important hints may be derived from the following works: TRENCH, A Select Glossary of English Words etc. (N. Y., 1859); also, On the Study of Words (N. Y., 1859); HALDEMAN, Affixes in their Origin and Application (Phila., 1865); DE VERE, Studies in English (N. Y., 1867). (For other works on this subject, see ENGLISH, THE STUDY OF.) WORKING MEN'S COLLEGE (London). founded in 1854, resembles, in intention and organization, the Birkbeck Institution, founded in 1823. The Rev. F. D. Maurice was its principal up to the time of his death, in 1872. After a short interval, Thomas Hughes, author of Tom Brown's School Days, became, and still is, the principal. It provides instruction, at the smallest possible cost (the teaching being almost wholly unpaid), in the subjects with which it most concerns English citizens to be acquainted, and thus tries to place a liberal education within the reach of working men. The college is situated in Great Ormond Street, London. Six class rooms have recently been built, at a cost of more than £2,400. There is a museum and library; and a coffee and conversation room is also provided. Classes are formed in art, history, language and literature, mathematics, and physical science. These compose the chief work of the college; but classes in singing and other subordinate subjects are also formed. The college year commences about the beginning of October, and consists of four terms of eight or nine week each, and a vacation term of eight to ten weeks.-The ordinary classes meet for one or two hours a week. General lectures are delivered on the ordinary subjects of the college on Saturday evenings, to which the public are admitted. There are also practice classes for supplementary tuition, conducted for the most part by certificated students.-Other advantages connected with the college, are a Natural History Society and Field Club, which holds weekly meetings, and arranges geological and botanical excursions; an adult school, under the special superintendence of the secretary, for teaching the subjects required for entrance to the college; and a night school, held twice a week, for boys under 17.-The fees are as low as possible, and the conditions of entry are, that students must be above 17 years of age, must know the first four rules of arithmetic, and must be able to read and write.-Examinations are held in the last week of December. Certificates of honor, and scholarships or associateships are granted to successful candidates who have attended the requisite number of terms. The council of the college is composed of founders, teachers, and elected members, among whom are many who originally joined it as students. The average number of students is 360. At an early date, the college was affiliated to the London University, and some of the students have taken their degrees. As the scheme of the Working Men's College did not admit women, another institution of a similar kind was founded in 1864; and another Working Men's College was organized in 1868. WRITING. See PENMANSHIP. WYOMING, one of the territories of the United States, formed, in 1868, from portions of Utah, Idaho, and Dakota. Its area is 97,883 sq. m.; and its population, in 1870, was 9,118; but in 1875, it was estimated at 24,000. Educational History.-In 1869, an act was passed by the territorial legislature, which provided for the organization of schools, and this was amended in 1870. At that time, the number of schools of all kinds was 9, giving employment to 15 teachers, and instruction to 364 pupils. In 1873, all previous school laws were repealed, and a new law was substituted, under which the schools are at present organized. The first superintendent of public instruction was J. H. Hayford, who became such in 1869, by virtue of his position as territorial auditor. He was succeeded, under the last law, by John Slaughter, the present incumbent, who, as ter ritorial librarian. is, ex officio, superintendent of public instruction. School System.-The care of the public schools of the territory is intrusted to the superintendent of public instruction, whose term of office is two years, and who, in addition to the usual duties pertaining to his office, apportions the school fund, and makes a report direct to the assembly, on the first day of each regular session. A county superintendent is elected biennially in each county, and three district directors are annually elected in each district. The duties of these are almost identical with those of similar officers in other parts of the country. The public schools are open to all children between the ages of 7 and 21. When there are 15 or more colored children in any district, a separate school may be organized, for their instruction, by the district directors and the county superintendent. The schools are supported by a two-mill tax levied annually in each county, school-districts assessing themselves for additional amounts when necessary. In the employment of teachers, no discrimination can be legally made on account of sex. All children in good health are compelled by law to attend school at least three months each year. The schools are elementary in character; but graded schools may be established in any district, upon the decision, to that effect, of the district directors and the county superintendent. The territorial superintendent and the several county superintendents are required to hold annually a teachers' institute, not less than four nor more than ten days in length, at which a uniform series of text-books, for three years, throughout the territory, is designated. The length of the school year is 10 months. Educational Condition. -The following are the principal items of school statistics for 1875: Number of school-houses.. 13 1,222 23 .