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cause of the ascent of water in pumps-Invention of the air pump-Barometer and its various ap-
plications-Intensity of atmospheric pressure different at different parts of the earth-A knowledge
of this necessary to pump makers-The limits to which water may be raised in atmospheric pumps
known to ancient pump makers -
CHAPTER III.
Ancient experiments on air-Various applications of it-Siphons used in ancient Egypt-Primitive
experiments with vessels inverted in water-Suspension of liquids in them-Ancient atmospheric
sprinkling pot-Watering gardens with it-Probably referred to by St. Paul, and also by Shake-
speare-Glass sprinkling vessel and wine taster from Pompeii-Religious uses of sprinkling pots
among the ancient heathen-Figure of one from Montfaucon-Vestals-Miracle of Tutia carrying
water in a sieve described and explained-Modern liquor taster and dropping tubes-Trick per-
formed with various liquids by a Chinese juggler-Various frauds of the ancients with liquids-
Divining cups
CHAPTER IV.
Suction: impossible to raise liquids by that which is so called-Action of the muscles of the thorax
and abdomen in sucking explained-Two kinds of suction-Why the term is continued-Sucking
poison from wounds-Cupping and cupping horns-Ingenuity of a raven-Sucking tubes original
atmospheric pumps-The sanguisuchello-Peruvian mode of taking tea by sucking it through
tubes-Reflections on it-New application of such tubes suggested-Explanation of an ambiguous
proverbial expression
CHAPTER V.
On bellows pumps: great variety in the forms and materials of machines to raise water-Simple
bellows pump-Ancient German pump-French pump-Gosset's frictionless pump: subsequently
re-invented-Martin's pump-Robison's bag pump-Disadvantages of bellows pumps-Natural
pumps in men, quadrupeds, insects, birds, &c.--Reflections on them. Ancient vases figured in
this chapter
CHAPTER VI.
The atmospheric pump supposed by some persons to be of modern origin-Injustice towards the
ancients-Their knowledge of hydrodynamics-Absurdity of an alledged proof of their ignorance
of a simple principle of hydrostatics-Common cylindrical pump-Its antiquity-Anciently known
under the name of a siphon-The antlia of the Greeks-Used as a ship pump by the Romans-
Bilge pump-Portable pumps-Wooden pumps always used in ships-Description of some in the
U. S. Navy-Ingenuity of sailors-Singular mode of making wooden pumps, from Dampier-Old
draining pump-Pumps in public and private wells-In mines-Pump from Agricola, with figures
of various boxes-Double pump formerly used in the mines of Germany, from Fludd's works-
The wooden pump not improved by the moderns-Its use confined chiefly to civilized states
CHAPTER VII.
187
191
- 201
205
- 211
Metallic pumps-Of more extended application than those of wood-Description of one-Devices to
prevent water in them from freezing-Wells being closed, no obstacle in raising water from them
-Application of the atmospheric pump to draw water from great distances as well as depth-Sin-
gular circumstance attending the trial of a Spanish pump in Seville-Excitement produced by it-
Water raised to great elevations by atmospheric pressure when mixed with air-Deceptions prac-
ticed on this principle-Device to raise water fifty feet by atmospheric pressure-Modifications of
the pump innumerable-Pumps with two pistons-French marine pump-Curved pump-Musch-
enbrocck's pump-Centrifugal pump-West's pump-Jorge's improvement-Original centrifugal
pump-Ancient buckets figured in this chapter
BOOK III.
MACHINES FOR RAISING WATER BY COMPRESSURE INDEPENDENTLY OF
ATMOSPHERIC INFLUENCE.
CHAPTER I.
