area redevelopment benefits. Each of these will constitute a significant element in the area's economy. Wasting of the energy in the tides and in the flows of the upper St. John River would be eliminated and changed to economic gain.

A major contribution from the project would be hydroelectric power. The project would provide a large block of peaking and load factor power which can be utilized advantageously in the New England-New Brunswick area. It is in the production of peaking power that the present Passamaquoddy proposal differs from the previous concepts in which an attempt was made to match the tidal power which follows the lunar day of 24 hours and 50 minutes with the electric power pattern which follows our living habits on a solar day of 24 hours.

The installed capacity of the ultimate project would total 1,794 megawatts. However, the second 500-megawatt powerplant at Passamaquoddy is deferred for future installation. The initial project would provide 1,294 megawatts of dependable capacity and approximately 3 billion kilowatt-hours of electrical energy annually. The two-pool plan envisioned in the International Joint Commission's report for Passamaquoddy would be used with a 500-megawatt powerplant instead of the 300-megawatt plant originally contemplated. The powerhouse would be located at Carryingplace Cove, the site originally chosen for the 300-megawatt plant. The 500-megawatt plant would be interconnected through a transmission system with two powerplants on the Upper Saint John River, Dickey with 760-megawatt capacity, and Lincoln School with an installation of 34 megawatts.

The project could be constructed in stages as the load demands grow. Initial operation of the first powerhouse at the Passamaquoddy Tidal Power Development would require about 6 years after construction is started. The second powerhouse at Passamaquoddy would take about 5 years. Dickey would require 31⁄2 years and Lincoln School 2 years after the start of construction.

The estimated investment in the project, with Passamaquoddy, 500 megawatts; Dickey, 760 megawatts; and Lincoln School, 34 megawatts, would total approximately $896 million, including the transmission system with a cost of $87 million. The annual benefits would be $46.86 million of which $42.51 million is power, and $2.03 million recreation, $2.28 million area redevelopment and $0.04 million flood control benefits within the United States. With an allocation of about 10 percent to the recreation, area redevelopment and flood control benefits, the cost assigned to power could be repaid from power revenues within a period of 50 years after each unit becomes revenue producing, with interest at 3 percent per annum on the unpaid balance. The power would be marketed at load centers for $19.75 per kilowatt-year for capacity and 3 mills per kilowatt-hour for energy. This is lower than the cost of power provided by new modern steam electric powerplants, privately financed.

The logical development of the Upper Saint John River and the Passamaquoddy project with the entire project financed by the United States as visualized in this report is engineeringly feasible and economically sound. It has a benefit-cost ratio of 1.47 to 1 of which the Upper Saint John River plants are 2.25 to 1 and Passamaquoddy is 1.04 to 1. These are based on current principles utilizing a 100-year project formulation period with interest at 3 percent. The repayment analysis is also based on 3 percent interest, with a payout period of 50 years after each power unit becomes revenue producing.

Equivalent power could be provided by alternative federally financed thermal power developments using either conventional fossil fuels or nuclear energy, which would be generally contrary to present practice and incompatible with the fundamental purposes of this report. Furthermore, it would not be a true alternative in conformance with the requirements of Senate Document 97, of which the following is quoted:

** There is no more economical means, evaluated on a comparable basis, of accomplishing the same purpose or purposes which would be precluded from development if the plan were undertaken. This limitation refers only to those alternative possibilities that would be physically displaced or economically precluded from development if the project is undertaken ***."

Such a Federal steamplant, if attainable, would waste the Nation's resources because it would lack the following fundamental benefits:

(a) It would fail to utilize a significant undepletable resource and source of energy which is constantly being wasted to the sea by the rise and fall of the tides in Passamaquoddy Bay and in the flow of the Upper Saint John River on its course to the sea.

(b) It would fail to provide the human appeal and economic impact so essential to stimulating the economy of the Maine area. It would lose the great catalytic effect of developing this tidal resource.

(c) It would not provide the needed immediate employment opportunities to alleviate poverty in the seriously distressed conditions of Washington County and Aroostook County as would be accomplished from the Saint John and Passamaquoddy developments.

(d) It could never attract and sustain recreational resource value for the area.

