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Wallace, (Sir W.) and the Torwood Oak
What's a' the Hurry

Academy, Scottish, Fourth Exhibition of

Engravings, New

Spring-hours in Pere la Chaise

Stephen Kemble and the Son of Neptune

Societies, Literary and Scientific, of Edinburgh, 24, 38, 54, 79, 93, The German Muse. From the German of Schiller
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The Young Lawyer's Soliloquy

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61.

THE

EDINBURGH LITERARY JOURNAL

OR,

WEEKLY REGISTER OF CRITICISM AND BELLES LETTRES.

No. 60.

TO OUR READERS.

SATURDAY, JANUARY 2, 1830.

Is commencing the Third Volume of the EDINBURGH LITERARY JOURNAL, we feel ourselves called upon to acknowledge the extraordinary success which has all along rewarded our labours. The hopes which we entertained at the outset, arising partly from pereiving the evident desideratum in this country of a purely literary weekly periodical, and partly from the very extensive literary conDexions which we enjoyed, have been much more than fulfilled. So steady and extensive is the patronage we have received, that we now feel entitled to consider ourselves the weekly literary periodical of Scotland, the more especially as any opposition which may have been attempted has proved so entirely abortive.

which will at once evince the increased nature of our resources, and

PRICE 6d.

in 1768. The captain and mate of the vessel in which
he took his passage, however, both died during the voy-
age of a fever, upon which he assumed the command, and
brought the vessel safely into port.
The owners ap-
pointed him, for this piece of service, master and super-
cargo, in which situation he continued till the ship was
sold in the year 1771. His course of life for the next
four years cannot be so accurately traced. At one time
he was in command of a West India ship sailing from the
port of London. He seems also to have carried on com-
mercial speculations on his own account in Grenada and
Tobago. In 1773 we find him in Virginia, arranging
the affairs of his brother, who had died intestate. In 1775
he was living inactively in America. His habits of bu-

for the future, we have to promise that we shall not only go on as
we have begun, but that, vires acquirens cundo, we shall intro-
duce into our Third Volume many improvements and novelties,
aford a perpetually fresh fund of amusement, and, we hope, infor-siness must have been good, for though he began the world
mation, to the reading public. We had at one time intended to spe-
effy a few of these improvements; but, on second thoughts, we think
it better to show, than to say, what we can do. We therefore refer
our readers to the contents of the LITERARY JOURNAL for the next
six months, and if they do not find our Third Volume still more en-
titled to their favour than either of its predecessors, we shall most
magnanimously absolve them from all obligations to continue to
subscribe for the Fourth.

LITERARY CRITICISM.

Memoirs of Rear-Admiral Paul Jones, Chevalier of the Military Order of Merit, and of the Russian Order of St Anne, &c. &c. Now first compiled from his original journals and correspondence; including an account of his services under Prince Potemkin, prepared for publication by himself. Two vols. post 8vo. Pp. 331, 341. Edinburgh. Oliver and Boyd. 1830.

THE history of Paul Jones is now, for the first time, presented to the public in an authentic and satisfactory farm. The book is written in a candid and generous spirit, and we are inclined to look upon it as a valuable addition to biography.

John Paul Jones was born in July 1747, near Arbigland, in the stewartry of Kirkcudbright. His father was the son of a mail-gardener in Leith; and was himself employed by Mr Craik of Arbigland, one of the earliest and most judicious improvers of agriculture in the south of Scotland. Arbigland is situated at the embouchure of the Nith into the Solway, and a great proportion of the surrounding inhabitants are engaged either in the fishery or the coasting trade. Young Paul showed early a decided predilection for the sea, and was bound apprentice, in his twelfth year, to a respectable Whitehaven merchant trading to Virginia, where he had a brother in thriving circumstances, in whose house he resided as long is the vessel remained in port. His master's affairs becoming embarrassed, his indentures were given up to him, and at a very early age he was appointed third mate of the King George, a Whitehaven vessel employed in the slave trade. In his nineteenth year, he went as chief mate into the Two Friends, a Jamaica vessel engaged in the same traffic. He quitted it, according to the statement of his relations, from disgust at its enormities,

with nothing, we find him possessed, at the time he embarked in the American service, of nearly £1200 in England, besides considerable property in the island of Tobago. The fair profits of the West India trade at that period are sufficient to account for this wealth, without the suspicion of any more lax undertakings than intercourse with the Spanish main. His nautical skill must, in like manner, have been increased by his experience in commanding a ship of considerable burden. Paul's, too, was a well cultivated mind; besides his merely professional studies, which subsequent events showed him to have pursued to good purpose, his letters evince a mastery of expression On the whole, his ardent and persevering disposition, tawhich could only be acquired by considerable practice, ken in conjunction with the school of active life through which he had passed, justify the confidence reposed in him by the leaders of the American Revolution.