221
Definition of machines described in this Book-Forcing pumps-Analogy between them and bellows
-History of the bellows that of the pump-Forcing pumps are water bellows-The bellows of ante-
diluvian origin-Tubal Cain-Anacharsis-Vulcan in his forge-Egyptian, Hindoo, and Peruvian
blowing tubes-Primitive bellows of goldsmiths in Barbary-Similar instruments employed to eject
liquids-Devices to obtain a continuous blast-Double bellows of the Foulah blacksmiths without
valves Simple Asiatic bellows-Domestic bellows of modern Egypt-Double bellows of the an-
cient Egyptians-Bellows blowers in the middle ages-Lantern bellows common over all the east-
Specimens from Agricola-Used by negroes in the interior of Africa-Modern Egyptian black-
smiths' bellows-Vulcan's bellows-Various kinds of Roman bellows-Bellows of Grecian black-
smiths referred to in a prediction of the Delphic oracle-Application of lantern bellows as forcing
pumps-Sucking and forcing bellows pumps-Modern domestic bellows of ancient origin-Used
to raise water-Common blacksmiths' bellows employed as forcing pumps-Ventilation of mines 231
CHAPTER II.
Piston bellows: used in water organs-Engraved on a medal of Valentinian-Used in Asia and Af-
rica. Bellows of Madagascar. Chinese bellows: account of two in the Philadelphia museum-
Remarks on a knowledge of the pump among the ancient Chinese-Chinese bellows similar in
their construction to the water forcer of Ctesibius, the double acting pump of La Hire, the cylin-
drical steam engine, and condensing and exhausting air pumps. Double acting bellows of Mada-
gascar-Alledged ignorance of the old Peruvian and Mexican smiths of bellows: their constant
use of blowing tubes no proof of this-Examples from Asiatic gold and silver smiths-Balsas-
Sarbacans-Mexican Vulcan. Natural bellows pumps: blowing apparatus of the whale-Elephant-
Rise and descent of marine animals-Jaculator fish-Llama-Spurting snake-Lamprey-Bees-
The heart of man and animals-Every human being a living pump: wonders of its mechanism,
and of the duration of its motions and materials-Advantages of studying the mechanism of ani-
mals
244
Forcing pumps with solid pistons: the syringe: its uses, materials and antiquity-Employed by the
Hindoos in religious festivals-Figured on an old coat of arms-Simple garden pump-Single valve
forcing pump-Common forcing pump-Stomach pump-Forcing pump with air vessel-Machine
of Ctesibius: its description by Vitruvius-Remarks on its origin-Errors of the ancients respect-
ing the authors of several inventions-Claims of Ctesibius to the pump limited-Air vessel probably
invented by him-Compressed air a prominent feature in all his inventions-Air vessels-In He-
ron's fountain-Apparently referred to by Pliny-Air gun of Ctesibius-The hookah
- 259
Forcing pumps continued: La Hire's double acting pump-Plunger pump: invented by Moreland;
the most valuable of modern improvements on the pump-Application of it to other purposes than
raising water-Frictionless plunger pump-Quicksilver pumps-Application of the principle of
Bramah's press by bees in forcing honey into their cells. Forcing pumps with hollow pistons:
employed in Freuch water works-Specimen from the works at Notre Dame-Lifting pump from
Agricola-Modern lifting pumps-Extract from an old pump-maker's circular-Lifting pumps with
two pistons-Combination of hollow and solid pistons-Trevethick's pump-Perkins's pump
- 271
Rotary or rotatory pumps: uniformity in efforts made to improve machines-Prevailing custom to
convert rectilinear and reciprocating movements into circular ones-Epigram of Antipater-An-
cient opinion respecting circular motions-Advantages of rotary motions exemplified in various
machines Operations of spinning and weaving; historical anecdotes respecting them-Rotary
pump from Serviere-Interesting inventions of his-Classification of rotary pumps-Eve's steam
engine and pump-Another class of rotary pumps-Rotary pump of the 16th century-Pump with
sliding butment-Trotter's engine and pump-French rotary pump-Bramah and Dickenson's
pump-Rotary pumps with pistons in the form of vanes-Centrifugal pump-Defects of rotary
pumps Reciprocating rotary pumps: a French one-An English one-Defects of these pumps - 281
