say, Adam reappearing (as the ancient hierophants pretended) in the person of Noah: and, in this point of view, he identifies himself successively with Uranus and Cronus; while Jupiter or (as the Egyptians called him) Ammon, who is represented as one of three brethren among whom the whole world was divided, and who is said to have dethroned his parent or to have established an universal empire in his own line, is certainly the scriptural Ham. Hence he is placed on the summit of mount Caucasus, one of the peaks of which was the Paradisiacal Ararat: hence he is at once made the son of the Earth and the descendant of the Ocean: hence the Ocean, quitting his natural domain, presents himself on the top of that mountain, which was tenanted by Prometheus: and hence the heifer lo, who is the same as the ship-goddess Isis, who is no other than the bovine ark within which Osiris was inclosed, who is the allegorical parent of the sacred bull which was deemed the visible representative of that god, who is placed under the guardianship of the infernal Argus or the ark-god while inclosed within his mystic coffin, and whose erratic progress over the whole world shadows out the wanderings of the ark upon the surface of the diluvian sea, is brought likewise to that identical region where the ark of Noah rested after the flood." pp. 338, 339.

:

"While however Prometheus thus appears as the transmigrating great father, there is a peculiarity in his character, which belongs neither to Adam nor to Noah, nor to any other of the aboriginal patriarchs. He is described as suffering torture in his bodily frame, on account of his unexampled love to mankind. The ethereal spark of life, which they had lost, he restores to them; and thus preserves the whole race from being irremediably consigned to hades. But their gain is his detriment. His sufferings he foresaw but this did not deter him from his labour of benevolence. Though a god by nature, yet he is bruised in his mortal part by a malignant foe; who is allegorically represented under the title of Strength, and who with undisguised satisfaction exults in his sufferings. The whole however he bears with patience, looking out for the time when, the justice of the eternal father being satisfied, he shall be fully reconciled to him. With this persuasion, he sinks into the womb of the earth. Yet, as a suffering god, he is incapable of proper death. He descends indeed into hades: but the grave is unable to hold

him permanently. At the close of a predetermined period, he is liberated from the chambers of the tomb; and, being now fully reconciled to Jupiter, he emerges into the light and liberty of open day.

"Here we have the character of the promised Deliverer, the anthropomorphic Jehovah, the virgin-born Seed whose mortal part was destined to be bruised by the infernal serpent, engrafted, from old tradition and in exact accordance with the notion that he was repeatedly incarnate in the persons of the early patriarchs, upon the character of the universal transmigrating father. Nor is this a solitary instance of such engraftation. As I have already observed, the sacrifice of the Indian Brahma, who is offered up and yet worshipped; the devotement of the Chinese victim-god Fo-Hi; the declared mystical ob lation of his only son by the Phenician' Il or Cronus; the self-immolation of Hercules, who is conspicuously depicted on the sphere trampling with his foot on the head of the great serpent; and the ancient Indian mode of representing the middle god Vishnou, similarly treading upon the head of the snake, while the snake bites his heel all these have origi nated from one and the same primeval source. So likewise, in Ocyrhoë's prophecy respecting the future character of the great universal physician Esculapius we may evidently trace all the leading features of the Caucasian Prometheus. They were ultimately the same compound mythological personage: and I similarly account for the extraordinary sentiments entertained of them both." pp. 341–343.

Having put our readers in full possession, we trust, of the theory of Mr. Faber, on the subject of pagan idolatry, and its connexion with the primeval expectation of a Sacrificed Deliverer of the world; it would be needless, and beyond our purpose, to pursue the subject further.

The religious mind must weigh for itself the probability of that series of evidence which thus brings into contact the most blessed of all truths, with the most accursed of all superstitions. The horrible practice of immolating human ders with abhorrence, is traced up by victims, at which our nature shudour author to the notions prevalent respecting the expected Sacrifice of "the Seed of the woman." The

question of St. Jude and St. Peter; in which it will be found, that these fallen angels are compared to certain heretics of the latter times, whose express crime would be that of " denying the Lord that bought them;" thereby bringing upon themselves swift destruction. These " angels" then, Mr. Faber contends, in order to be so compared, must have been guilty of a similar crime in old time; namely, denying the Lord who was to buy them; thereby bringing upon themselves swift destruction by a "flood," as those last will do by "fire." The concinnity of the comparison will be complete, when we recollect, that "as were the days of Noe, so shall also the coming of the Son of man be." And the conclusion is, that if the Antediluvians should, upon this evidence, have been convicted of denying" their coming Saviour, and of "going in the way of Cain," whose sacrifice not being by blood, indicated the same heresy, that then they must have had a knowledge of the doctrine which they

thus denied.

