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and whose prejudices he fatally imbibed. But the truth flashed on his mind too late. He had reduced St. Domingo nearly to a waste, and destroyed no small part of its scanty population, before a new war with England arrested his career.

After this addition to their former calamities, and when it had become evident that the restitution of the dreadful yoke of West-Indian slavery could permanently be averted only by force of arms, it would have been preposterous to expect from the poor Haytians any early and large advances in agricultural industry and wealth, even if new internal commotions, and wars between the governments of Christophe in the north and Petion in the south, had not soon again, and for a long time, called a large part of the cultivators into military service; and if the conduct of France, since her peace with this country, had not been such as to make the maintenance of large standing armies necessary to secure their freedom.

a much higher state of prosperity wife Josephine, he was connected, than could have been imagined." And as to the southern division of the island, where the revolution had not been attended, as in the north, with the general destruction of the mills, boiling-houses, and other works necessary for the manufacture of sugar, it was found in a very flourishing condition. These facts are stated at large by Mr. Stephen, in a work published two years later than "The Crisis," called "The Opportunity" (p. 10 to 21, &c.), in which, as well as in his "Life of Toussaint," published about the same time, he has fully vindicated the character of the Haytians from the charge in question, and has shewn that St. Domingo, at the period of Leclerc's invasion, was illustrating the happy effects of its altered system. This makes it the more unfair in the Reviewer to cite this writer's first impressions of the case, avowedly the fruit of dubious rumour, without notice of their subsequent correction. The fact proved to be, that at that period the whole island was in a rapid progress of improvement; and although Toussaint had possessed scarcely three years of peace, so much had been done by him to repair the effects of former anarchy, and of seven years of destructive war, that, had he been continued in the government, and the devastations of a new counterrevolutionary war avoided, there is reason to believe that St. Domingo would by this time have been restored, even as a sugar colony, to all its former value.

Unhappily, Buonaparte, like the Quarterly Reviewer, was under private colonial influence, as he has since frankly acknowledged; and, like him too, he was deluded into the belief that slavery and the driving-whip were necessary to the production of sugar. He lived not only to acknowledge, but to lament his error; and to confess that he had, in this instance, been the dupe of the ex-proprietors of the French colonies, with whom, through his

When all these considerations, and others that might be named, are taken into account, the case of Hayti repels, instead of supporting, the Reviewer's injurious imputations on the general character of Negroes. Among what people of the earth would industry have prevailed, in an equal degree, under the same adverse circumstances? To the destruction of the sugar works, and the want of capital to rebuild them, must be added that chilling sense of the insecurity of property, under which it would be utterly vain to expect that men should toil for its accumulation. Yet the Haytians have not only laboured sufficiently to procure for themselves, in the greatest abundance, all the necessaries and some even of the elegancies of life, but to defray the whole expense of their establishments, civil and military, and to keep up copious magazines for the purposes of an arduous and ever-impending war. If the ene

mies of their successive chiefs are to be believed, free labour in Hayti has enabled them to amass great wealth for public and private uses, after providing for all the immediate services of the state. But, at least, they have maintained themselves, and sustained their own government, and defended their independence against all its foes. This cannot be denied; for, during the long term of nearly thirty years, they have clearly had no foreign protection or support. Which of the colonies, cultivated by slaves, can make an equal boast? Certainly not Jamaica, nor any other of the British islands. They all lean continually on the mother country, not only for military defence and for the support of their own interior government, but for commercial privileges and premiums, in the shape of bounties to their own produce, and prohibitory impositions on the produce of other countries, in order to enable them to continue their boasted agriculture by means of slave labour without loss and ruin.

After all, if the most authentic public documents, and the reports of Parliamentary committees, concurring with the representations of the Assemblies themselves, deserve any credit, the business of sugar planting, by slave labour, has been, on a general average, productive, not of profit, but loss, during the whole era of Haytian freedom. It is not very modest, then, in the planters of Jamaica and their apologists, to arraign, as the Reviewer has done, their neighbours of Hayti, for not raising much of the same profitless commodity, though they have no mother country to give them for it a monopoly of her markets, and to pay them bounties on its exportation. Yet we are desired to infer from the smallness of their sugar crops, that they are indolent, and make a bad use of their freedom!