Application of pumps in modern water works: first used by the Germans-Water works at Augs-
burgh and Bremen-Singular android in the latter city-Old water works at Toledo-At London
Bridge Other London works moved by horses, water, wind and steam-Water engine at Exeter-
Water works erected on Pont Neuf and Pont Notre Dame at Paris-Celebrated works at Marli-
Error of Rannequin in making them unnecessarily complex. American water works: a history
of them desirable-Introduction of pumps into wells in New-York city-Extracts from the minutes
of the Common Council previous to the war of independence-Public water works proposed and
commenced in 1774-Treasury notes issued to meet the expense-Copy of one-Manhattan Com-
pany-Water works at Fairmount, Philadelphia
293
Fire engines: probably used in Babylon and Tyre-Employed by ancient warriors-Other devices
of theirs-Fire engines referred to by Apollodorus-These probably equal in effect to ours: Spiri-
talia of Heron: fire engine described in it-Pumps used to promote conflagrations-Greek fire a
liquid projected by pumps-Fires and wars commonly united-Generals the greatest incendiaries
-Saying of Crates respecting them-Fire pumps the forerunners of guns-Use of engines in Rome
-Mentioned in a letter of Pliny to Trajan, and by Seneca, Hesychius, and Isidore. Roman fire-
men-Frequency of fires noticed by Juvenal-Detestable practice of Crassus-Portable engines in
Roman houses-Modern engines derived from the Spiritalia-Forgotten in the middle ages-Su-
perstitions with regard to fires-Fires attributed to demons-Consecrated bells employed as sub-
stitutes for water and fire engines-Extracts from the Paris ritual, Wynken de Worde, Barnaby
Googe and Peter Martyr respecting them-Emblematic device of an old duke of Milan-Firemen's
apparatus from Agricola-Syringes used in London to quench fires in the 17th century-Still em-
ployed in Constantinople-Anecdote of the Capudan Pacha-Syringe engine from Besson-Ger-
man engines of the 16th century-Pump engine from Decaus-Pump engines in London-Extracts
from the minutes of the London Common Council respecting engines and squirts in 1667-Experi-
ment of Maurice mentioned by Stow the historian-Extract from a history of the first inventers' 302
CHAPTER VIII.
Fire engines continued: engines by Hautsch-Nuremberg-Fire engines at Strasbourg and Ypres—
Coupling screws-Old engine with air chamber-Canvas and leather hose and Dutch engines-
Engines of Perier and Leopold-Old English engines-Newsham's engines-Modern French engine
--Air chambers-Table of the height of jets-Modes of working fire engines-Engines worked by
steam. Fire engines in America: regulations respecting fires in New Amsterdam-Proclamations
of Governor Stuyvesant-Extracts from old minutes of the Common Council-First fire engines-
Philadelphia and New-York engines-Riveted hose-Steam fire engines now being constructed.
Devices to extinguish fire without engines-Water bombs-Protecting buildings from fire-Fire
escapes-Couvre feu-Curfew bells-Measuring time with candles-Ancient laws respecting fires
and incendiaries-The dress in which Roman incendiaries were burnt retained in the auto da fe
323
CHAPTER IX.
Pressure engines: of limited application-Are modifications of gaining and losing buckets and
pumps-Two kinds of pressure engines-Piston pressure engine described by Fludd-Pressure
engine from Belidor-Another by Westgarth-Motive pressure engines-These exhibit a novel
mode of employing water as a motive agent-Variety of applications of a piston and cylinder-
Causes of the ancients being ignorant of the steam engine-Secret of making improvements in the
arts-Fulton, Eli Whitney, and Arkwright-Pressure engines might have been anticipated, and
valuable lessons in science may be derived from a disordered pump-Archimedes-Heron's foun-
tain-Portable ones recommended in flower gardens and drawing rooms in hot weather-Their
invention gave rise to a new class of hydraulic engines Pressure engine at Chemnitz-Another
modification of Heron's fountain-Spiral pump of Wirtz
BOOK IV.
MACHINES FOR RAISING WATER (CHIEFLY OF MODERN ORIGIN) INCLUDING EARLY
APPLICATIONS OF STEAM FOR THAT PURPOSE.
CHAPTER 1.