The tidal and river resource developments would be operated practically in perpetuity as all wearable parts can be replaced as necessary. At the end of the repayment period, the project will be in practically the same operating condition as it is in the start and the power can then be produced for only the cost of operation and interim replacements. Appropriate funds are being included in the project analysis to cover the operation and maintenance expense and to provide for the necessary replacements.

The Passamaquoddy Bay is not subject to siltation and filling, so its value will never be reduced from this cause. Its dams likewise for all practical purposes do not deteriorate in time.

The United States would fail in one facet of its leadership in overall energy development by neglecting to develop the vast energy in the Quoddy tides. Meanwhile, France will complete the La Rance project and Russia is forging ahead in the development of its tidal projects.

CHAPTER III. RECOMMENDATIONS

We recommend that immediate steps be taken toward the following:

1. Early authorization of the International Passamaquoddy tidal power project, the Upper Saint John River developments, and the transmission system, for construction by the United States. The Corps of Engineers should be authorized to construct the basic project features and the Department of the Interior should construct the transmission lines and market the power.

2. Early construction of the project to develop low-cost firm power for Maine and peaking power for the remainder of the New England States, combat poverty, develop recreation resources, and utilize the now-wasted water resources of Maine.

CHAPTER IV. PROJECT FEATURES

The project combination selected consists of the Passamaquoddy development with reversible pump turbines, the Dickey Reservoir and Powerplant, the Lincoln School reregulating reservoir and powerplant, and a transmission system interconnecting these powerplants and delivering power to load centers in Maine and in the vicinity of Boston, Mass. Each feature is discussed in the following paragraphs:

A. PASSAMAQUODDY

The designs and engineering studies for the Passamaquoddy tidal power development are based on the International Joint Commission's report of April 1961. It includes Passamaquoddy Bay as the high pool and Cobscook Bay as the low pool with two identical powerhouses, one at Carryingplace Cove and the second at Bar Harbor. The powerhouses are the only features which differ from the International Joint Commission's plan.

Nearly 7 miles of rockfilled dams will be required, a small portion of which would vary in depths ranging from 125 to 300 feet. The tidal velocities will range as high as 10 feet per second during the 26-foot high tide presenting engineering and design challenges without precedent. The Corps of Engineers, the Bureau of Reclamation, the Bureau of Yards and Docks, the principal Federal engineering and construction agencies are confident that the tidal project can safely be constructed as concluded in the International Joint Commission's report. As described in the International Joint Commission's report, outstanding specialists in the fields of hydraulic engineering and soils mechanics were consulted and model studies were made to determine the best and most economical designs and methods of construction.

The project plan includes 90 filling gates, 40 in Letite Passage and 50 between Western Passage and Indian River. In the reach between Pope and Green Inlets, 70 emptying gates similar to the filling gates, but set at a lower elevation, would empty the lower pool.

Four navigation locks would be provided. The dimensions and locations were selected to accommodate present traffic in Passamaquoddy and Cobscook Bays with an allowance for a modest increase in the size of ships using the area.

The initial 50-unit powerplant will be at Carryingplace Cove and the second identical unit at Bar Harbor. The locations are shown in the Corps of Engineers' report included in this document. A closure dam would connect the west end of the powerhouse to the mainland.

Reversible pump turbine units were selected for installation in the powerhouses between the upper and lower pool in order to provide flexibility in operation and utilization of the full installed capacity of the project. This is described in chapter V (a) and in the Corps of Engineers' report.

B. DICKEY

The site selected for the Dickey Dam and 760-megawatt powerplant is on the upper St. John River near Dickey, Maine, above the confluence of the Allagash River.

The main dam across the river and the dikes across the adjoining saddles would be of the earthfill type. All structural features would be located on the right bank and in general founded on rock; the lower level outlet tunnels, which would, be used for diversion during construction; the powerhouse, with tailrace discharging into the St. John River; and the spillway which would discharge during severe floods through a stilling basin into the lowermost 14-mile segment of the 100-mile Allagash River.

The Allagash River, located in the backwoods of northern Maine, is one of the few remaining free-flowing streams of importance in the Eastern United States. It is a major recreation resource of great potential significance to the Nation.

If the Allagash is not preserved, it will mean that the Nation has lost access to an adventuresome outdoor experience which it has treasured since early times.

