sion:" "The of State:" being part of Her Majesty's dominions, and not part of possesthe United Kingdom as defined by this Act: "The Secretary of State" shall mean any one of Her Secretary Majesty's Principal Secretaries of State: "The Governor" shall as respects India mean the Governor "GovernGeneral or the governor of any presidency, and where a or:" British possession consists of several constituent colonies, mean the Governor General of the whole possession or the Governor of any of the constituent colonies, and as respects any other British possession it shall mean the officer for the time being administering the government of such possession; also any person acting for or in the capacity of a governor shall be included under the term "Governor:" "Court of Admiral ty:" "Court of Admiralty" shall mean the High Court of Admiralty of England or Ireland, the Court of Session of Scotland, or any Vice-Admiralty Court within Her Majesty's dominions: "Ship" shall include any description of boat, vessel, floating "Ship:" battery, or floating craft; also any description of boat, vessel, or other craft or battery, made to move either on the surface of or under water, or sometimes on the surface of and sometimes under water: ing:" "Building" in relation to a ship shall include the doing any "Buildact towards or incidental to the construction of a ship, and all words having relation to building shall be construed accordingly: "Equipping" in relation to a ship shall include the furnish- "Equip ing a ship with any tackle, apparel, furniture, provisions, ping:' arms, munitions, or stores, or any other thing which is used in or about a ship for the purpose of fitting or adapting her for the sea or for naval service, and all words relating to equipping shall be construed accordingly : "Ship and equipment" shall include a ship and everything in or belonging to a ship: "Master" shall include any person having the charge or ment:" command of a ship. Repeal of Acts, and Saving Clauses. "Ship and equip "Master." ment Act. 59 G. 3. c. 69. 31. From and after the commencement of this Act, an Repeal of Act passed in the fifty-ninth year of the reign of His late Foreign Majesty King George the Third, chapter sixty-nine, intituled Enlist "An Act to prevent the enlisting or engagement of His Majesty's subjects to serve in foreign service, and the fitting "out or equipping, in His Majesty's dominions, vessels for "warlike purposes, without His Majesty's license," shall be repealed: Provided that such repeal shall not affect any penalty, forfeiture, or other punishment incurred or to be incurred in respect of any offence committed before this Act comes into operation, nor the institution of any investigation Saving as to commis sioned foreign ships. Penalties not to extend to or legal proceeding, or any other remedy for enforcing any such penalty, forfeiture, or punishment as aforesaid. 32. Nothing in this Act contained shall subject to forfeiture any commissioned ship of any foreign state, or give to any British court over or in respect of any ship entitled to recognition as a commissioned ship of any foreign state any jurisdiction which it would not have had if this Act had not passed. 33. Nothing in this Act contained shall extend or be construed to extend to subject to any penalty any person who enters into the military service of any prince, state, or potentate in Asia, with such leave or license as is for the time being required by law in the case of subjects of Her Majesty enterservice in ing into the military service of princes, states, or potentates in persons entering into military Asia. 59 G. 3. c. 69. s. 12. Asia APPENDIX V. THE Appendix here presented to the reader is written with a twofold object. First, to exhibit a Table of all the principal Treaties and Conventions that have been entered into, whether separately or in combination with other powers, between Russia and Turkey from the year 1699 down to the London Conference of 1871, and then to extract from those documents such portions as relate exclusively to the Black Sea and its shores. But before doing this, a word or two may not be out of place on the subject of Treaties of Peace, with reference to the place they ought to occupy in the study of the History of Europe. At few periods of time has the advantage as well as the importance of a careful study of that history been more conspicuous than in the present day. At few periods have the vague declamations and foolish utterances that invariably mark the uninformed or poorly informed writer or speaker been more plentiful than now, when the position and power of Russia, her ambitious aims, and her means of carrying out those aims, have been the subject of daily talk, and when the Eastern question as it is called has been and is the theme of endless, not to say wearisome, discussion. A more enlarged acquaintance with geography has been strongly recommended by a living writer and orator of distinction as a valuable corrective of many of the wild fancies indulged in by a crowd of rash denouncers of Russian wiles and future Russian triumphs in the East. Surely a more enlarged and accurate acquaintance with the political history of Europe during the last two centuries will be an equally valuable aid to some of our political forecasters of events. But how properly to study that history, where to find a good repertory of the facts connected with it? Where to look for real and trustworthy authorities, free from bias and unexcited by fears or fancies? are questions to which a satisfactory answer it is thought can be given. If, to vary somewhat the language of one of our most experienced and trustworthy historians1, the question be, "What is the pro 1 Mr Froude in the Oxford Essays for 1855: "On the best means of teaching English History." An Essay well deserving perusal and reperusal. per attitude in which an inquirer may place himself towards the history of Europe and devise a plan for economizing his reading, ascertaining at the same time what is of moment and what is not?" the reply may be given-Collect and study carefully all the leading treaties of peace that have been concluded from the time of the Peace of Westphalia down to our own day. They are the great landmarks in the expansive domain of facts spreading over two centuries and a quarter; in them will be found the real story of the different State systems of which Europe has been composed at one period or another; they are objects round which groups of incidents of more or less special importance are collected; startingpoints from which inquiries into the causes of each separate set of complications in modern political history may conveniently proceed, and sign-posts to direct the inquirer along the confusing routes through which he may have to travel. We shall find in them cause and effect, for in order to appreciate rightly and understand properly the results intended to be secured by them, we must be acquainted with the facts that produced them. Moreover, they will help to solve some of the difficulties which, as Mr Froude points out, the student of English history constantly encounters; for in the first place, they are authoritative works which can be definitely studied and mastered;" in the next place, all that is of the greatest consequence in the state system of Europe is to be found in them, all the great movements, political and religious, find their centres there; and last and most important of all, the real student of history, not the mere crammer of the opinions of others, can by means of them make for himself, and in his own room, a book through whose aid he can bring to bear upon most of the great international questions of the day, sound reasoning and trustworthy knowledge. It would of course be out of place to dwell upon this subject at further length, or to attempt to show how the study of Treaties of Peace is to be pursued. Some such method as Mr Froude has recommended for the study of English History by means of the Statute-book of England, might easily be sketched out1. It is enough to draw attention to the value of Treaties of Peace in relation to History. 1 See Mr Froude's Essay, pp. 69 and 70 A COLLECTION OF ALL CONVENTIONS Notes. The Truce of Carlowitz was converted into a This Treaty was adverse to Russia, one of |