Devices of the lower animals-Some animals aware that force is increased by the space through
which a body moves-Birds drop shell fish from great elevations to break the shells-Death of
Eschylus-Combats between the males of sheep and goats-Military ram of the ancients--Water
rams-Waves-Momentum acquired by running water-Examples-Whitehurst's machine-Hy-
draulic ram of Montgolfier-Canne hydraulique' and its modifications
352
365
Machines for raising water by fire: air machines-Ancient weather glasses-Dilatation of air by
heat and condensation by cold-Ancient Egyptian air machines-Statue of Memnon-Statues of
Serapis and the Bird of Memnon-Decaus's and Kircher's machinery to account for the sounds of
the Theban idol-Remarks on the statue of Memuon-Machine for raising water by the sun's heat,
from Heron-Similar machines in the 16th century-Air machines by Porta and Decaus-Distilling
by the sun's heat-Musical air machines by Drebble and Decaus-Air machines acted on by ordi-
nary fire-Modifications of them employed in ancient altars-Bronze altars-Tricks performed by
the heathen priests with fire-Others by heated air and vapor-Bellows employed in ancient altars
-Tricks performed at altars mentioned by Heron-Altar that feeds itself with flame from Heron-
Ingenuity displayed by ancient priests-Secrets of the temples-The Spiritalia-Sketch of its
contents-Curious lustral vase
374
On steam: miserable condition of the great portion of the human race in past times-Brighter pros-
pects for posterity-Inorganic motive forces-Wonders of steam-Its beneficial influence on man's
future destiny-Will supersede nearly all human drudgery-Progress of the arts-Cause why steam
was not formerly employed-Pots boiling over and primitive experiments by females-Steam an
agent in working prodigies-Priests familiar with steam-Sacrifices boiled-Seething bones-
Earthquakes-Anthemius and Zeno-Hot baths at Rome-Ball supported on a jet of steam, from
the Spiritalia-Heron's whirling eolipile-Steam engines on the same principle-Eolipiles de-
scribed by Vitruvius-Their various uses-Heraldic device-Eolipiles from Rivius-Cupelo fur-
nace and eolipile from Erckers-Similar applications of steam revived and patented-Eolipiles of
the human form-Ancient tenures-Jack of Hilton-Puster a steam deity of the ancient Germans-
Ingenuity of the priests in constructing and working it-Supposed allusions to eolipilic idols in the
Bible-Employed in ancient wars to project streams of liquid fire-Draft of chimneys improved,
perfumes dispersed, and music produced by eolipiles-Eolipiles the germ of modern steam engines 388
Employment of steam in former times-Claims of various people to the steam engine-Application
of steam as a motive agent perceived by Roger Bacon-Other modern inventions and discoveries
known to him-Spanish steam ship in 1543-Official documents relating to it-Remarks on these—
Antiquity of paddle wheels as propellers-Project of the author for propelling vessels-Experi-
ments on steam in the 16th century-Jerome Cardan-Vacuum formed by the condensation of
steam known to the alchymists-Experiments from Fludd-Others from Porta-Expansive force
of steam illustrated by old authors-Interesting example of raising water by steam from Porta—
Mathesius, Canini and Besson-Device for raising hot water from Decaus-Invention of the steam
engine claimed by Arago for France-Nothing new in the apparatus of Decaus nor in the principle
of its operation-Hot springs-Geysers-Boilers with tubular spouts-Eolipiles-Observations on
Decaus-Writings of Porta-Claims of Arago in behalf of Decaus untenable-Instances of hot wa-
ter raised by steam in the arts-Manufacture of soap-Discovery of iodine-Aucient soap makers-
Soap vats in Pompeii-Manipulations of ancient mechanics-Loss of ancient writings-Large
sums anciently expended on soap-Logic of Omar
Few inventions formerly recorded--Lord Bacon-His project for draining mines-Thomas Bushell-
Ice produced by hydraulic machines-Eolipiles-Branca's application of the blast of one to pro-
duce motion-Its inutility-Curious extract from Wilkins-Ramseye's patent for raising water by
fire--Manufacture of nitre-Figure illustrating the application of steam, from an old English work
-Kircher's device for raising water by steam-John Bate-Antiquity of boys' kites in England-
Discovery of atmospheric pressure-Engine of motion-Anecdotes of Oliver Evans and John Fitch
-Elasticity and condensation of steam-Steam engines modifications of guns-A moving piston
the essential feature in both-Classification of modern steam engines-Guerricke's apparatus-
The same adopted in steam engines-Guerricke one of the authors of the steam engine
Reasons of old inventors for concealing their discoveries-Century of Inventions-Marquis of Wor-
cester-His Inventions matured before the civil wars-Several revived since his death-Problems
in the Century' in older authors-Bird roasting itself-Imprisoning chair-Portable fortifications
-Flying-Diving-Drebble's sub-marine ship-The 68th problem-This remarkably explicit-
The device consisted of one boiler and two receivers-The receivers charged by atmospheric
pressure-Three and four-way cocks-An hydraulic machine of Worcester mentioned by Cosmo
402
- 416
CONTENTS.
