its Brightness, by how much any Part of the Body bends inward, because thofe Parts that ftick out, hinder the Luftre and full Brightness of the Light from ftriking on those Parts that fall in. Titian ufed to fay, that he knew no better Rule for the Diftribution of Lights and Shadows, than his Obfervations drawn from a Bunch of Grapes. Sattins and Silks, and all other fhining Stuffs, have certain glancing Reflections, exceeding bright, where the Light falls ftrongeft. The like is feen in Armour, Brafs-pots, or any other glittering Metal, where you fee a fudden Brightnefs in the middle, or Center of the Light, which difcovers the fhining Nature of such Things. Obferve' alfo, that a ftrong Light requires a ftrong Shade, a fainter Light a fainter Shade; and that an equal Ballance be preferv'd throughout the Piece between the Lights and Shades. Thofe Parts which muft appear round, require but one Stroke in fhading, and that fometimes but very faint; fuch Parts as fhould appear deep or hollow, require two Strokes across each other, or fometimes three, which is fufficient for the deepeft Shade. Take care alfo to make your Out-lines faint and small in fuch Parts as receive the Light; but where the Shades fall, your Out-line must be strong and bold. Begin your Shadings from the Top, and proceed downwards, and ufe your utmoft Endeavours both by Practice and Obfervation to learn how to vary the Shadings properly, for in this confifts a great deal of the Beauty and Elegance of Drawing. Another Thing to be obferv'd is, that as the human Sight is weaken'd by Diftances, fo Objects must feem more or less contus'd or clear according to the Places they hold in the Piece: Thofe that are very diftant; weak, faint, and confus'd: thofe that are near and on the foremost Ground; clear, ftrong, and accurately finifh'd.

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LESSON IV.

Of drawing Flowers, Fruits, Birds, Beafts, &c.

Would have you proceed now to make fome Attempts at drawing Flowers, Fruits, Birds, Beafts, and the like; not only as it will be a more pleafing Employment; but as I think it an eafier Tafk than the drawing of Hands and Feet, and other Parts of the human Body, which require not only more Care, but greater Exactnefs and nicer Judgment. I

have very few Rules or Inftructions to give you upon this Head; the best Thing you can do is to furnish yourself with good Prints or Drawings by way of Examples, and with great Care and Exactnefs to copy them; a few fuch are here laid before you by way of Specimen, which you will do well to beftow fome Study and Pains upon before you proceed any farther. If it is the Figure of a Beaft, begin with the Forehead, and draw the Nofe, the upper and under Jaw, and flop at the Throat. Then go to the Top of the Head and form the Ears, Neck, Back, and continue the Line till you have given the full Shape of the Buttock. Then form the Breaft, and mark out the Legs and Feet and all the fmaller Parts. And last of all finish it with the proper Shadows. It is not amifs by way of Ornament to give a fmall Sketch of Landskip, and let it be fuitable and natural to the Place or Country of the Beaft you draw. Much the fame may be faid with regard to Birds.

LESSON V.

Of drawing Eyes, Ears, Legs, Arms, Hands, Feet, &c.

A

S to the drawing of Eyes and Ears, Legs and Arms, you will have very little more to do than to copy carefully the Examples which are given you in these Plates. But the Actions and Poftures of the Hands are fo many and various, that no certain Rules can be given for drawing them, that will univerfally hold good. Yet as the Hands and Feet are difficult Members to draw, it is very neceflary, and well worth while, to beftow fome Time and Pains about them, carefully imitating their various Poftures and Actions, so as not only to avoid all Lameness and Imperfection, but also to give them Life and Spirit. To arrive at this, great Care, Study, and Practice are requifite; particularly in imitating the best Prints or Drawings you can get of Hands and Feet, (fome pretty good Examples of which you have at the End of the Leffons in Plate 4, 5 and 6;) for as to the mechanical Rules of drawing them by Lines and Measures, they are not only perplexed and difficult, but alfo contrary to the Practice of the beft Mafters. One general Rule however may be given (which is univerfally to be obferved in all Subjects) and that is, not to finish perfectly at first any fingle Part, but to

Hh 2

fketch

fketch out faintly and with light Strokes of the Pencil, the Shape and Proportion of the whole Hand, with the Action and Turn of it; and after confidering carefully whether this firft Sketch be perfect, and altering it wherever it is amifs, you may then proceed to the bending of the Joints, the Knuckles, the Veins, and other fmall Particulars, which, when you have got the whole Shape and Proportion of the Hand or Foot, will not only be more eafily, but also more perfectly defign'd.

TH

LESSON VI.

Of drawing Faces.

