London's Sermons-Two Lectures by the Bishop of Peterborough-Evanson's Translation of Knittel, with the Strictures of Clemens-Evangelical Idolatry-History of the Jews, Vol. III., and Dale's Introductory Lecture on the Study of Theology, (Universities of Oxford and London-Recent Numbers of the Gentleman's Magazine-Revue Britannique Religieuse-Essay on Superstition, &c.

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BUTLER'S COOLING APERIENT POW

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THE

EDINBURGH LITERARY JOURNAL;

OR,

WEEKLY REGISTER OF CRITICISM AND BELLES LETTRES.

No. 80.

LITERARY CRITICISM.

SATURDAY, MAY 22, 1830.

Paul Clifford. By the author of " Pelham," "Devereux," &c. 3 vols. London. Colburn and Bentley. 1830. We have already, in the course of our critical labours, had occasion to review two of Mr Edward Lytton Bulwer's productions, and we are now called upon to pass judgment on a third, which, however, is the fifth novel he has written. The predecessors of "Paul Clifford" were "Falkland," "Pelham," "Devereux," and " The Disowned." The two first of these appeared before the Literary Journal existed ;—to the two last we awarded a mixed commendation, acknowledging that they were clever, yet showing that they were over ambitiously so, and that the author frequently got beyond his depth. We know not whether our criticisms have had any share in producing that determined and illiberal hatred which Mr Bulwer now thinks fit to avow towards all Scotsmen, thus proving himself, in this instance at least, incapable of soaring above the paltry prejudices of a little and a vulgar mind. Mr Bulwer has thought proper to devote a considerable portion of the "Dedicatory Epistle" to an abuse of Scotland, and has lost no opportunity of introducing into the body of the work sneers of the most bitter and calumnious sort against our native land. His motive for so doing, according to his own confession, seems to be, that he has been rather severely handled by one or two Scotch critics; as if a writer of novels were entitled to libel a whole people, because his surpassing abilities had been disputed by a few shrewd individuals! A noble revenge, and a most philosophical process of ratiocination! Mr Lytton Bulwer; this is poor spite, and, upon the whole, it shows a smaller and a meaner spirit than any thing you have yet done. Make the amende honorable at your earliest convenience; for Scotland is just as fine a country as England; and accuse us not of too much nationality when we declare unto thee, that there beat as warm hearts, and that there exist souls of as lofty and generous a nature, on the northern as on the southern side of the Tweed.

Fie,

The reader will be better able to go along with us in our estimate of the merits of "Paul Clifford" after we have presented him with a short analysis of the story. The novel commences with an account of the death of the hero's mother, who expires miserably in one of the obscurest quarters of London, in a public-house of a very indifferent kind, called the Mug, tenanted by a certain Mrs Margery Lobkins. Upon its mother's decease, the child, then about three years old, is adopted by the said Mrs Lobkins; and, as the society which frequents her house is not of the most reputable description, he is, of course, brought up to any thing but a steady and virtuous course of life. With the exception of some instructions which he received from a poor wretch of the name of Mr Peter MacGrawler, whom our author delights in holding up to contempt as a Scotsman, and as the editor of a periodical he calls the Asinæum, (a name very like the Athenæum,) young Paul Clifford is left entirely to the

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chapter of accidents. His principal associates are thieves pickpockets, and highwaymen ; and in process of time, as was naturally to be expected, he himself becomes one of the number, preferring, however, as a proof of his ambitious and gentlemanly spirit, the latter class to the two former. We are then introduced to a regular gang of robbers, such as they existed some eighty years ago, when they rode the best horses in the kingdom, and were undisputed masters of Hounslow Heath, and other districts of a similar sort. Mr Bulwer thinks he has hit upon a new and happy idea in describing each of the gang in such a manner as to make him a kind of caricature or parody of some of the most celebrated and illustrious personages in the country, not even excepting royalty itself. Thus we have "Gentleman George," "Fighting Attie," "Old Bags," and others, in whom it is meant that we should recognise some shadowy and far-off representation of the very highest characters in the state. In the greater part of the first volume, we are limited to this sort of society; and Mr Bulwer, having studied attentively the flash dictionary and a few such elegant works, treats us to a quantity of dialogue of a very edifying kind, though of a peculiarly black-leg and back-slum sort of appearance.