C. LINCOLN SCHOOL

The Dickey powerplant, with an ultimate installed capacity of 760 megawatts, will have an average regulated flow of 4,370 cubic feet per second with a maximum discharge of about 48,000 cubic feet per second. In order that the Dickey discharge might be better controlled and utilized, a reregulating reservoir would be required. An ideal site was found approximately 11 miles downstream on the St. John River at Lincoln School. Here a dam will be constructed, including a 34-megawatt powerhouse, that will impound the Dickey discharges and where the discharge will be regulated for more effective use by existing and proposed downstream hydroplants at Grand Falls and Beechwood, New Brunswick.

D. TRANSMISSION

A strong transmission system is of the utmost importance to this project. It is required for electrical interconnection of the generating plants to permit fully coordinated and integrated operation and for delivery of power to load centers. Since the quantities of power involved are large and the distances are great, it is necessary to use extra high voltages.

The transmission system, as shown on figure 3, would consist of two 345kilovolt transmission lines for the 410 miles from the Dickey-Lincoln School powerplants to the Boston area via Bangor, Augusta, and Portland, Maine, and two 230-kilovolt lines 90 miles between Passamaquoddy and Bangor, Maine. These transmission facilities would be required for a 500-megawatt development at Passamaquoddy, with the full development of the 760-megawatts at Dickey and 34 megawatts at Lincoln School.

The transmission system was designed by the Bureau of Reclamation based on network analyzer studies. Appropriate reactive correction has been added to assure stable operation under fault conditions. The design visualized interconnections with the power systems in the New England area, as well as with Canada; however, no transmission lines have been included in the cost estimates for interconnection with the New Brunswick Electric Power Commission pending interconnection agreements with the Canadian Government for construction of the project and sharing of the power benefits.

The transmission system linking the New Brunswick system with the New England power systems will increase the reliability of both systems. This could reduce the amount of system reserve required and provide other economies

which accrue from interconnected and integrated operation. While the values of such an interconnection are significant, none of these benefits were evaluated or included in the current analysis.

The transmission system was designed and the cost estimates were prepared on the basis of a reconnaissance field survey and broad assumptions as to distribution of power to the load centers. Certain portions of the lines can be utilized for wheeling and will provide additional revenues for the project. These revenues were not evaluated. This fact will be recognized and considered as contracts for the sale of power are negotiated. The transmission system design should include such excess capacity as can be judiciously included to provide for potential revenue from the sale of "excess" peaking cacapacity and "offpeak" capacity.

CHAPTER V. HYDROLOGY AND OPERATING PLAN

The tides of Passamaquoddy Bay and the streamflows of the upper St. John River in Maine constitute the energy source for this project. The tides being astronomic in origin are dependable as to occurrence and predictable in magnitude depending upon the relative positions of the earth, moon, and sun. The streamflows on the other hand follow no fixed pattern and depend on the rain. fall and other hydrologic factors.

The basic operating plan envisions using the two-pool plan generally as set forth in the IJC report for the tidal development and utilizing storage control to regulate the releases and provide head for the river development. In the tidal plan, the upper pool is filled during the rising tide and water is allowed to flow from the upper pool to the lower pool through turbines for the generation of power. Evacuation of the lower pool will occur during the low tides. The river plan consists of controlling the streamflow, thereby diminishing flood hazards and allowing the water to flow through turbines for power generation. The power generated would depend on the streamflow and the head through which the water falls, which in turn depends upon the topography of the area.

A. PASSAMAQUODDY

The Department's report of July 1963 envisioned the use of the two-pool plan for Passamaquoddy and the operation of the project to produce peak power of 1 hour's duration in the magnitude of 1,000 megawatts. As a result of the further studies concerning marketing possibilities, the engineering and economic analysis in this report was made for a power peak of 2 hours' duration.

Hydrologic studies using high-speed electronic computers indicated that dependable capacities as shown in table 5-1 could be obtained for 2 hours' duration with installed capacities of 300 to 1,000 megawatts. Limitations are placed on this operation during the period of neap tide. By using reversible pump-turbine units, the water level between the pools can be raised during the neap tide beyond that obtainable from the tides alone. This increases the head available for generation of power during the neap tides. Thus, the Passamaquoddy powerplant can be operated at the full installed capacity at the powerplant during all peaking periods.