de Medicis-Worcester's machine superior to preceding ones, and similar to Savery's-Piston steam
engine also made by him-Copy of the last three problems in the Century-lugenious mode of
stating them-Forcing pumps worked by steam engines intended-Ancient riddle-Steam boat
invented by Worcester-Projectors despised in his time-Patentees caricatured in a public pro-
cession-Neglect of Worcester-His death-Persecution of his widow-Worcester one of the
greatest mechanicians of any age or nation-Glauber.
Hautefeuille, Huyghens and Hooke-Moreland-His table of cylinders-His pumps worked by a
cylindrical high pressure steam engine-He made no claim to a steam engine in England-Simple
device by which he probably worked his plunger pumps-Inventions of his at Vauxhall-Anecdote
of him from Evelyn's Diary-Early steam projectors courtiers-Ridiculous origin of some honors-
Edict of Nantes-Papin-Digesters-Safety valve-Papin's plan to transmit power through pipes
by means of air-Cause of its failure-Another plan by compressed air-Papin's experiments to
move a piston by gunpowder and by steam-The latter abandoned by him-The safety valve im-
proved, not invented by Papin-Mercurial safety valves-Water lute-Steam machine of Papin for
raising water and imparting motion to machinery
XV
- 427
441
Experimenters contemporary with Papin-Savery-This engineer publishes his inventions-His
project for propelling vessels-Ridicules the surveyor of the navy for opposing it-His first expe-
riments on steam made in a tavern-Account of them by Desaguliers and Switzer-Savery's first
engine-Its operation-Engine with a single receiver-Savery's improved engine described-Gauge
cocks-Excellent features of his improved engine-Its various parts connected by coupling screws
-Had no safety valve-Rejected by miners on account of the danger from the boilers exploding-
Solder melted by steam-Opinions respecting the origin of Savery's engine-It bears no relation to
the piston engine-Modifications of Savery's engine by Desaguliers, Leopold, Blakey and others-
Rivatz-Engines by Gensanne-De Moura-De Rigny-Francois and others-Amonton's fire mill
-Newcomen and Cawley-Their engine superior to Savery's-Newcomen acquainted with the
previous experiments of Papin-Circumstances favorable to the introduction of Newcomen's en-
gine-Description of it-Condensation by injection discovered by chance-Chains and sectors-
Savery's claim to a share in Newcomen's patent an unjust one-Merits of Newcomen and Cawley 453
General adoption of Newcomen and Cawley's engine-Leopold's machine-Steam applied as a mover
of general machinery-Wooden and grauite boilers-Generating steam by the heat of the sun--
Floats Greenhouses and dwellings heated by steam-Cooking by steam-Explosive engines-
Vapor engines-English, French, and American motive engines-Woisard's air machine-Vapor
of mercury-Liquefied gases-Decomposition and recomposition of water
468
BOOK V.
NOVEL DEVICES FOR RAISING WATER, WITH AN ACCOUNT OF SIPHONS, COCKS,
VALVES, CLEPSYDRÆ, &c. &c.