We have already come to the limits of our allowed space; and, having no mind to resume this part of our subject in a future Number, we must dismiss in the fewest possible words this very remarkable hypothesis;-an hypothesis which, we must say, does not bring conviction to our minds; for we cannot rest assured, on such vague authority alone, that these Antediluvians possessed and rejected the doctrine of a Redeemer.

The argument is this: That St. Jude and St. Peter understood such to have been really the case: that they understood either Cain's crime to have been such as here alleged; or had other traditional proof against the Antediluvians; and that they expressly meant by "fallen angels," these very Antediluvians, or rather a class among them of a highly sacred character, who did, like their remote successors in infidelity in

these latter ages, come to deny the doctrine of Redemption. In short, it is contended, that they were human beings; and that they could have been no other than certain persons before the Flood. That they were human beings Mr. Faber rests upon a criticism on the following verse, which he reads thus:" Even as Sodom and Gomorrha, and the cities about them in like manner to these ANGELS (TOTOLs, a word wholly omitted in our version), giving themselves over, &c., are set forth for an ensample, suffering the vengeance of eternal fire." The pronoun masculine here replaced can belong only to "the angels" in the former verse, because "the cities" in the present verse are feminine; and the result is, that these angels are charged with crimes similar to those to which the allusion is made; and, consequently, were human, corporeal, beings. In this criticism, we cannot but assent to the reference of the pronoun masculine to the preceding ANGELS. But we should still suggest whether the verse might not rather be understood thus: "Even as Sodom and Gomorrha, and the cities about them, giving themselves over, &c. are,in like manner to THESE ANGELS, set forth for an example suffering the vengeance of eternal fire." In this way, the punishment becomes the subject of comparison in the two cases, rather than the crime.

If, however, these angels were indeed human beings, on this shewing, we should equally with Mr. Faber look in vain for them, except at periods antecedent to the overthrow of the cities of the plain, and even antecedent to the Deluge; although, in the passage from St. Peter, it would seem as if they were placed in opposition with the old world, as antecedent even to that. "AND spared not the old world," &c. Mr. Faber, regarding them as human beings, conceives that they can be no other than some sacred or distinguished characters; perhaps the very angels or messen

gers of the old Patriarchal Testament, the descendants of Seth, and the royal priesthood of that day; whose residence was immediately around the mount of God; the Paradisiacal Schekinah, which their nefarious intermarriages at last induced them to forsake, and, as Mr. Faber further conjectures, to assault with all the weapons of an ungodly - warfare,—a warfare actually preserved in recollection, we are told, by the not fabled battle of the GIANTS against the GODS. Who sustained the assault is not very clear; nor who repelled it, nor who survived it. But Noah- and his family are of course supposed to have survived on the one side, in the mount; and, on the other side, Mr. Faber conjectures, after a tremendous eruption of volcanic fires, enough to account for corresponding appearances subsequently observed upon the globe, a sufficient number survived to sustain the last act of extermination by Divine vengeance in the waters of the Flood.

The giants of fabulous antiquity he further supposes to have been manufactured either out of the Ante

diluvian monsters in crime, or the Postdiluvian builders of Babel. But the building of Babel is undoubtedly an attempt for which we have much more sacred authority than the assault on the Paradisiacal mount. And after all, may not Mr. Faber's theory of the heathen gods and goddesses, as having been our aboriginal progenitors, have had much to do with the circumstance that the fallen angels, by Milton identified with these very gods and goddesses, have also been by Mr. Faber identified with our plain corporeal and earthly forefathers of the Flood? For our own part, we must still wait for some plain and judicious canon of criticism to distinguish between angels as "spirits," or "flames of fire," and angels as merely "persons sent;" and this before we can be induced to forego the chief scriptural authority for believing the fall of the evil angels; and, consequently, for believing that they were not originally created evil, or sprang into existence without any creation at all.

(To be continued.}

GREAT BRITAIN. PREPARING for publication:--The History and Antiquities of Wales, by Dr. J. Jones;-Gibbon's Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, adapted for families, by the omission of objectionable parts; by Mr. Bowdler;-Domestic Duties, addressed to Young Married Women, by F. Parkes ;-The whole Works of Bishop Reynolds, now first collected, in six volumes, with a Life, by A. Chalmers.

In the Press :-Travels among the Arabs east of Syria, by J. Buckingham ;Travels in Asiatic Russia, by Mr. Cochrane;-ASupplementto Palæoromaica,with Remarks on the Strictures of the Bishop of St. David's, the Rev. J. Conybeare, and the Rev. W. Broughton; by the author of that work;-Poetical Vigils,by B. Barton;

Sermons by the late Rev. J. R. Vernon.