It may be perfectly true, as Mr. Stephen observes, that "free men and women will never be brought to work so intensely as slaves may

be compelled to do by the coercion of the whip; for they will not labour more severely than consists with the preservation of health, with the ordinary duration of life, and with the maintenance and increase of native population;" points which, unhappily, have been too much disregarded by our West-Indian economists. But, independently of this consideration, if sugar, in our West-India islands, though aided by monopolies and bounties, has continued to be raised at a loss, is it any very clear indication of a want either of good sense or of industry, that it has not been raised in St. Domingo? Industry is a well-chosen word when used by the planters and their apologists in these discussions. But industrious labour, to deserve that honourable appellation, must be performed by choice, or at least without physical compulsion. It would be an utter mockery to praise a man for this virtue on his descent from the treadmill; but to ascribe industry to the field Negro, with a driver behind him, would be an insult still more cruel. His excess in this species of industry is too often a curse, instead of a blessing, and a premature grave is its natural reward.

Having had occasion to mention Mr. Stephen's name, it would be unpardonable to close the present article without adverting to the able and luminous work which he has lately published, entitled, "The Slavery of the West India Colonies delineated, as it exists both in Law and Practice." The first part of the work, that which respects the Law of Slavery, has alone appeared; but so fully and profoundly has Mr. Stephen investigated that branch of the subject, that its abominations now stand exposed in the full light of day. Whoever has not read this work is as yet but imperfectly acquainted with the evils of colonial bondage, however deep may be his abhorrence of it. And as Mr. Stephen has drawn all his

statements and his reasonings from the colonial laws themselves, or from the evidence or the admissions of colonists, it is impossible to controvert his main positions, without denying the very enactments of their own assemblies, the books they themselves have written, and the testimony they themselves have given. In short, his work forms by far the most triumphant exposure of the radical iniquity of the slave system which has ever yet been given to the public. The West Indians and their friends seem strongly inclined to suffer it, if possible, to be forgotten. They have not dared hitherto to attack it. Even their chief organ, the Quar

terly Reviewer, has passed it by in silence. Nothing can shew more clearly than this their sense of its impregnable strength. But just in the degree in which they are anxious to consign the work to oblivion, in the same degree ought the enemies of slavery to exert themselves to make it known. The conviction which it is calculated to produce is irresistible; and we are persuaded, that if every member of our legislature (always excepting the WestIndian body) would but read Mr. Stephen's work with attention, the final extinction of the execrable system which it exposes could not be very remote.

LITERARY AND PHILOSOPHICAL INTELLIGENCE,

&c. &c.

GREAT BRITAIN. PREPARING for publication:-Plain Sermons, chiefly for the use of Seamen; by the Rev. S. Maddock.

In the press:- Dissertations on the Book of Daniel; by the Rev. J. Wilson; -Death-bed Scenes; by the Author of "The Evangelical Rambler;"-Dunallan or the Methodist Husband, in 3 vols. 12mo.; by the Author of "The Decision," "Father Clement," &c.;- The Doctrine of Election viewed in Connexion with the Responsibility of Man as a Moral Agent; by the Rev. W. Hamilton, D. D.

A mixture of hydrogen and oxygen gases, in the due proportion for forming water, when issuing from the compound blow-pipe and set on fire, has been found to be capable of immersion, gradually, under water, without extinguishing the flame.

The late Colonel Lambton, just before his death, completed his calculations of a trigonometrical survey in India, extending from lat. 8 deg. 9 min. 38 sec. to 18 deg. 3 min. 23 sec., whence he inferred, from comparing in pairs the Indian, English, French, and Swedish lengths of measured arcs of their meridians, that the general average flattening of the terrestrial ellipsoid is 1 in 310.31; the measure of a degree on the equatorial circle is 60,850.17 English fathoms; and the length of the

quadrantal elliptical arc is 5,467,756.0 fathoms.

So great is the perfection to which Chronometers have been brought, that one, now sent out with Captain Parry, did not, in twelve months, while in the Observatory at Greenwich, in its greatest variation, exceed in its mean daily rate of going one second and eleven hundredths of a second.