$16,400 Value of school property (not including land). $32,500 No provision for superior or special instruction of any kind has yet been made. T YALE, Elihu, an American merchant, the patron, though not the founder, of Yale College, was born in New Haven, April 5., 1648; and died in London, Eng., July 22., 1721. In 1678, he went to the East Indies, and, from 1687 to 1692, was governor of Fort St. George, Madras. He was afterward made governor of the East India Company, and a fellow of the Royal Society. His gifts to the institution which afterwards bore his name, were estimated at £500. At first, only the new building, which had been erected in New Haven, was named after him; but, by the charter of 1745, this title was extended to the whole institution. A synopsis of his life may be found in the Yale Literary Magazine, April, 1858. charge for tuition and incidentals is $140 a year. The sum of $11,000 and upward, derived partly from permanent charitable funds, is annually applied by the Corporation for the relief of students who need pecuniary aid, especially of those preparing for the Christian ministry. About 100 thus have their tuition either wholly or in part remitted. There are two fellowships, the holders of which are required to pursue nonprofessional post-graduate studies in New Haven. The catalogue of 1876-7 shows some changes in the course of studies published in that of 1875-6 (from which the statement in the article COLLEGE was taken), especially in the greater range of elective studies. There are professorships of moral philosophy and metaphysics; natural phiYALE COLLEGE, in New Haven, Ct., is losophy and astronomy; geology and mineralogy; one of the oldest and most important educa- Latin language and literature; mathematics; tional institutions in the United States. In Greek language and literature; rhetoric and 1701, the general assembly granted a charter for English literature; history; molecular physics a collegiate school," and the trustees selected and chemistry; modern languages; German Saybrook as its site. The first commencement language and literature; political and social sciwas held in 1702. The instruction seems to ence. The Sheffield Scientific School received have been given partly at Saybrook, and partly its name in 1860, when it was re-organized upon at Killingworth and Milford, where the first a more extensive scale through the munificence two rectors resided. In 1716, the trustees voted of Joseph E. Sheffield, of New Haven. In 1863, to establish the college permanently at New it received the congressional land grant, and beHaven, and, in 1718, a building was completed came the College of Agriculture and the Methere, which, in honor of Elihu Yale, a bene- chanic Arts of Connecticut. The under-graduate factor, was named Yale College, a designation at courses of instruction, occupying three years, are first confined to the building, but authoritatively arranged to suit the requirements of various applied to the institution as a whole, by the new classes of students. The first year's work is the charter of 1745. The principal buildings oc- same for all; during the last two years, the incupy a square of about eight acres, west of struction is chiefly arranged in special courses. the public green. They are 16 in number. The The special courses most distinctly marked out two buildings of the Divinity School, the two are the following: (1) in chemistry; (2) in civil buildings of the Scientific School, and the Med-engineering; (3) in dynamic (or mechanical) enical School are off the main square. The Law School is in the county court-house. The invested funds, in 1875, amounted to $1,550,000; the income was $235,465, including $107,000 from students. The institution possesses valuable museums, cabinets, and apparatus. The departments of instruction in Yale College are comprehended under four divisions, as follows: the faculty of theology (organized in 1822); of law (1824); of medicine (1812); and of philosophy and the arts. Under the last-named faculty are included, the courses for graduate instruction, the under-graduate academical department, the under-graduate section of the Sheffield Scientific School (1847), and the School of the Fine Arts (1866) each having a distinct organization. In the academical department, the course is for four years, and leads to the degree of A. B. The gineering; (4) in agriculture; (5) in natural hishistory; (6) in the subjects preparatory to medical studies; (7) in studies preparatory to mining and metallurgy; (8) in select studies preparatory to other higher studies. These courses lead to the degree of Ph. B. The charge for tuition is $150 a year. There are professorships of mineralogy; civil engineering; astronomy and physics; dynamic engineering; theoretical and agricultural chemistry; agriculture; mathematics; botany; English; paleontology; political economy and history; analytical chemistry and metallurgy; zoology; chemistry; and comparative anatomy. The School of the Fine Arts has for its end the cultivation and promotion, through practice and criticism, of the arts of design; namely, painting, sculpture, and architecture, both in their artistic and esthetic aims. The design is, (1) to pro libraries of the professional schools, 17,000. The Peabody Museum of Natural History was founded, in 1866, by George Peabody, by a gift of $150,000. One wing of the building has been completed. In 1876-7, there were 87 instructors in all the departments, besides special lecturers. The students were as follows: theological, 95; law, 60; medical, 36; department of philosophy and the arts, 860 (graduate students, 67; special students, 2; academic under-graduates, 569; scientific, 205; fine arts, 16); total, deducting repetitions, 1,021. The number of degrees conferred, prior to 1875, was 10,605, including 870 honorary degrees; the number of academic alumni was 8,464. The government of the college is administered by the president and 18 fellows, of whom the governor and lieutenant-governor of Connecticut are, ex officio, two. Six are elected by the alumni; and the remaining ten, who are Congregational clergymen, are chosen by the fellows themselves. The rectors and presidents have been as follows: Abraham Pierson, 1701 vide thorough technical instruction in the arts