The second period of his history commences in his 29th year. He had his choice to be made first-lieutenant of a frigate, or captain of a sloop of war, and preferred the former. In this post he had for a while no other opportunity of showing his zeal and energy, than what was afforded by the necessity of keeping a strict look-out to prevent desertion while the fleet was frozen in during the winter. The American arms were first tried at sea in the affair of the Glasgow, off Block Island. For their behaviour on this occasion, two of the American captains were immediately after brought to a court-martial; but the inferior officers were declared to have done their duty. In 1777, Jones was appointed by Congress to the command of a squadron of five vessels, destined for the attack of Pensacola. This projected expedition came to nought, through the jealousy of the commander-in-chief; and shortly after, Jones was dispatched to France on board the Ranger, with instructions to the American Commissioners at Paris to procure him a good vessel, and employ him in Europe, should any thing offer there likely to prove conducive to the interests of the republic. After magnificent promises, with tardy and petty performance, Jones was sent with the Ranger to cruise off the coasts of Britain. In this expedition he took several merchant vessels, effected a landing at Whitehaven and St Mary's Isle, encountered and took the Drake ship of war, and returned to Brest, in May, 1778, after exciting the apprehensions of the whole British coast, and obtaining a num

ber of prisoners, which obliged England to agree to an ex-
chaffge. Along interval of inaction followed, during
which Jones was busy attempting to spur on the tardy
French ministry to make some exertion. At last, on the
14th of August, 1779, he again set sail with a squadron
of five vessels. He first endeavoured to effect a landing
at Leith, in which he was frustrated by the weather.
On the 23d of September, he encountered and captured
the Serapis and Countess of Scarborough, his own vessel
sinking immediately after the action. He afterwards
carried his squadron into the Texel, where he arrived on
the 3d of October. The English fleet were lying off the
mouth of the Zuyder-Zee, and the Dutch, inclined to tem-
porize a little longer, would not recognise Jones; so he found
considerable difficulty in making his way to a French port.
Being high in popular favour, he was received with em-
pressement at court, and had conferred on him by Louis
the military order of merit, and a splendid sword. After
much unsatisfactory negotiation, he sailed for America,
where he arrived in February, 1781. He received the
thanks of Congress; but his active career in the American
navy was now closed. He was promised the command
of a large ship then building; but as the vessel was after-
wards presented to the King of France, his expectations
were disappointed. He next solicited and obtained per-
mission from Congress to go on board the French fleet
cruising on the American seas, for improvement in his
profession. The peace, which almost immediately follow-gallant gentleman, he became a maudlin fop.
ed, put an end to his studies in this school.

ring, but nothing more. The jealousies and heart-burn-
ings of the commander prevented any thing of importance
from being effected. He was recalled to St Petersburg,
where the cabals of his enemies raised dark accusations
against him, from which, however, he successfully vindi-
cated himself. The Empress, who was by this time tired
of him, granted him leave of absence—a polite method of
removing him from court. He visited Paris, where his
whole energies were directed to regaining his situation
under a government which had checked and thwarted him
when in its service, and then coolly and ungratefully
thrown him aside. In the midst of his projects, death
overtook him on the 18th of July, 1792, shortly after he
had completed his forty-fifth year.

The portion of Paul Jones's history of which we have now given a short abstract, was the most brilliant of his life. His cool, though reckless courage, his skill in manœuvring a vessel, the number and ingenuity of his projects, the perseverance with which he continued to urge on the cold and the fickle, but, more than all, the true and comprehensive view he took of the state of the American marine, his incessant warnings of the dangers impending from its want of discipline, and its disorganized state, and the modesty with which he always acknowledged his deficiency in the tactics of combined fleets, and anxiety to remedy it, prove that he had within him all the materials of a great commander. In regard to his embracing the cause of America, he had lived as much in that country as in Britain, and the combatants on either side being thoroughbred Englishmen, it would be childish at this time of day to maintain that there was any thing unnatural in his adhering to the Transatlantic party. His conduct to his family was throughout most praiseworthy; and towards such English as the chance of war threw in his power, it was totally free from any taint of the mean and malignant renegade. At the same time, it cannot be denied that his motives may well have been of a mixed and doubtful kind.