Much alarm having prevailed of late respecting Hydrophobia, it may be useful to state, that Sir Astley Cooper, in allusion to this subject in one of his lectures, says, "the best plan decidedly is the immediate excision of the part; and where this has been done directly after the injury, it has, I believe, in every instance been successful in preventing the disease."

That pest of society the Lottery, has been shewn, by parliamentary papers lately printed, to have netted to the public treasury no more than 24,809. in the past year; whilst the payments to the Bank for managing this demoralizing concern have been 2,5911. for paying 553,600., the amount of prizes; being 10 per cent. on the profits. The various expenses of the system being deducted, how very small a compensation remains (even in a pecuniary view) for the evils inflicted on society by this nefarious gambling; though, even had the gains been much more considerable, this would have furnished no just

apology for a system so manifestly unchristian and immoral. We feel deeply grateful that the nuisance is now at length abolished.

In Kensington parish, the following notice is conspicuously displayed:-"Take notice, that, by order of the Magistrates, no drove of cattle will be allowed to pass through this parish on the Lord's-day." -We need not comment on an order so much to the credit of the parties who have issued it.

A new sect or society has been formed at Manchester, the members of which profess, as one of their leading tenets, to abstain wholly from animal food, and to live entirely on vegetables. They have for some time rigidly followed this practice, founded on their literal interpretation of the command "Thou shalt not kill." FRANCE.

At a late meeting of the Royal Society of Arras for the Encouragement of Sciences, Letters, and Arts, a memoir was read on the culture of dry or mountain rice, in France. It had been introduced into the Lyonnois, but was lost, during the Revolution. It has been once more introduced, by a young man who returned from a voyage to Cochin China, who obtained it, by stealth, from the vigilant guardians planted by the Cochin China government to retain the exclusive possession of it.

At the last sitting of the Asiatic Society for Paris, the President announced the Chinese text and the Latin translation of a philosophical discourse of Mericeus, who lived in the fourth century prior to the Christian era, as being nearly completed in its lithography and printing.

tude;

GERMANY.

Professor Gruithausen of Munich has published the Third Part of an Essay" on the Inhabitants of the Moon." He undertakes to shew, that the vegetation on the moon's surface extends to 55 degrees of south latitude, and 65 degrees north latithat indications of the existence of living beings are found from 50 degrees north latitude to 37 degrees south latitude; and that there are appearances of artificial causes altering the surface. The author infers that there are artificial roads in various directions; and he also describes a great colossal edifice, resembling our cities, on the most fertile part, near the moon's equator!

ITALY.

M. Viesseaux gives the following account of the Chinese college at Naples, the only institution of its kind in Europe. The founder of this establishment was D.

While

Matteo Ripa, a Neapolitan missionary. Ripa went to China, and resided several years at the missionary-house at Pekin, where his skill in painting recommended him to the Emperor and court. living in that remote land, he conceived the plan, which he afterwards executed, of establishing a college in Europe for the education of young Chinese as Christian missionaries to their countrymen. Several trials were made, and at last Naples was fixed upon for this institution, as the climate appeared to be the most favourable and congenial to them. The youths destined for this place are smuggled out of their country at the age of thirteen or fourteen, by means of the Roman Catholic missionaries, who send them first to Macao, whence they are conveyed to Europe, generally in Portuguese vessels bound to Lisbon, from which place they proceed to Italy. The expenses are defrayed partly by this institution, and partly by the College de Propaganda Fide at Rome. "The college," says M. Viesseaux, "is situated on the slope of the hill of Capo di Monte, in a quiet retired spot, which commands a fine prospect of the bay. The house and the adjoining church are simply but neatly constructed; the apartments are comfortable and airy; and the whole place is kept remarkably clean, and in the best order, so as to form an agreeable contrast with the generality of Neapolitan establishments. The rector, a Neapolitan missionary, and a sensible well-informed man, politely shewed us every thing deserving attention. We entered first the hall, which is hung round with the portraits of the Chinese who have resided in this house since its establishment; they are about forty; and among them is that of Ripa, the founder. Those who have suffered martyrdom are represented with the instruments of their death; others have chains round their necks, as a sign of their having suffered imprisonment. There were six Chinese in the college when I visited it, one of them was insane, and another blind." PRUSSIA.

