English colony except Virginia. Slavery could not, therefore, be introduced in any other colony, for the reason that there was no other colony. In this year a ship, which is sometimes called a Dutch ship, landed at Jamestown with a cargo of slaves. From the best testimony, it was an English ship engaged in the Dutch trade, and, therefore, alluded to as a "Dutch ship." The unfortunate Africans, about twenty in number, were objects of pity. Confined in the hold of the vessel, and cruelly treated, their condition appealed to the sympathy of generous men. The humane heart of Sir George Yardley was touched. He bought some of them, and his colonists bought the remainder. The unfortunate Africans found homes and friends, and hailed their entrance into slavery with joy, perhaps more keen than that with which their descendants subsequently hailed their emancipation. Slavery subsequently spread to each of the thirteen colonies; the commercial sections becoming the dealers, and the agricultural sections the purchasers.

1

North Carolina is, thereTennessee was a part of attempted to enforce the

58. As a Part of North Carolina.-When Virginia was divided, in 1663, Tennessee became a part of Carolina, and so remained until 1693, a period of thirty years, when Carolina was divided, and Tennessee became a part of North Carolina. 1 It was a part of North Carolina when the first English settlements were made within its limits, and when its real history begins. fore, usually regarded as the parent State. North Carolina when the Lords Proprietors famous Constitution of John Locke, in 1693. Pupils should examine this famous model of government. They will find a conspicuous example of the wisdom of their ancestors which was superior to that of the most renowned philosopher of his day. Tennessee shares with North Carolina in the honor of the battle of Alamance, fought May 16, 1771, which was the precursor of the Revolution; and in the glory of the Mecklenburg resolutions of May 20, 1775, the precursor of the Declaration of Independence; and in the glory of the battle of King's Mountain, the most picturesque of battles, and in other battles of the Revolution. Pupils should study the annals of our parent States, and treasure the history which Tennessee inherits.

1 For charters see Ramsey, Haywood, etc., and Ben Perley Poore's Charters. Also see State Histories of Virginia and North Carolina.

TOPICAL ANALYSIS OF DIVISION II.

THE COLONIAL RELATIONS.

I. THE EUROPEAN CONTEST FOR POSSESSION OF AMERICA.

I. Importance of Contemporaneous History.

2. Spanish Claims.

3.

Spanish Explorations.

4.

Claims of England and France.

5. Effects of the Reformation.

6.

Effects of Spanish Armada.

7. Queen Elizabeth and Raleigh.

8. English Begin Colonization.

(a) Lane's Colony. (b) White's Colony. (c) Jamestown.

II. CONFLICT OF TITLE.

A. The Three Claimants; Prosecution of their Claims; French and
English Active; Spain Inert.

(a) Extent of their Claims.

(b) Begin Colonization.

(c) Explore Mississippi Valley.

(d) Approach Tennessee from the West.

(e) Not a colonizing people. Build forts and attempt to hold the country by military occupation.

B. Treaty of Paris, 1763, Decides the Contest in Favor of England.

III. ENGLISH TREATIES WITH THE INDIANS.

I. The King's Proclamation of 1763.

2.

The Treaty of Augusta, 1763.

3. The King's Proclamation not Observed.

4. The Treaty of Hard Labor, 1768.

5. Treaty of Fort Stanwix, 1768.

(a) Indian title to land conveyed.

6. Effects of Treaties of Hard Labor and Fort Stanwix.

7. Treaty of Lochabar, 1770.

IV. NOTABLE COLONIAL EVENTS IN WHICH TENNESSEE HAS AN INTEREST.

I. As a Part of Virginia—

2.

(a) Virginia Dare.

(b) Early History of John Smith, Pocahontas, etc.

(c) The first Legislative Assembly.

(d) The Introduction of Slavery.

(e) Bacon's Rebellion.

As a Part of North Carolina

(a) Constitution of John Locke.

(b) Battle of Alamance.

(c) Mecklenburg Declaration.

(d) King's Mountain and other Battles of the Revolution.

DIVISION III.

HISTORY OF TENNESSEE FROM THE TIME OF ITS
SETTLEMENT BY THE WHITES TO THE DATE

OF ITS ADMISSION AS A STATE.

CHAPTER VII.

THE PIONEER.

59. Anglo-American Excursionists Visit Tennessee.-Although Tennessee had been included as a part successively of three English colonies, yet none of them had thought it worth their while to explore or settle the country. The settlement was due to no concerted or governmental act, but to the agency of the most "unique and picturesque character of history"-the American pioneer. The term "pioneer" may be extended to include the first persons who explored or visited the country. It is especially used to designate those who made the early permanent settlements. While there had been no attempt at settlement, or permanent occupation by the English previous to the establishment of Fort Loudon, in 1756, yet there had been casual visitors, traders, hunters, and tourists, who had made. excursions into Tennessee.1 The names of many of these have been lost to history, but a few have been preserved by the early historians.

