I.

TOPICAL ANALYSIS OF DIVISION I.

THE INDIANS.

THE RACES EAST OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER.-The Esquimaux; the Algonquins; the Iroquois; and the Mobilians, or the Appalachians.

2.

THE MOBILIAN RACE.-Their principal tribes. Influence on settlement of Tennessee.

3. THE NATCHEZ.-Their history legendary. Theories. Occupied parts of Tennessee. Expelled by Red Indians of the North.

4. THE MOUND BUILDERS.-Their relics show skill. Various theories with reference to them.

5. THE IROQUOIS.— Lived near the Great Lakes. Their government. Their hunting grounds.

6. THE SHAWNEES.—Their vicissitudes. Their many names. Their fondness for giving their names to natural features. Take possession of the Hunting Grounds. The Shawnee legend. The expulsion.

7. THE UCHEES.-Little known of them. Left Tennessee before the advent of the pioneer.

8. THE CHOCTAWS.- Lived south of Tennessee. Had little influence on early settlements.

9. THE SEMINOLES.— Lived south of Tennessee. Had no connection with its history until a later period.

IO. THE CREEKS.— Lived south of Tennessee. Were inveterate and formidable enemies of the pioneers.

II.

THE CHICKASAws.— Occupied western part of Tennessee. Were peaceful and brave. Became warm friends of the pioneers.

12. THE CHEROKEES.— Lived in eastern part of Tennessee, part of the tribe extending south. The Chickamaugas. Hostility to the pioneers.

13. The removal of the Southern Indians.

DIVISION II.

THE COLONIAL RELATIONS OF TENNESSEE FROM

1584 TO 1763.

CHAPTER III.

THE EUROPEAN CONTEST FOR POSSESSION OF AMERICA.

21. Importance of Contemporaneous History.-The thoughtless student is apt to suppose that the events which have taken place within the limits of the State supply all the information that is necessary to understand its history; that because the Atlantic Ocean rolls between us and Europe we have, therefore, no connection with European affairs. There could be no greater mistake. Humanity affects humanity wherever humanity exists, as the heavenly bodies reach each other through space and control each others' movements. The settlement and early history of Tennessee were dependent upon the condition of affairs in Europe, and no student of history can understand our pioneer era without studying the contemporaneous history of the period.

22. Spanish Claims.-Spain was the first claimant of the soil of Tennessee. In the fifteenth century Spain had grown to be the greatest power in Europe, by land and sea. In 1492, having completed the conquest of the Moors, Ferdinand and Isabella yielded to the solicitations of the Genoese navigator, and gave their sanction to the expedition which resulted in the discovery of America. Columbus landed at San Salvador, and claimed all the new and unexplored western world in the name of the Spanish sovereigns. Anxious to preclude all rivals, Spain procured an edict from the Pope, granting all the new world to Spain, as the discoverer. The authority of the Pope, supported by the power of Spain, was esteemed sufficient guarantee of the title, and seemed to mark America for Spanish settlement. But Providence willed it otherwise.

23. Spanish Explorations in Tennessee.-In May, 1539, Ferdinand DeSoto landed in Florida, and began his famous expedition which resulted in the discovery of the Mississippi River. In the accounts of this expedition, given by the followers of DeSoto, the rivers, villages, and localities are called by Indian names, which it is

almost impossible to identify. In the spring of 1541, DeSoto crossed the Mississippi near the Indian village of Chisca, which was situated on the Chickasaw Bluffs, where Memphis now stands. Thus, the Spaniards were the first of Europeans to enter the limits of Tennessee.1 After the expedition of DeSoto the Spaniards were discouraged and inactive, and made no efforts to colonize or occupy that portion of their province of Florida now known as Tennessee. Yet Spain did not for many years formally abandon her claims, and even after she had been forced to cede them by treaty, the recollection of her former title led her to nurse hopes for recovering the country, and to enter upon a course of policy known as the "Spanish Intrigues," which produced important results on our early history.

24. Other Claims.-In the days of Columbus there were no newspapers, telegraphs, or telephones to herald the discovery of America over the world. The news spread slowly, but such an event could not be concealed. The nations of Europe, and especially England and France, turned covetous eyes to the new world, but they feared the power of Spain, and were compelled to be cautious. They sent explorers to examine the country, in order to lay the foundation for future claims, but they did not dare as yet to attempt possession. Important events must take place in the Old World before the destiny of the New World is decided. The power of Spain must be weakened by the Reformation and broken by the defeat of the Spanish Armada, and Europe must change front from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic before England and France can trust their ships on the ocean, and plant colonies in America.