The last nine years of his life contrast painfully with the vigour and energy which characterise his earlier career. We know, from the report of one who knew Jones, and admired him, that his habits were finical in the extreme. His apartments were splendidly furnished; and, although he was accessible to all, yet his servants had positive orders not to admit any pedestrian visitor, whose boots or shoes were not free from all taint of mud or dust. His correspondence at that period, too, shows that his female acquaintances were chiefly secondary imitators of high life, and his letters to them are deeply marked with a mawkish sentimentality and fade gallantry. His taste was not sufficient to guide him aright, and, instead of a

The fate of John Paul Jones reads a lesson to all future time. Naturally endowed with an aspiring mind, generous sentiments, great talents, without any overwhelming passions, he sacrificed the ties of kindred, and the prospect of humble usefulness, to love of distinction. Introduced into the splendid circle of a court, he saw there yet richer food for his vanity, and to it he sacrificed his political principles. The two best guides of human nature thus rudely eradicated, his heart withered and his arm grew weak. His close of life was a fruitless struggle to attain what, if possessed, could have afforded him no enjoyment. His epitaph may well be-" One of God's creatures lies here, wrecked by his inordinate self-will."

Life of Hernan Cortes. By Don Telesforo de Trueba y
Cosio, Author of "Gomez Arias,' "The Castilian,”
&c. Being Constable's Miscellany, Vol. XLIX.
Edinburgh. Pp. 344.

THE author of this interesting and romantic biography justly demands that his hero's character be judged by the standard of the age in which he lived. The enlightened tolerance which characterises every truly great man of the nineteenth century, was unattainable by a native of Spain On the 1st of November, 1783, Jones was appointed by at the period when that nation, in the flush of its newly Congress, at his own earnest solicitation, "agent for all concentrated energies, fondly deemed the discovery of Ameprizes taken in Europe under his own command." In rica, happening, as it did, at the very moment of the final discharging the duties of this office, he spent three years expulsion of the Moors from Spain, a proof of its Divine in Paris, during which time he figured in the gay world mission to root out infidelity from the earth. It is suffithere, greatly to the satisfaction of his personal feelings. cient if, taking his whole life into review, we find that In the year 1787, he paid a short visit to America. On Cortes's employment of the high talents with which he his return to Europe, he proceeded to Copenhagen, osten- was endowed by nature, did not materially swerve from sibly on a mission regarding some of his prizes which had those principles of justice which had been discovered and been carried into Danish ports, but in reality to be near established in his time. A recapitulation of the most St Petersburg, where negotiations had already been set striking events in his conquest of Mexico will afford the on foot for his entrance into the service of the Empress best solution of this problem. Catherine. At the first beck of that jolly despot, he hastened to her court, where he was flatteringly received, and invested with the rank of Rear-Admiral. His transformation into the courtier, which had been partially effected at Paris, was now completed. He was inflamed with a chivalrous devotion to his liege lady, and spoke in a most patronising tone of the infant state of America. He was soon summoned by Potemkin to take a share in the campaign of the Liman. The operations of this war afforded Jones an opportunity of showing his native da

Mexico, or New Spain, rises abruptly from the coasts both of the Pacific and Atlantic oceans; and the lofty plateau subsides into a capacious basin, nearly in the centre of which is the lake of Mexico, the climate of which approximates to that of the more favoured countries of the temperate zones. The inhabitants, and in particular those who occupied the islands and margin of the central fresh-water sea, had advanced in civilisation, when Mexico was first discovered, far before the surrounding tribes. The mechanical, and even the ornamental arts, had made

considerable progress among them. The organization of there was, through the advance of arts in the northern their government was much more complete than among and more elevated regions, and through the natural fethe wandering tribes. Social intercourse and luxury cundity in that part which enjoyed a tropical climate, a had in some degree refined their manners. In short, dense population. Some resistance was offered by differthey stood in the same relation to the nomadic tribes of ent bodies of the inhabitants at his first landing, which the north, that Babylon and Nineveh may be conceived afforded the Spaniards opportunities of earning victories, to have stood to the wanderers of the deserts in their vi- more valuable as impressing the enemy with the power rinity. Intellectual culture was, however, yet in its in- and discipline of the strangers, than on account of any fancy; and their religion—which differed not in its spirit, immediate important result. Two of the disaffected cabut solely in the stronger affiliation of its priesthood, and ciques sought the alliance of the Spaniards; and the proa the more gorgeous and imposing character of its out- tection which Cortes afforded them against the envoys ward solemnities, from that of the forest warriors-ham- sent by Montezuma to receive the wonted tribute, as well pred, by its gross and cruel superstitions, the education as the strict impartiality he evinced in settling some disof their moral sense. Their theology stood amid their putes between them and the neighbouring tribes, spread Infant refinements like an iceberg wafted from the frozen at once the reputation of his power and his justice. Haregions, and spreading an unwonted chill through the sum-ving thus conciliated the inhabitants of the coast, and mer of some sunny isle on which it has stranded.

