are the West River, Queechy, White River, and the Passumsic. The rivers which fall into Lake Champlain, beginning in the north, are Missisque, which rises south-west of Lake Memphremagog, and discharges itself into Missisque Bay; La Moelle, which rises south of the same lake, and running west, empties itself 10 miles north of Burlington; Onion River, which rises still farther south, and running nearly parallel with La Moelle, passes by Montpelier, and joins the lake four miles north-west of Burlington; Otter Creek, which rises in the south-western part of the state, and, running west of north, passes by Rutland. Middlebury, and Vergennes, and empties itself twenty miles south of Bur ington. None of the rivers of Vermont are navigable, except for a few miles from their mouths; but they abound with valuable mill-sites.

Several extensive lines of railroad are being carried out in this state, to communicate with the New-England States and the British Provinces. For the names and extent of these we refer the reader to the "Statistical Recapitulation," postea. The other internal improvements consist of short canals, designed to overcome difficulties in the Connecticut River. The Champlain Canal, extending from the lake to the Erie Canal and Hudson River, is a work in which this state has a deep interest, and from which it derives important advantages. The length of post-roads in this state is 2,520 miles.

Vermont is divided into 14 counties, which, with their population, in 1840, were as follows:-Addison, 23,583; Bennington, 16,872; Caledonia, 21,891; Chittenden, 22,977; Essex, 4,226; Franklin, 24,531; Grand Isle, 3,883; La Moelle, 10,475; Orange, 27,873; Orleans, 13,634; Rutland, 30,699; Washington, 23,506; Windham, 27,442, and Windsor, 40,356. The population of the state, at various periods, and the decennial ratio of increase, were―

The employments of the population, as exhibited by the census of 1840, were thus distributed in agriculture, 73,150; in trades and manufactures, 13,174; in commerce, 1,303; in mining, 77; in navigating the ocean, 41; in navigating the lakes, rivers and canals, 146; and in the learned professions, 1,563. The division of the inhabitants into caste and sexes, was as follows:

There were in the state, according to the same census, 62,403 horses or mules; 384,341 neat cattle; 168,819 sheep; 203,800 swine, and poultry, to the value of $131,578. The production of agricultural produce, as compared with the estimate of 1847, was:

Wheat. Indian Corn. Oats.

Ryc. Barley. Buckwheat. Potatoes. 1840, census...495,800 1,119.678 2,222,584 230,993 54,781 288,416 8,869.751 bush. 1847, estimate. 664,000 2,100,000 3,905,000 350,000 55,000 330,000 7,086,000

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The miscellaneous products in 1840, were 3,699,235 lbs. of wool; 4,647,934 lbs. maple and other sugar; 48,137 lbs. hops; 4,660 lbs. beeswax; 4,286 lbs. of silk cocoons; 836,739 tons of hay; and 29 tons of hemp and flax. The products of the dairy were valued at $2,008,737; of the orchard, at $213,944; and of lumber, at $349,939. Of pot and pearl ashes there were produced 718 tons.

Vermont is more of an agricultural than a manufacturing or commercial state. Its trade is chiefly confined within itself and the neighboring states. The trade, east of the mountains, is chiefly with Boston and Hartford, and west of the mountains with New-York, Montreal and Quebec. The two latter places are especially the outlets of the products of the northern sections. To all these it has a ready access through Lake Champlain, the Champlain Canal, and the Hudson and St. Lawrence Rivers. Beef, pork, cheese, live stock, and pot and pearl ashes, are the great export staples. Foreign commerce is very limited the exports from this state, for the year ending 30th June, 1846, amounted to the value of $404,820, of which sum the value of domestic produce was $215,316. The foreign imports amounted to $127,223. The tonnage employed is about 15,000 tons. The retail trade employs a capital of $2,964,000.

The chief manufactures of Vermont consist of domestic or home-made articles, which, in 1840, amounted to $674,548; woollen articles to $1,331,953; with paper, leather manufactures, bricks and lime, &c. The total capital employed in manufacturing industry, in 1840, was $4,326,447. There were, at that date, 29 printing-offices; 14 binderies; two daily, 26 weekly, and two semi-weekly newspapers and three periodicals. The number of houses built in 1839-40, were 72 brick or stone, and 468 wood, at a cost of $344,896.

In August, 1845, there were 17 banks in the state, with an aggregate capital of $1,138,860, and a circulation of $1,400,617; deposits to the amount of $261,837, and other liabilities, $25,988. The assets were specie, $109,137; loans and discounts, $2,314,929; real estate, $60,323; and sundries, $461,604. Vermont has a public debt of $279,960, about one-half of which was contracted in building the new state-house. The annual interest is $16,798. The ordinary expenses of the government, exclusive of debts and schools, is about $95,000. The state prison, located at Windsor, is supported by convict labor.