The first classical examination has taken place at Cambridge, under the regulation of the Senate which appoints a voluntary classical examination of those commencing Bachelors of Arts who obtained mathematical honours. The following is the order of merit :-First Class: Ds. Malkin, Barham, and Gurney, Trinity; Baines, Christ Church; Tennant and Remington, Trinity; Gedge, Catherine College.--Second Class: Ds. Foster, Trinity; Dunderdale, St. John's; Greaves, Corpus Christi; Furlong, Sidney College. -Third Class: Ds. Smith, Trinity; Fearon, Emanuel; Crawley, Magdalen, q.; Edwards, Trinity, æq.; Lutwidge, St. John's; Wedgwood, Christ Church College.

Westminster-bridge is undergoing the M'Adam process. The road from Hyde

Park Corner, by the, same means, has been rendered the most perfect round London. Other great thoroughfares are preparing for this reformation. A plan is adopted near London of burning clay in the mass for roads and foot-paths.-The foundations of the new London-bridge have been driven.-A plan is in agitation for erecting a patent wrought-iron bar Bridge of Suspension over the Thames for carriages, below the Tower of London, to be of sufficient height to admit ships to pass under it at all times. A new dock also is in contemplation at St. Catherine's, near the Tower.

Roasted Rye, as a substitute for coffee or tea, appears, since the sale of it was legalised in 1822, to have come into very general use among the working classes. A bushel of prime rye, weighing about 48 lbs., worth at present about 7s. makes twenty pounds of the roasted article.

Captain Parry concludes the introduction to his Narrative of his late Arctic Voyage, with mentioning the following pleasing circumstance :

"Of the exemplary conduct of the men it has been my good fortune to command on this occasion, I cannot indeed speak too highly: it has been a happiness to their officers and a credit to themselves. It was highly gratifying to observe the eager assiduity with which, during two successive winters of long and tedious confinement, they followed up the more sedentary occupations of learning to read and write, with which they were furnished; and it is, I confess, with no ordinary feelings of pleasure that I record the fact, that on the return of the Expedition to England, there was not an individual belonging to it who could not read his Bible."

RUSSIA.

Every since the year 1728, Government has maintained at Pekin an archimandrite and four ecclesiastics, and several young men to learn the Chinese language, and to serve as interpreters.

Hitherto no person belonging to this establishment has conferred any important service upon literature; but the archimandrite Hyacinthus, who has lately returned to St. Petersburgh from China, has composed during his residence at Pekin, a General History of China, 9 vols. folio ;-A Geographical and Statistical Description of the Chinese Empire, in 2 vols. folio;The Works of Confucius, translated into Russian, with a Commentary;—A Russian and Chinese Dictionary;-Four works on the Geography and History of Thibet, and of Little Bucharia-The History of

the Mongols, and some other works of great oriental research.

FRANCE.

An idea may be formed of the lamentable extent of the theatrical mania in France, from a statement made in the French papers, that, in the course of the year 1823, the number of new pieces represented at the Paris theatres amounted to 217. Of these, thirty were tragedies or comedies, twenty-five were dramas or operas, 124 vaudevilles, nineteen melodramas, &c.

SWITZERLAND.

M. Scouffus, a native Greek, instructed in a European college, is now giving lectures on modern Greek literature in the college of Lausanne.

UNITED STATES.

The following is an extract from a philosophical discourse delivered by Mr. Ingersoll, at Philadelphia. —" There are half a million of scholars at the public schools throughout the United States, and more than three thousand students at the colleges which confer degrees. There are twelve hundred students at the medical schools, five hundred at the theological seminaries, and more than a thousand students of law. There are about ten thousand physicians, and upwards of six thousand lawyers. There are abount nine thousand places of worship, and about five thousand clergymen. About four thousand and four hundred patents have been taken out for new and useful inventions, discoveries, and improvements in the arts. Between two and three millions of dollars' worth of books are annually published in the United States. A thousand newspapers are published. There are more than one hundred steam boats, comprising more than fourteen thousand tons, navigating the Mississippi. vessels of the United States, by sea, perform their voyages, on an average, in onethird less time than the English. There are five thousand post-offices, and eighty thousand miles of post-roads, and twelve thousand miles of turnpike roads. There are three thousand legislators. There are two hundred printed volumes of law reports."

MEXICO.

The

Mr. Bullock, in a late visit to Mexico. assisted by the political revolutions of the present times, has been enabled to collect many curiosities of great interest, hitherto sealed from European research; chiefly original specimens of ancient sculpture and paintings; casts of the enormous idols of the supreme temple; of the grand