Not long previous to the landing of the Spaniards, the King of Mexico had succeeded in reducing the other tribes residing on the lake to the state of feudatories. This farmed the nucleus of an empire which soon spread its nquering arms as far south as the Gulf of Mexico. To what extent its domination had extended in other directions, is uncertain. The more distant tribes, which were thas brought under the sway of the king, were less accustomed to the restraints of regular government, and were with difficulty kept from reverting to their rude inpendence. They were held in check by governors from Mexico, backed by a considerable force; and, for greater assurance, a system of posts was established, by means of which, constant and speedy information was received in the capital of all that happened in the outskirts of the empire.

Montezuma, whom the Spaniards found in possession of the throne, was naturally brave and sagacious, but a spoiled child of fortune. Accustomed to despotic power, he could neither anticipate opposition to his wishes, nor meet it calmly and sagaciously when it came. The quiet decision with which Cortes persisted to advance towards the capital, joined to the strange appearance and inexplirable powers of the Spaniards, seemed to bear out the dark forebodings of prophecy, and gave to Montezuma's superstitious fears a form and magnitude that totally unsettled his mind. From the moment the landing of the strangers was announced to him, till that on which he received his death-wound, he did not make one reflected and judicious effort to employ the immense force that was at his disposal. Had Guatimazin possessed the supreme power from the first, and displayed the same energy and talent which he brought to bear upon the termination of the struggle, the result might have been very different.

This was the condition of the empire invaded by Cortes, with a view to subject it to the Spanish sway-not upon any previous knowledge and estimate of its strength and weakness, or with any adequate preparation; but at the head of a handful of men, whom he led forward to hazards and exploits, of the peculiar nature of which he had not the most distant anticipation. Even after he had plunged himself among the Mexicans, he was long unprovided with any adequate means of communication + with them. His conversations with the natives were carried on through the medium of a female slave, and a Spaniard, who, having been shipwrecked on one of the Sands, had picked up a smattering of the language there spoken.

Cortes landed on the mainland in March, 1519. He was at the head of a body of five hundred and eight solders, and one hundred and nine mariners and mechanics. Among the soldiers were sixteen horsemen, thirty musketeers, and thirty-two crossbow-men; the rest being armed with swords and spears. The artillery consisted of ten brass feld-pieces and four falconets. This was the whole force with which he undertook the subjection of an empire already well disciplined and organized, and in which

having at the same time quelled a mutiny among his soldiers, and induced them to dismantle their ships, thus cutting off from the timorous all prospect of retreat, he prepared to advance at once upon the capital, which was 180 miles distant.

He left behind him a slender garrison, in a fort he had erected shortly after his landing, and took with him a small reinforcement of friendly Indians, more in the character of hostages than auxiliaries. Ascending the high tableland of interior Mexico, the army had to undergo a sudden change from the fervour of the torrid zone, to the ice and snow of a northern winter, to which succeeded a mild and genial climate. The Hascalans, a confederacy of warlike and independent republics, placed in a disquieting proximity to the Mexican capital, opposed the progress of Cortes, instead of receiving him, as had been anticipated, in a friendly manner. They were forced, however, to succumb by a series of hard-won victories, in which almost every Spanish soldier was wounded. Cortes began his march from the coast on the 16th of August and entered Hascala on the 23d of September.

His next march was upon Cholula, a populous and wealthy town, subject to Montezuma. He was accompanied by a large auxiliary force of Hascalans. At the request of the Cholulans, the forces of Hascala encamped before the town, while Cortes and his followers were received within its walls. The pretext for this arrange

ment was anxiety on the part of the rulers, lest the old enmities between the two Indian tribes should be fatally rekindled by their being brought into contact. It soon appeared, however, that more inimical purposes were hidden beneath this plausible exterior. Cortes received information of a plot to overwhelm his followers, by a sudden rising of the townsmen, to whose support a body of men were advancing from Mexico. The rising was prevented by the earlier motions of Cortes, who, as his proceedings had been hitherto characterised by lenity, resolved now to strike terror into the Indians, by showing that he could also at times be severe. When the Cholulan rulers appeared in his presence, he let them know that he was informed of their projects, reproached them with their treachery, and directed a simultaneous attack upon the town to be cominenced by the Hascalans from without, and his countrymen from within. The Cholulans defended themselves with the fury of despair. Every private building, and even the temples, were resorted to as so many fortresses. At last, calling to mind an old superstition, that the razing of their principal temple would cause the springs upon which the town was built to overflow, they flew to dismantle its walls, hoping thereby to involve themselves and their invaders in one common destruction. The expected miracle failed to follow, and the superstitious awe for the Spaniards, which this circumstance inspired, struck down more enemies than their The victory being now complete, the wretched remains of the Cholulans were spared.

arms.

On the 29th of September Cortes advanced upon Mexico, and, meeting with no opposition, he entered it on the 18th of October. He was received by Montezuma in person,

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