The progress of the story takes us fifty miles out of London to Warlock House, and introduces us to its inmates, old Squire Brandon and his daughter Lucy. It so happens that Paul Clifford, who possesses a handsome person and rather an elegant address-though it is difficult to say how he picked up the latter requisite contrives to get introduced to Lucy Brandon; nay, more, upon her removal to Bath, he also visits that city, gets into all the best society, and finally succeeds in winning Lucy's affections. At the same time, he does not lose sight of his profession; and having, for his various merits, been elected captain of the gang to which he belongs, he amuses himself, when tired of the monotony of fashionable life, with a highway robbery, upon the good old plan pursued by Turpin and other heroes of antiquity. Among the rest, he attacks and robs Lord Mauleverer, a nobleman rather past the prime of life, who is a candidate for the hand of Lucy Brandon. Be it remembered, likewise, that Paul Clifford, though a highwayman, is of a very sentimental turn of mind, is deeply and truly attached to Lucy, and is, on the whole, an extremely romantic and delightful person, whom all young ladies are expected to admire prodigiously. So far does he carry his romance, that, after he has made himself sure of Lucy's hand, heart, and purse, he heroically refuses the whole, on the ground that he is not good enough to possess such an angel, and determines, after committing just one robbery more, in order to reinstate his finances, to leave England for ever, and enter into foreign service. The plot, however, now begins to thicken. Lucy has an uncle of the name of William Brandon, a lawyer of great eminence and of vast ambition, of an austere, reserved, and haughty character, and with an early history a good deal involved in mystery. It turns out at length that he had married in his youth a woman whom he passionately loved, but considerably below him in rank, with whom he lived only for a short time and not happily, he being of a hot and jealous disposition, and she

having at length yielded to the criminal solicitations of the Lord Mauleverer already mentioned. The unhappy female was, ere long, abandoned by her seducer, and becoming an outcast from all the world, she revenged her self before she died upon the original cause of her misery, by stealing from Brandon the only child she had borne him. Brandon had in vain endeavoured to discover any trace of the infant, and had long since abandoned any hope of ever having his son restored to him. In the course of time, he is raised to the bench; and on one of his circuits it falls to his lot to try a case of no ordinary interest. The notorious captain of a gang of highwaymen, known by the name of Lovett, had been at length secured, and is to be tried for his life. This Lovett is no other than Paul Clifford, who, like all gentlemen of his profession, found it convenient to have various aliases, and who had, unfortunately, been nabbed, as Mr Bulwer would say, just when he was on the eve of quitting England. The trial takes place, and, in compliance with the verdict of the jury, it becomes the duty of the judge to condemn Clifford to death. As Brandon is about to pronounce sentence, a letter is handed to him from one of the agents he had employed in his search after his lost son, which letter proves to him, upon grounds not to be resisted, that the prisoner at the bar is that son. Brandon, by a tremendous effort, disguises his feelings, condemns his son to death, leaves the court, flings himself into his carriage, and when it stops at Lord Mauleverer's, where he was to dine, he is carried out of it—dead. The tale is then very speedily wound up. Clifford's punishment is transmuted to perpetual banishment; but he escapes, and Lucy Brandon having secretly joined him, they proceed to America, where the quondam highwayman becomes an extensive farmer, and lives a respectable and comfortable life for the rest of his days.

Our readers will at once perceive the many gross improbabilities which disfigure this plot. The truth is, Mr Bulwer has not yet shown in any of his works that he is in the slightest degree capable of “holding the mirror up to nature." He is a clever, and even sometimes a powerful writer; but a restless and feverish improbability con

vents the attention from flagging, and though he is unequal, and always inspiring us with the belief that we shall, ere long, admire him more than we as yet do, and then again disappointing us, still one cannot help feeling that there is something about him above the common run. We are continually disgusted with his faults, yet we confess we like him. To use a low and ridiculous phrase, there is pluck in him. He is not a stupid fellow, who mouths pompous nothings; nor is he a driveller of emascalated trash concerning fashionable life. He has, on the contrary, a good deal of originality, not of the very highest kind, but still enough to induce even sensible critics like ourselves to hope that we may gain something by reading him. He now and then, also, hits upon a character which he sketches in strong colours, and to which, in certain scenes, he contrives to give even an intense interest. This is the case in his present work, with his delineation of William Brandon, the ambitious lawyer, the stern judge, the disappointed lover, and the bereaved father. The scene where he is under the necessity of condemning his own son to death, is of a striking and thrilling kind. In short, we can only say of "Paul Clifford" as we have said of Mr Bulwer's other productions, that it rather indicates genius than exhibits talent, and excites hopes which it does not fulfil, but which wo believe may yet be fulfilled.