M. Humboldt, in a discourse on volcanoes, lately read before the Royal Academy of Sciences at Berlin, remarks, that the substances which melt in the deep recesses of the earth, and are thrown up as lava from volcanoes, are the metals of the earth and alkalies, owing to the casual access of oxygen to such substances immediately before an irruption. He supposes, that the deeply-cleft crust of the earth in the primitive world radiated heat

from its fissures sufficient to occasion whole countries to produce, for centuries, palms and arborescent ferns, and to sustain animals of the torrid zone, where now frost and snow almost perpetually reign.

The King of Prussia has just granted more than half a million of crowns for building of a museum. Among the objects of art which are to be deposited there, is a fine collection of paintings.

NORWAY.

Professor Hansteen, of Christiana, who has been engaged in experiments on magnetic action, has made public some new observations, from which he concludes, that every vertical object, such as a tree, a wall, a steeple, has a relation to the state of a magnet. He considers the lower part as the boreal pole, and the upper as the austral; and observes, that an horizontal magnetized needle placed at the foot of any vertical object whatever, oscillates with more velocity when at the north than at the south of the object; and vice versa at the upper extremity.

RUSSIA.

The last Annual Report of the General Assembly of the University of Moscow, mentions various additions to the museum and library. A lithographic press had been established in the university. The committee of censorship had examined and approved 156 MSS., and the committee of inquiry had examined fifteen persons. The number of students in the university was 605; and that of young persons under instruction, in the district schools of Moscow, amounted to 10,914. The professors of the university are in number forty-eight.

EGYPT.

Mr. J. Burton, who is employed by the Pacha of Egypt in making geological researches, has discovered, in the desert east of the Nile, on the coast of the Red Sea, and in the parallel of Syout, a beautiful little temple, of the Ionic order, with an inscription, "For the safety of our evervictorious, absolute, and august lord, Cæsar, and for the whole of his house, this temple and all its dependencies have been dedicated to the sun," &c. In the same track he came to a mountain called the Mountain of Smoke, the summit of which is covered with roads and paths leading to large quarries of antique red porphyry. He found immense blocks, rudely chiselled, lying in every direction : others, ready squared, lay fixed on props, that were marked and numbered. He found also an endless number of sarco

phagi, vases, and columns of large dimensions. Hard by were huts, or booths, in ruins, and the remains of forges. INDIA, &c.

The attention of Government having been drawn to the necessity which exists for medical officers being conversant in the native languages, an order has been issued, by the Governor of Bombay, that no medical officer shall be allowed to take charge of the office of vaccinator in any of the provinces under this government until he has passed an examination in Hindoostanee, or Mahratta, or Guzerattee.

The following is the translation of a petition presented to the Rev. Dr. Morrison, by some Chinese settlers near Malacca, for the establishment of a school at their village :

"The Fuh Keen men, whose names are mentioned below, earnestly entreat that a school may be established at their village, to promulgate heavenly principles and practical virtue, that education and renovation may become illustrious. We originally belonged to Fuh Keen province, but our ancestors removed to a village in the neighbourhood of Malacca, where some families have lived during a space of one hundred and ten years; some fifty, and some thirty years. Now, although we are able to procure food for our children, yet, in consequence of being always employed in tilling the ground and planting, we know not how to instruct them; and, if children are not educated, how can they be fit for any useful purpose? Benevolent sir, we rejoice that you are come to Malacca: not only the widower and the widow, the orphan and the destitute, have been moistened by your rich beneficence, but also in every place righteous schools (the Chinese for benevolent or free-schools) have been established by you for the purpose of disseminating heavenly principles and true virtue, and many have been instituted and renovated. Our poor village, Kan Tang, being situated at some distance from the town of Malacca, our children are not able to attend the college morning and evening for the purpose of being instructed; therefore we have invited our neighbours to subscribe their names, and to use earnest entreaties that a righteous school may be opened in our village, and that a teacher may be sought for to communicate instruction. At a future time, when our children become men, they will feel a deep sense of your vast and unlimited virtue."

The conflagration of the ship in which Sir Stamford Raffles had just set sail for

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