of painting, sculpture, and architecture; and (2) to furnish an acquaintance with all branches of learning relating to the history, theory, and practice of art. The course of technical instruction covers three years. No provision has been made for instruction in the departments of sculpture and architecture; but it is hoped that, before long, this will be provided. There is a professor of painting, a professor of drawing, and an instructor in geometry and perspective. The chairs of sculpture, architecture, and anatomy are unfilled. The school is open to both sexes. The charge for tuition is $36 for three months. In the departments of philosophy and the arts, there are various post-graduate courses, which may be pursued by candidates for the degrees of A. M., Ph. D., and civil and dynamical engineer, or by graduates not candidates for a further degree. In the theological department, there is no charge for tuition or for room rent. There are several scholarships for the aid of needy students. In the law department, the--7; Samuel Andrew (pro tem.), 1707-19; under-graduate course is two years. There is a post-graduate, course of one year for the degree of Master of Law, and of two years, for the degree of Doctor of Civil Law. The libraries of the institution contain 117,000 volumes; namely, college library (exclusive of pamphlets), 80,000; Linonian and Brothers (society) library, 20,000; ZOOLOGY (Gr. Cov, an animal, and óyos, a discourse) treats of the structure, classification, habits, etc., of animals. It is an important branch of descriptive natural science, or natural history, and usually forms a part of the course of study in various grades of schools. In elementary instruction, it constitutes, with its sister science, botany, one of the most effective and available subjects for training the observing faculties; and, hence, is often comprised in the course of instruction prescribed for common schools. This subject has peculiar attractions for children; since, as is well known, they invariably manifest a deep interest in animal life. The principles by which the teacher should be guided in giving instruction in this, as in other branches of natural science, have been to some extent explained in previous articles. (See ASTRONOMY, and BOTANY.) In teaching zoology, care must be particularly taken to exhibit as much as possible the natural objects themselves; and, in elementary teaching, this comes first. That is to say, the pupils are not to be required to commit to memory dry definitions and formulated statements; but their minds should be brought in contact with the living realities. (For a full synopsis of topics and methods for Timothy Cutler, 1719-22; Samuel Andrew (pro tem.), 1722-5; Elisha Williams, 172539; Thomas Clap, 1739-66; Naphtali Daggett, 1766-77; Ezra Stiles, 1777-95; Timothy Dwight, 1795-1817; Jeremiah Day, 1817-46; Theodore Dwight Woolsey, 1846-71; and Noah Porter, since 1871. elementary instruction in this subject, see How to Teach, N. Y., 1874.) In the higher grades of instruction, the three different departments of the science morphology, physiology, and distribution, should systematically be treated. In every grade of instruction, however, the teacher or professor cannot too closely follow the principle laid down by Huxley: "The great business of the scientific teacher is to imprint the fundamental, irrefragable facts of his science, not only by words upon the mind, but by sensible impressions upon the eye, and ear, and touch of the student, in so complete a manner, that every term used, or law enunciated, may afterwards call up vivid images of the particular struct ural, or other, facts which furnished the demonstration of the law, or the illustration of the term." Moreover, every teacher should bear in mind that a good share of his own knowledge should be at first-hand-acquired by his own observation, not simply gleaned from books-or he will not suc ceed in awakening an interest in the minds of his pupils. The proper method of teaching this subject has been clearly shown by one of its great est masters. (See HUXLEY, On the Study of Zool ogy, in The Culture demanded by Modern Life, N. Y., 1867.) (See SCIENCE, THE TEACHING OF.) ANALYTICAL INDEX. see Alphabet Alexandrian School-17 biographical Algebra-definition of, literal nota- tion, 18; positive and negative, 19; exponents, methods of dem- bets, etc., origin of the English Analysis, Grammatical-definition | Arndt, E. M.-49 of, 26; parsing, value of analysis Analysis, Mathematical Mathematics - see Analytic Method of Teaching-28. Andreæ, J. V.-reforms introduced Anglo-Saxon-origin of, modifica- tions of by other languages, pe- Anselm, of Canterbury-31 Aphorisms, Educational -value of education, 32; scope of education, Arabian Schools-36 Architecture-see Fine Arts Argentine Republic-area, popula- tion, religion, etc., 37; history, teacher of Alexander, the peri- ing, 40; what should constitute - see Military Arnold, Thomas-49 dition of among the ancients, po- Artisans, Education of-see Tech- tinguished from Spartan, gram- Attendance, School annual aver- age, how found, 57; table of, in 59 Attention-great value of, interest Augustana College-60 teaches eloquence and rhetoric, Bacchants-67. See also 1 Baldwin University-69 school statistics, school system, principal colleges in England Basedow, J.B.-his early life,73;edu- Bates College-74 Belgium-area and population, 75; - Bell, Andrew his early life, John Beloit College-80 Beneke, F. E.-81 Bengel, J. A.-81 Bentley, Richard-82 Berea College-82 Bernhardi, A. F.-82 Bible-difference in the views of Cath- olics and Protestants concerning Blackboard-substitutes for, its Blackburn University-85 of the blind, first public asylum instruction, list of colleges and Calligraphy-see Penmanship true uses, superseded by the tion, educational condition of Central College-120 Central Tennessee College-120 Certificate-see License, and In- Cheever, Ezekiel-his life, 123; his of memorizing, 125; three meth- early history, religion, alphabet, |