We proceed to present our readers, as favourable specimens of our author's style, with two extracts, which may be perused with interest, though detached from the main body of the work. The first gives an account of

A HIGHWAY ROBBERY IN THE GOOD OLD TIMES.

"The three men now were drawn up quite still and mo tionless by the side of the hedge. The broad road lay before them, curving out of sight on either side; the ground was hardening under an early tendency to frost, and the clear ring of approaching hoofs sounded on the ear of the robbers, ominous, haply, of the chinks of more attractive metal,' about, if Hope told no flattering tale, to be their own.

"Presently the long-expected vehicle made its appearance at the turn of the road, and it rolled rapidly on behind four fleet post-horses,

Augustus, bully the post-boys; leave me to do the rest, "You, Ned, with your large steed, stop the horses; you,

said the captain.

"As agreed,' returned Ned, laconically. Now, look at me! and the horse of the vain highwayman sprang from its shelter. So instantaneous were the operations of these. experienced tacticians, that Lovett's orders were almost executed in a briefer time than it had cost him to give them.

"The carriage being stopped, and the post-boys, white and trembling, with two pistols (levelled by Augustus and Pepper) cocked at their heads, Lovett, dismounting, threw open the door of the carriage, and in a very civil tone, and with a very bland address, accosted the inmate.

"Do not be alarmed, my lord, you are perfectly safe; we only require your watch and purse.'

"Really,' answered a voice still softer than that of the robber, while a marked and somewhat French countenance, crowned with a fur cap, peered forth at the arrester, Really, sir, your request is so modest, that I were worse than cruel to refuse you. My purse is not very full, and you may as well have it as one of my rascally duns,—but my watch, I have a love for-and

tinually hovers over his style, and renders all his descriptions much more remarkable for their grotesque ingenuity than for their fidelity. It is utterly impossible that any man, educated as Paul Clifford was, could have acquired the manners and appearance of a gentleman, and not only impose upon the best society of Bath, but win the affections of such a woman as Lucy Brandon. Besides, the reader is expected to take an interest in Clifford's fate, very inconsistent with what is due both to sound morality and common sense. What makes this worse is, that Mr Bulwer, throughout the whole of his book, affects the satirist, and in what appears to us the most indiscriminate, reckless, and absurd manner, attacks the English laws and constitution, customs and usages. He rails at them like a second Cobbett in one of his sourest moods, and with fully as little judgment or correct knowledge of what he attacks. This is not satire; it is extravagance and folly, which excites a smile at the expense of him by whom it is uttered. If Mr Bulwer thinks it is a proof of a strong and superior mind, he was never more mistaken in his life. It is a proof of nothing but a capability of becoming a contributor to the Black Dwarf, if that vulgar, pestilent, and seditious periodical still exists. But though we are thus disposed to give but little "Your curiosity is extremely gratifying,' returned the praise to the novel of "Paul Clifford" as a complete nobleman, as with great reluctance he drew forth a gold rewhole, though we think it the worst book Mr Bul-peater, set, as was sometimes the fashion of that day, in prewer has yet written, we should not have taken the cious stones. The highwayman looked slightly at the trouble of speaking of it at this length, had we not seen bauble. in it many marks of ability. Mr Bulwer appears to have pretty strong passions, and a temperament easily capable of carrying away impressions; the consequence is, that when the mood is on him, he can dash off forty or fifty pages of bold, vigorous writing, abundantly spiced with fancy and feeling, if not with judgment. He thus pre

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"I understand you, my lord,' interrupted the highwayman. What do you value your watch at ?' "Humph-to you it may be worth some twenty gui

neas.

"Allow me to see it.'

"Your lordship,' said he, with great gravity, was too modest in your calculation-your taste reflects greater credit on you: allow me to assure you that your watch is worth fifty guineas to us at the least. To show you that I think so most sincerely, I will either keep it, and we will say no more on the matter; or I will return it to you, upon your word of honour that you will give me a cheque for

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