The principal religious denominations are Baptists, Congregationalists, Methodists, &c. In 1847, the Baptists had nine associations, 112 churches, 90 ordained and three licensed ministers, and 9,183 church members; the Congregationalists had 194 churches, 190 ministers, and 20,209 members; the Methodists, 71 travelling, 14 superannuated and 46 local preachers, 7,953 church members, and 5,398 Sunday scholars in 102 schools, taught by 865 teachers; the Universalists have one state convention, four associations, 102 societies, 76 meeting-houses and 50 preachers. Each of these denominations support their own religious paper, a multiplicity of Sunday-schools, &c. The Episcopalians have a bishop and 19 churches, with 20 clergy; and the Roman Catholics, who are under the spiritual guidance of the Bishop of New-England, are pretty numerous. Besides the above, there are several other denominations, as Unitarians, &c.

Education, in Vermont, though not so well sustained as in some of the

other New-England States, has much improved of late years. Since 1835, beside the common school fund, it has been supported from a tax on banks and pedlers' licences, which have greatly facilitated the progress of the schools. The number of children between four and eighteen, is 79,757, and the number of school districts, 2,276. The aggregate annual expense of supporting these is $292,730. Besides the common and primary schools, there are three colleges for instruction in the higher branches of literature. The University of Vermont, at Burlington, was founded in 1791: in 1837, it had seven professors, 337 alumni, 59 ministers, 100 students, and a library of 1,000 volumes. Middlebury College was founded in 1800, and had seven professors, 785 alumni, 310 ministers, 70 students, and a library of 7,054 volumes. Norwich University, founded in 1834, has also seven professors, 96 alumni, 104 students, and a considerable library. There were in the state 46 academies, with 4,113, and 2,042 common and primary schools, with 82,117 scholars. The number of persons over twenty years of age, who could neither read nor write, was, in 1840, 2,270. At Woodstock is the Vermont Medical College, which was founded in 1835; it has seven professors in its several departments and 96 students. It has already graduated 332 physicians, some of whom have assumed a high standing in their profession.

The State of Vermont was first settled at Fort Dummer, by emigrants from Massachusetts. From 1741 to 1764, New-Hampshire claimed the territory of Vermont, and made several grants of land therein. New-York also claimed the territory, and obtained a grant from Parliament, in the year 1764. At the commencement of the revolution, Vermont declared itself independent, yet, on account of the conflicting claims of New-York and New-Hampshire, the Congress feared to admit it into the Union as a separate independency. In this state of affairs, the British were in the hopes of detaching Vermont from the revolting states, but she was true to herself through all her difficulties: "the Green Mountain Boys," as they were called, were found among the foremost in repelling the common enemy, and all attempts, either to persuade or coerce her into allegiance to the crown, proved abortive. In 1790, a treaty was made, by which New-York relinquished her claim to the territory, receiving a consideration of $30,000, and in the following year Vermont was admitted to full fellowship as an independent member of the United States.

The present constitution was framed in 1793, but has since been amended. The government consists of a governor, executive council, senate and assembly, all chosen annually by the people. The senate consists of 30 members, and the assembly of one member from each town. Every adult male citizen, of quiet and peaceable behavior, may vote. The executive committee, which has 12 councillors, are elected annually, and have a co-ordinate jurisdiction with the governor, who cannot act without their consent. The provisions of the constitution, in regard to negroes and aliens, are liberal and just. Once in seven years a "council of censors" is appointed, whose duty it is to inquire" whether the constitution has been preserved inviolate, and whether the executive and legislative branches have performed their duties as guardians of the commonwealth; whether taxes have been justly laid and collected, the public monies properly disposed of, and the laws duly exe

cuted."

The judiciary powers are vested in a Supreme Court, consisting of six judges; in County Courts or Courts of Common Pleas, comprising six cir

cuits, each County Court being composed of one judge of the Supreme Court, who is ex officio chief justice of the County Courts of his circuit, and two assistant judges for each county, and in Justices of the Peace. All the judges and justices are chosen annually by the legislature.

The finances of the state are in a very flourishing condition; the receipts for the fiscal year ending Sept. 1st, 1846, were $117,597, and the expenditures, $87,107. The principal income is from taxes, which amounted, in 1846, to $68,365 53 cents.

MONTPELIER, the state capital, is situated at the union of the branches of the Onion or Winooski River, in latitude 44° 16' N., and longitude 71° 32′ W. Its site is a plain of moderate extent, surrounded by elevated hills. The great road from Boston to Burlington passes through the town and makes it a great thoroughfare. It contains a beautiful state-house, a court-house, jail, several churches, 15 stores, several mills and manufactories, and about 2,000 inhabitants. The state-house is built of granite, 72 feet wide in the centre, with two wings, and is each 39 feet, making a whole length of 130 feet. It has a projecting portico in the centre of six Doric columns, 6 feet in diameter and 36 feet high. The centre building is 100 feet deep, and the wings 50 feet deep. The whole is surmounted by a fine dome, 100 feet high from the ground to the top. In the interior are rooms for various offices, and elegant halls for the senate and representatives. Its architecture is much admired.

