I mention it at once because it forms part of the classification of our colonies now adopted by our

เ

Government. In the Colonial Office List' (officially published by direction of the Secretary of State for the Colonies) the first chapter of the rules and regulations for Her Majesty's Colonial Office deals with the classification of colonies. It commences as follows:

CLASSIFICATION OF COLONIES.

British colonies may be divided into three classes:

1. Crown colonies, in which the Crown has the entire control of legislation, while the administration is carried on by public officers under the control of the Home Government.

2. Colonies possessing representative institutions but not responsible government, in which the Crown has no more than a veto on legislation, but the Home Government retains the control of public officers.

3. Colonies possessing representative institutions and responsible government, in which the Crown has only a veto on legislation, and the Home Government has no control over any public officer except the Governor.

A subsequent paragraph gives a further explanation of responsible government. It is as follows:

'Under responsible government the Executive Councillors are appointed by the Governor alone with reference to the exigencies of representative government, the other public officers by the Governor on the advice of the Executive Council. In no appointments is the concurrence of the Home Government requisite.

'The control of all public departments is thus practically placed in the hands of persons commanding the confidence of a representative legislature.'

I now revert to the geographical classification of our colonies and other dependencies, which I gave in the early part of this chapter. I then pointed out to the student the three great masses of our empire which appear conspicuously upon the map-the North American, the East Indian, and the Australian, or the Australasian, as it is better called, to show that we are speaking of Van Diemen's Land and of New Zealand, as well as of the great continent, formerly called New Holland, but now Australia. The other classifications which we have been considering will not conflict at all confusedly with the geographical one. We shall find that the North American mass, and also the Australasian consist of colonies with local representative assemblies, either by virtue of having been originally settlements made by occupancy, or by virtue of the Crown having granted them representative assemblies. They have also now

almost all received the rights of responsible selfgovernment. We shall moreover find that both these masses of our empire are inhabited chiefly by agricultural colonists (according to Heeren's definition), and by men who are permanent settlers, not transitory traders or planters. On the contrary the great Indian mass of our empire has been acquired by cession or by conquest, and not by occupancy. It has no representative local self-government, though the power of the Crown over it is greatly controlled and regulated in many particulars by statutes which the Imperial Parliament has passed respecting India. Again, the Europeans in India, unlike the Europeans in British America or Australasia, are mere temporary residents, never intending to make the Indian territory their permanent home or the home of their children.

As I mentioned before, the Cape colony and its neighbouring territories make a group for separate consideration; and the same is the case with reference to our West Indian possessions.

CHAPTER IV.

Our North American Dominions-Newfoundland discovered b
Cabot, partly settled by Sir Humphry Gilbert-Gilbert's Views of
Colonisation-Queen Elizabeth's Charter to Gilbert-His Voyage-
His Death-Subsequent Colonisation of Newfoundland-Subsequent
History, Area, Climate, &c.-Cape Breton, Prince Edward Island,
New Brunswick, Nova Scotia-General Sketch of British Colonisa-
tion in America after the Death of Sir Humphry Gilbert resumed
-Raleigh-Virginia-Hakluyt-King James's Charter-Robertson
-Bacon-Jamestown founded-Martial Law-First Representative
Assembly-Negro Slavery-The New England Colonies-The
Puritans-Maryland-Rhode Island - Connecticut - Newhaven-
New Hampshire-Maine-Treatment of Massachussets by Charles II.
-The Navigation Acts-The Colonial System-New York, New
Jersey, Pensylvania, Delaware -The Hudson's Bay Territory—
The Seven Years' War-Decisive Contest between the French and
the English for Mastery in North America-Wolfe-Conquest of
Canada-The thirteen North American Colonies rise against English
Domination-War of Independence-Establishment of the United
States-Causes of the American War-Taxing Colonies-Distinc-
tion between the Imperial Parliament's legal right and moral right
to tax-The Statute supposed to renounce such Taxation-Lord
Mansfield's Judgment in Campbell v. Hall-Its general Importance
-History of the remaining North American Provinces of our
Empire-Canada, Upper and Lower-Their Constitutions and
Troubles-Increased Action of the Home Government in Colonial
Government-Discontents - New System of Colonial Responsible
Government-Abandonment of the old Commercial System-Lord
Durham's Mission to British North America-Reunion of the
Canadas-Union of other Provinces-Dominion of Canada: its
Constitution-Population - The Hudson's Bay Company-British
Columbia-Climate.

I AM now about. to sketch separately the main circumstances of our acquisition of the great North American mass of our transmarine empire, leaving