HE Head is ufually divided into four equal Parts. I. From the Crown of the Head to the Top of the Forehead. 2. From the Top of the Forehead to the Eye-brows. 3. From the Eye-brows to the Bottom of the Nose. 4. From thence to the Bottom of the Chin. But this Proportion is not conftant; thofe Features in different Men being often very different as to Length and Shape. In a well-proportioned Face, however, they are nearly right. To direct you therefore in forming a perfect Face, your firft Bufinefs is to draw a compleat Oval, in the Middle of which, from the Top to the Bottom, draw a perpendicular Line. Thro' the Center or Middle of this Line draw a diameter Line, directly across from one Side to the other of your Oval. On these two Lines all the Features of your Face are to be plac'd as follows. Divide your perpendicular Line into four equal Parts: the first must be allotted to the Hair of the Head, the fecond is from the Top of the Forehead to the Top of the Nose between the Eye-brows; the third is from thence to the Bottom of the Nofe, and the fourth includes the Lips and Chin. Your diameter Line, or the Breadth of the Face, is always fuppofed to be the Length of five Eyes, you must therefore divide it into five equal Parts, and place the Eyes upon it fo as to leave exactly the Length of one Eye betwixt them. This is to be understood only of a full front Face; for if it turns to either Side, then the Distances are to be leffen'd on that Side which turns from you, lefs or more in Proportion to its Turning. The Top of the Ear is to rife parallel to the Eyebrows, at the End of the diameter Line; and the Bot

tom

tom of it must be equal to the Bottom of the Nofe. The Noftrils ought not to come out further than the Corner of the Eye in any Face, and the Middle of the Mouth must always be placed upon the perpendicular Line.

There is an ingenious Device which perhaps may fomewhat affift you in forming the Face according to its different Turnings, and in placing the Features properly thereon. Procure a Piece of Box, or other smooth even-coloured Wood, and get it turned in the Shape of an Egg, which is pretty nearly the Shape of the human Head. Draw a Line upon it from Point to Point longways, as you fee in Fig. 1. Plate the 7th. Divide this Line into two equal Parts, and draw another through that Point, directly across it at right Angles, as you fee in Fig. 2. The Features being drawn on these two Lines according to the Rules given you above, will produce a fore-right Face, as you fee in Fig. 3. Turn the Oval a fmall Matter from the left Hand to the right, and the Perpendicular will appear bent like a Bow or Arch, as you fee in Fig. 4. upon which the particular Features are to be drawn as in Fig. 5. always obferving in what Manner the Nofe projects beyond the Round of the Oval. The fame must be obferv'd if you turn the Oval from the right to the left, as in Fig. 6. If you incline the Oval downwards and to the right, the cross Lines will appear as in Fig. 7. and the Features drawn on them as in Fig. 8. If you turn it upwards reclining to the left, the Lines of the Crofs will appear as in Fig. 9, and a Face drawn on them, as in Fig. 10. A great Variety of Faces may be fhewn on this Oval, according as you incline, recline, or turn it more or less: and a Side-Face may be drawn by means of a Perpendicular, as in Fig. 11. on which the Forehead, Nofe, Mouth, and Chin are to be defcrib'd, as you fee in Fig. 12.

Thefe Rules being thoroughly understood, and imprinted in your Mind by frequent Practice, I doubt not but you will be able in a little Time to draw Faces from your own Fancy and Invention. And you will be better grounded in the Art than those who merely draw from Prints or Pictures, without understanding any thing of the Rules. But after this, I would have you carefully ftudy and copy after the beft Drawings or Pictures you can procure. In the mean time, thofe that are here before you are well worthy of your beft Attention, and moft careful Imitation.

I

LESSON VII.

Of drawing buman Figures.

F you are tolerably perfect in drawing Hands, Feet, Heads, and Faces, you may now attempt to draw the human Figure at length. In order to which, firft form your Oval for the Head, then draw a perpendicular Line from the Bottom of the Head fix times its Length; (for the Length of the Head is one feven h Part of the Length of the Figure.)

The heft-proportioned Figures of the Ancients are 7 Heads 2 in Hight. If therefore your Figure ftands upright, draw a perpendicular Line from the Top of the Head to the Heel, which you must divide into two equal Parts. The Bottom of the Belly is exactly the Center. Divide the lower Part into two equal Parts again, the Middle of which is the Middle of the Knee. For the upper Part of your Figure you must vary the Vethod. Take off with your Compaffes the Length of the Face (which is 3 Parts in 4 of the Length of the Head) from the Throat-pit to the Pit of the Stomach is one Face, from thence to the Navel is another, and from thence to the lower Rim of the Belly is a third: as you fee in the Example Plate the 9th, which Line must be divided into feven equal Parts, as you fee in the faid Figure. Against the End of the first Divifion place the Breafts, the fecond comes down to the Navel, the third to the Privities, the fourth to the Middle of the Thigh, the fifth to the lower Part of the Knee, the fixth to the lower Part of the Calf, and the seventh to the Bottom of the Heel, the Heel of the bearing Leg being always exactly under the Pit of the Throat. But as the Effence of all Drawing confifts in making at firft a good Sketch, you must in this Particular be very careful and accurate; draw no one Part perfect or exact, till you fee whether the whole Draught be good, and when you have altered that to your Mind, you may then finifh one Part after another, as curiously as you

can.

There are fome, who, having a Statue to copy, begin with the Head, which they finifh, and then proceed in the fame manner to the other Parts of the Body, finifhing as they go; but this Method generally fucceeds ill, for if they make the Head in the leaft too big, or too little, the Confequence is a Difproportion between all the Parts, occafioned by their not having ketch'd the whole prepestionably at firft. Remem

ber