Subjects treated in the fifth book-Lateral communication of motion-This observed by the ancients
-Wind at the Falls of Niagara-The trombe described-Natural trombes-Tasting hot liquids-
Waterspouts-Various operations of the human mouth-Currents of water-Gulf Stream-Large
rivers Adventures of a bottle-Experiments of Venturi-Expenditure of water from various
formed ajutages-Contracted vein-Cause of increased discharge from conical tubes-Sale of a
water power-Regulation of the ancient Romans to prevent an excess of water from being drawn
by pipes from the aqueducts
Water raised by currents of air-Fall of the barometer during storms-Hurricanes commence at the
leeward-Damage done by storms not always by the impulse of the wind-Vacuum produced by
storms of wind-Draft of chimneys-Currents of wind in houses-Fire grates and parabolic jambs
-Experiments with a sheet of paper-Experiments with currents of air through tubes variously
connected-Effect of conical ajutages to blowing tubes-Application of these tubes to increase the
draft of chimneys, and to ventilate wells, mines and ships
475
- 481
Vacuum by currents of steam-Various modes of applying them in blowing tubes-Experiments-
Effects of conical ajutages-Results of slight changes in the position of vacuum tubes within blow-
ing ones-Double blowing tube-Experiments with it-Raising water by currents of steam-Ven-
tilation of mines-Experimental apparatus for concentrating sirups in vacuo-Drawing air through
liquids to promote their evaporation-Remarks on the origin of obtaining a vacuum by currents of
steam
Spouting tubes-Water easily disturbed-Force economically transmitted by the oscillation of liquids
-Experiments on the ascent of water in differently shaped tubes-Application of one form to si-
phons-Movement given to spouting tubes-These produce a jet both by their ascent and descent
-Experiments with plain conical tubes-Spouting tubes with air pipes attached-Experiments
with various sized tubes-Observations respecting their movements-Advantages arising from
inertia-Modes of communicating motion to spouting tubes-Purposes for which they are applica-
ble-The souffleur.
-489
- 497
Nature's devices for raising water-Their influence-More common than other natural operations-
The globe a self-moving hydraulic engine-Streams flowing on its surface-Others ejected from
its bowels-Subterranean cisterns, tubes and siphons-Intermitting springs-Natural rams and
pressure engines-Eruption of water on the coast of Italy-Water raised in vapor-Clouds-Wa-
ter raised by steam-Geysers-Earthquakes-Vegetation-Advantages of studying it-Erroneous
views of future happiness-Circulation of sap-This fluid wonderfully varied in its effects and
movements-Pitcher plant and Peruvian canes-Trees of Australia-Endosmosis-Waterspouts-
Ascent of liquids by capillary attraction-Tenacity and other properties of liquids-Ascent of
liquids up inclined planes-Liquid drops-Their uniform diffusion when not counteracted by
gravity-Their form and size-Soft and hard soldering-Ascent of water in capillary tubes limited
only by its volume-Cohesion of liquids-Ascent of water through sand and rags-Rise of oil in
lamp wicks and through the pores of boxwood - - 505
Siphons-Mode of charging them-Principle on which their action depends-Cohesion of liquids-
Siphons act in vacuo-Variety of siphons-Their antiquity-Of eastern origin-Portrayed in the
tombs at Thebes Mixed wines-Siphons in ancient Egyptian kitchens-Probably used at the feast
at Cana-Their application by old jugglers-Siphons from Heron's Spiritalia-Tricks with liquids
of different specific gravities-Fresh water dipped from the surface of the sea-Figures of Tanta-
lus's cups-Tricks of old publicans-Magic pitcher-Goblet for unwelcome visitors-Tartar necro-
mancy with cups-Roman baths-Siphons used by the ancients for tasting wine-Siphons, A. D.