BURLINGTON, on Lake Champlain, is the largest city within the state. Lat. 44° 27' N. and long. 73° 10′ W. It is built on a fine bay, which sets up between two points on the east side of the lake and forms a regular curve. Near the centre of the town is the public square, on which the court-house is built, and which is surrounded by brick stores and the principal hotels. It contains many neat and some splendid dwellings, surrounded with shrubbery, and generally having fine gardens in the rear. Some of the public buildings are spacious and elegant, the churches especially are beautiful specimens of architecture. The harbor of Burlington is the best on the lake, and is of easy access. It has been much improved by the government, which has erected a noble breakwater to protect it from the west winds. Steamboats stop here daily on their way from Whitehall to St. John's. A steam ferry-boat crosses at this place to Fort Kent, on the opposite side of the lake, to Plattsburg. The university of Vermont is located here. About a mile and a half north-east is the flourishing manufacturing village of Winooski, on Onion River. The river here has a fall of 20 feet, nearly perpendicular, which affords a great water-power, easily available. The first settlement in Burlington was made after the peace of 1783, and it was first organized in 1787. Population about 6,000.

The other principal towns are St. Alban's, Swanton, Vergennes, in the lake; Middlebury, the seat of a college; Pittsford, Rutland, Manchester, Bennington, Newbury; Brattleboro' which contains the state lunatic asylum; Rockingham, Windsor, Woodstock; Norwich, the seat of a university, and Danville.

THE STATE OF MASSACHUSETTS.

MASSACHUSETTS, the parent state of New-England, and the chief manufacturing district of the United States, is bounded on the north by Vermont and New-Hampshire; east by the Atlantic; south by the Atlantic, Rhode Island and Connecticut; and west by the State of New-York. It lies between 41° 23′ and 42° 52′ N. latitude, and the meridians of 69° 50′ and 73° 30′ W. longitude. It is about 190 miles long from east to west, with an average breadth of 90 miles, and contains about 7,500 square miles, or 4,800,000 acres.

The face of the country is diversified. There are several ranges of mountains in the western part of the state, continued from Vermont and New-Hampshire, and running across the state into Connecticut. The first is the Taghkanic range, which may be regarded as a branch of the Green Mountains. It leaves the range at Williamstown, in the north-west corner of the state, and traversing the county of Berkshire, divides the waters of the Hudson from those of the Housatonic, and passes into Connecticut. The second is the Green Mountain range, which runs on the east side of the Housatonic, and pursues a course east of south, between the waters of the Housatonic and those of the Connecticut. The third is the Mount Tom range, which commences in New-Hampshire, and running south-west, crosses Connecticut River at Northampton, and then proceeds in a southerly course on the west side of the river. The Lyme range leaves Mount Tom range, about ten miles east of Northampton, and proceeds in a southerly course on the east side of Connecticut River. The part of the state east of these mountains is hilly, except in the south-eastern counties, where it is level and sandy. On the sea-coast the land is generally poor, particularly in the south-east. The rest of the state has generally a strong good soil, well adapted to grazing and grain. The valleys of the Connecticut and the Housatonic, especially, have a fine soil, and embrace many flourishing and pleasant towns. The improvements in agriculture made in this state are highly respectable and laudable. The farms around Boston are literally gardens, from which the capital is supplied with the finest fruit and vegetables. The principal agricultural productions are grass, Indian corn, rye, wheat, oats, and potatoes. Apples are abundant, and large quantities of cider are made annually. Beef, pork, butter and cheese are also abundant and of excellent quality. Among the mineral products are iron ore, which is found in large quantities in Bristol and Plymouth; and marble, quarries of which have been opened in Stockbridge and other towns of Berkshire county. At Chelmsford and Quincy great quantities of beautiful granite are found, which is much used for building in Boston and NewYork.

The greatest elevation in Massachusetts is Saddle Mountain, on the Taghkanic range, 4,000 feet high. Mount Holyoke, near Northampton, is more than 1,200 feet, and Wachussett mountain, in Princeton, is an isolated summit, from 2 to 3,000 feet above the level of the sea.

The county of Barnstable is a peninsula, commonly called the peninsula of Cape Cod. Its shape is that of a man's arm bent inwards both at the elbow and the wrist. A great part of this peninsula is sandy and barren, and in many places wholly destitute of vegetation; yet it is populous. The inhabitants derive their support almost entirely from the ocean; the men being constantly employed at sea, and the boys at a very early age being