25. The Effect of the Reformation.-The revolt of the Protestants, beginning in the Church, spread among the people, and at length caused a revolution in government. The Pope attempted to crush the Protestants, and Spain came to his aid with the whole of her immense power. The German States, aided by England, resisted bravely. The result was a series of fierce wars which drenched Europe in blood, and finally broke the power of Spain. Although Tennessee was then a wilderness, her future settlement hung on the issue of these European events. The student of Tennessee history will be well repaid by reading the books noted below,2 and he will Ramsey's Annals of Tennessee, pp. 17 et seq.; Bancroft, Vol. I; Irving; Monette; also any good Cyclopedia, under head of DeSoto.

2 Prescott's Ferdinand and Isabella; Robertson's Charles V; Prescott's Philip II; Motley's Dutch Republic.

arise from the perusal well informed on many European events which influenced the early settlement of America, and which can not be detailed in a school text-book.

26. Queen Elizabeth and Raleigh. Queen Elizabeth of England had given mortal offense to the vindictive tyrant, Philip II of Spain, by rejecting his proposals of marriage, by espousing the Protestant cause, by aiding the revolt of the Netherlands, and by detaining as a prisoner Mary Queen of Scots, whose destruction she was even then contemplating. Foreseeing the inevitable contest with Spain, she lent a ready ear to the solicitations of her favorite, the gallant and sagacious Walter Raleigh. She determined upon the policy of inviting the conflict with Spain by asserting her claims in America, which had been allowed to slumber for more than eighty-six years. In 1578 she issued a patent to Sir Humprey Gilbert, the half-brother of Walter · Raleigh, empowering him to explore and colonize her American possessions. Here were sown the seeds of the great European contest for the possession of America.

27. English Begin Colonization.-In 1583, Sir Humphrey Gilbert set sail with five vessels. He visited New Foundland, and on the return voyage lost his own life and four of his vessels in a storm at sea. In the next year, 1584, Sir Walter Raleigh obtained a new patent from the Queen, granting him all the land in America extending between the thirty-fourth and fortieth parallels of north latitude. He sent two vessels, under the command of Philip Armidas and Arthur Barlow, to explore the American possessions. This expedition came in sight of the coast of that portion of Virginia which is now North Carolina, on the fourteenth day of July, 1584, and anchored near Roanoke Island July 16. On this day the foot of the Englishman for the first time touched the soil of Virginia. After remaining a few days for the purpose of sending out exploring parties and trading with the natives, this expedition returned to England, taking with them two Indians, named Manteo and Wauchese. Raleigh was much gratified with the report of his explorers, which he represented to the Queen in glowing colors, and asked permission to name the country in honor of the virgin queen. The name Virginia was given to the whole country extending from the thirty-third to the fortieth parallel of north latitude, and stretching indefinitely to the west.1 Basing her claim upon the exploration of

'Let the pupil point out these boundaries on a map of the United States.

the Cabots, in 1497 and 1498, Queen Elizabeth determined to colonize the country and maintain her title at all hazards.

28. Lane's Colony.-Raleigh having received the rank of knight from the Queen, and having his patent confirmed by act of Parlia ment, fitted out an expedition intended this time for colonization. On the twenty-sixth day of June, 1585, Sir Richard Grenville, in command of Raleigh's fleet of seven ships, reached the coast of America. He brought with him one hundred and eight colonists, with Ralph Lane as governor. This colony returned to England in the ships of Sir Francis Drake, June 19, 1586.

29. Governor White's Colony.-Other efforts of Sir Walter Raleigh to plant colonies along the coast of North Carolina resulted in failure. A colony was sent over which landed at Roanoke Island July 22, 1587, with John White as Governor. Here the first white child in America, Virginia Dare, was born August 18, 1587. Governor White went to England to secure supplies for the colony. Upon his return, in 1590, he found Roanoke Island abandoned, and no trace of his colony except the word, "Croatan," which was roughly carved on a tree. No trace of this colony has ever been found. Many theories have been advanced by modern writers. It was supposed at that time that the colony had either removed to a place called “Croatan," or had been massacred by the Indians. There is some reason to believe that they removed to the mountains of Tennessee. Will not some pupil who studies this book investigate the history of the "Lost Colony"?

30. The Spanish Armada.-The turning point in European history, which established the Protestant power in Europe, and decided the fate of America, was the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588. The Spanish power was broken on land and sea. England rapidly became "Mistress of the Seas." Her rights of discovery in America were now boldly asserted, and she prepared for extensive colonization.

31. Jamestown.-The first permanent English settlement was made at Jamestown in 1607. From this germ the settlement of Virginia began. Rapidly other English settlements were planted and

1 The early settlements may be studied more in detail in the histories of North Carolina and Virginia, or in the larger histories of the United States. Valuable information may be obtained in any good Cyclopedia. Especially read Moore's School History of North Carolina.