60. The Traders.-Perhaps the first English travelers who visited Tennessee were attracted by the hope of gain in trade. In 1695, a trader from Virginia, named Doherty, visited the Cherokees. In 1730, Adair, from South Carolina, made an extensive tour, visiting the Cherokees and other tribes. Dr. Ramsey says of Adair: "He was not only an enterprising trader, but an intelligent tourist. To his observations upon the several tribes which he visited we are indebted for most that is known of their early history. They were published in 1775." In 1740 a party of traders from Virginia visited the Cherokees. This party employed Mr. Vaughan as packman. There were, doubtless, many other traders of whom history makes no

1See Ramsey's Annals of Tennessee, pp. 62-77; Haywood's History of Tennessee, pp. 38–51; Monette, Adair, Imlay, Roosevelt's Winning of the West, Vol. I, pp. 101-165.

mention. Many advantages resulted from this irregular trade. It was found to be lucrative, and led to important results. The returning traders gave glowing accounts of the wonderful resources and fertility of the western country, and the abundance of game, which excited a lively interest among the eastern colonists.

61. The Hunters. Following the traders, came the hunters, sometimes in company with a trading party, and sometimes in separate bands. Historians have recorded a

few of these hunting excursions. "As early as 1748," says Dr. Ramsey, quoting from Monette, "Dr. Thomas Walker, of Virginia, in company with Colonels Wood, Patton, and Buchanan, and Captain Charles Campbell, and a number of hunters, made an exploring tour upon the western waters. Passing Powell's Valley, he gave the name of 'Cumberland' to the lofty range of mountains on the west. Tracing this range in a southwestern direction, he came to a remarkable depression in the chain; through this he passed, calling it 'Cumberland Gap.' On the western side of the range he found a beautiful mountain stream, which he named 'Cumberland River,' all in honor of the Duke of Cumberland, then Prime Minister of England." In 1760, a Virginia company of hunters, composed of 'Wallace, Scags, Blevins, Cox, and fifteen others," spent eighteen months in a hunting excursion along Clinch and Powell rivers.

DANIEL BOONE'S TREF.

62. Daniel Boone.-In 1760 the famous Daniel Boone visited Tennessee at the head of a party of hunters. It is conjectured by Dr. Ramsey that this was not Boone's first visit to Tennessee, although it is the first that has come to the knowledge of historians. In testimony of this visit, Dr. Ramsey gives in his history an inscription cut by Daniel Boone on a beech tree, "standing in sight and east of the

present stage road leading from Jonesboro to Blountville, and in the valley of Boone's Creek, a tributary of Watauga." This tree with the inscription is shown in the annexed picture, engraved from a photograph in the Tennessee Historical Society. There is no doubt of the genuineness of the inscription, but doubts have been expressed as to whether it was carved by Daniel Boone. Daniel Boone visited Tennessee again in 1771, and remained until 1774.1 Many other hunting parties prepared the way for the advent of the pioneers of permanent settlement.

63. The First Negro.-In 17682 an expedition of hunters traversed the country from the banks of the Holston, in East Tennessee, to the Ohio River at the mouth of the Tennessee River, passing along the banks of the Cumberland River, and giving the name to Stone's River. The party consisted of Colonel James Smith, William Baker, Uriah Stone, for whom Stone's River was named, and Joshua Horton. The last-named member of the party, Joshua Horton, had with him "a mulatto slave," eighteen years old, whose name is not given. Judge Haywood states that Mr. Horton left this mulatto boy with Colonel Smith, who carried him back to North Carolina.3

64. The Approach of the Pioneer.-In 1763, the period of nearly five generations of men had passed since the settlement of Jamestown in 1607. A new generation now dominated the colonies who were Americans by birth, and distinctly American in thought, character, and habit. This differentiation in colonial character was, however, largely restrained by the influence of English governors, by constant contact with English laws and institutions, and by the influx of fresh immigrants who continued to pour in from the mother country. Along with this stream of immigrants came the "Scotch Irish." This latter element inherited the clannish spirit which prompted them to keep together. They early evinced the desire to found settlements in which they should be the controlling element. This tendency, together with their resolute character and adventurous spirit, constantly prompted them to move further west. Thus, the Scotch

1Imlay, pp. 343, 344. See Imlay's Index, under "Boone." Francis Bailey, an Englishman, visited Tennessee and Kentucky in 1796-97, and wrote a journal of his travels. This journal was published in England in 1846, entitled "A Tour in the Unsettled Parts of North America." He gives an interesting account of the country, and records a meeting with Daniel Boone on the Ohio River.

2 Haywood says it was in 1766, but as "the Indians had then lately ceded" their lands by the treaty of Stanwix, which was concluded in 1768, this expedition could not have been earlier than that date.

3See Haywood's Civil and Political History of Tennessee, p. 49.