1511-Figures of modern siphons-Sucking tube-Valve siphon-Tin plate-Wirtemburg siphon-
Argand's siphon-Chemists' siphons-Siphons by the author-Water conveyed over extensive
grounds by siphons-Limit of the application of siphons known to ancient plumbers-Error of
Porta and other writers respecting siphons-Decaus-Siphons for discharging liquids at the bend
-Ram siphon
Fountains: variety of their forms, ornaments and accompaniments-Landscape gardeners-Curious
fountains from Ďecaus-Fountains in old Rome-Water issuing from statues-Fountains in Pom-
peii-Automaton trumpeter-Fountains by John of Bologna and M. Angelo-Old fountains in Nu-
remberg, Augsburg and Brussels-Shakespeare, Drayton and Spencer quoted-Fountains of Alci-
nous-The younger Pliny's account of fountains in the gardens of his Tuscan villa-Eating in
gardens-Alluded to in Solomon's Song-Cato the Censor-Singular fountains in Italy-Fountains
described by Marco Paulo and other old writers-Predilection for artificial trees in fountains-
Perfumed and musical fountains-Fountains within public and private buildings-Enormous cost
of perfumed waters at Roman feasts-Lucan quoted-Introduction of fountains into modern thea-
tres and churches recommended-Fountains in the apartments of eastern princes-Water conveyed
through pipes by the ancients into fields for the use of their cattle-Three and four-way cocks
514
- 532
Clepsydra and hydraulic organs: Time measured by the sun-Obelisks-Dial in Syracuse-Time
measured in the night by slow matches, candles, &c.-Modes of announcing the hours-“ Jack of
the clock"-Clepsydra-Their curious origin in Egypt-Their variety-Used by the Siamese,
Hindoos, Chinese, &c.-Ancient hourglasses-Indexes to water clocks-Sand clocks in China-
Musical clock of Plato-Clock carried in triumph by Pompey-Clepsydra of Ctesibius-Clock pre-
sented to Charles V-Modern clepsydra-Hourglasses in coffins-Dial of the Peruvians. Hydrau-
lic organs: imperfectly described by Heron and Vitruvius-Plato, Archimedes, Plutarch, Pliny,
Suetonius, St. Jerome Organs sent from Constantinople to Pepin-Water orgaus of Louis Debon-
naire-A woman expired in ecstasies while hearing one play-Organs made by monks-Old Regal 542
Sheet lead: Lead early known-Roman pig lead-Ancient uses of lead-Leaden and iron coffins-
Casting sheet lead-Solder-Leaden books-Roofs covered with lead-Invention of rolled lead-
Lead sheathing. Leaden pipes: of great antiquity--Made from sheet lead by the Romans-Ordi-
nance of Justinian-Leaden pipes in Spain in the 9th century-Damascus-Leather pipes-Modern
iron pipes-Invention of cast leaden pipes-Another plan in France-Joints united without solder-
Invention of drawn leaden pipes-Burr's mode of making leaden pipes-Antiquity of window lead
-Water injured by passing through leaden pipes-Tinned pipes. Valves: their antiquity and
variety-Nuremberg engineers. Cocks: of great variety and inaterials in ancient times-Hora-
pollo-Cocks attached to the laver of brass and the brazen sea-Also to golden and silver cisterns
in the temple at Delphi-Found in Japanese baths-Figure of an ancient bronze cock-Superior
in its construction to modern ones-Cock from a Roman fountain-Numbers found at Pompeii-
Silver pipes and cocks in Roman baths-Golden and silver pipes and cocks in Peruvian baths-
Sliding cocks by the author. Water closets: of ancient date-Common in the east. Traps for
drains, &c. -
550
APPENDIX.
John Bate-Phocion-Well worship-Wells with stairs-Tourne-broche-Raising water by a screw
-Perpetual motions-Chain pumps in ships-Sprinkling pots-Old frictionless pump-Water
power-Vulcan's trip-hammers-Eolipiles-Blowpipe--Philosophical bellows-Charging eolipiles
-Eolipilic idols referred to in the Bible-Palladium-Laban's images-Expansive force of steam-
Steam and air-Windmills-Imprisoning chairs-Eolipilic war-machines
- 565
575