But this is not all. Such wool which now costs 40 or gather up the remnants of their flocks and to increase 50 cents, sold for three or four dollars in 1814-the wages and improve them-and the last to refit their old estabof the people employed were twice the present price,lishments and collect new hands to work in them; and and those of the principal workmen three times as then the business maintained itself, though it was not high, for experienced persons were few-all the dye-profitable, until 1824, when the present tariff law was stuffs and other foreign materials were four or five times passed. With the immediate imposition of a duty of their present average value, and the cost of machinery 30 per cent. one loths and cassimeres, and of 334 per cent. and implements at the same extravagant terms. Almost after the 30th June 1825, an ad valorem duty of 20 all commodities were at great prices-flour in 1811, 1812, per cent. was levied on imported wool, to advance to 30 1813, and 1814, averaged about ten dollars per barrel, per cent. after the first of June 1826. The expediency of and all other products of the farmers were at like the latter duty was much doubted by many friends of good profits to them; and they could then far better af- the bill at its passage; though ultimate good will arise ford to give one hundred dollars for a yard of cloth than from the adoption of the principle, its practical operafive dollars now-for if any one had 100 barrels of flour, tion, has, thus far, been rather injurious both to the maor wheat enough to make it, to sell, he received 1,000 nufacturers and growers of wool: to the first, in obstructdollars for it instead of the less than 500 which he nowing the reception of foreign supplies of particular sorts gets; but the labor and the land required to make a bush- not sufficiently grown in our country, and so reducing el of wheat was just as much then as at the present time. the general business of their establishments,-and to the The difference in the receipts for flour is $500, in that of second, in lessening the demand because of such reducthree yards of the best cloth, at 14 dollars, to make a suit tion. However, the law held out flattering prospects of of clothes, only twenty-seven dollars, all told, making encouragement, and the farmers and manufacturers emone crop and wanting only one suit per annum. Or, if he barked large capitals to profit by the protection afforded. had 100 lbs. of fine wool to dispose of, it brought him Then again came British re-action in many different 300 dollars, instead of only 40 or 50 dollars. And on ways; we were again overflowed with British cloths and' the whole, if the manufacturers could now receive five cassimeres sent out "to order," clandestinely introduced dollars a yard for such cloth as they sold for thirteen in or fraudulently entered in many cases, as was generally 1814, they would make a much larger proportional profit believed, and forced upon consumption through the auc on their capital employed and cost of labor. Then the tions-and the descriptions of cloths chiefly made at our wool only, cost them six or seven dollars for each yard of factories, fell 50 per cent. But the fine cloths were not much the cloth, and it now costs them 80 or 100 cents; and the affected-the wool used therein being generally importexpense of dyeing and dressing, and other costly opera-ed into the United States as it is into Great Britain, and tions, are reduced as above stated. paying duty in both countries: and, to command our The growth of sheep and manufacture of their wool, market, the duty upon fine wool imported into Great which had been encouraged by circumstances, or ren- Britain was reduced to 1d. per lb. while that on the dered necessary by the unsteadiness of the foreign de- finest wool imported by us has amounted to 40, mand for the surplus commodities of most of the states, 45 cents per lb. And thus, by foreign legislation was of considerable value soon after the close of the war, alone, the advanced duty upon cloths levied by the conand many millions of dollars were invested in these bu-gress of the United States for the protection of our sinesses; fine woolled sheep having been purchased at makers of them, was rendered nugatory and void by an most extravagant prices, because that fine wool had sold act of the British parliament; and the business of growfor from three to four dollars per pound; and sheep and ing or manufacturing wool really became less profitable their wool became a primary object with numerous agri- than it had been previous to the passage of the law of culturalists, though the manufacture of their wool into 1824. The British seem resolved to possess our market for the best looking cloths was yet not extensively under their woollens, and will exert all the incans in their powstood. The farmers and manufacturers were also in-er to keep it, seeing that they are about to lose the supduced to these proceedings by numerous acts of legisla-ply of cottons. The manner of their management is tive bodies, and a resolution was very generally manifest-partially exhibited under the head of auctions in the aped by the people to support them in these new branches pendix. If the present duties intended to be paid were of industry. But the protecting duties imposed during really paid on all goods imported on "foreign account," the war were withdrawn at its termination-vast quanti-and the auction system was abolished, we do not beties of British and other woollen goods were introduced lieve that an increase of duty would have been asked for and sacrificed "to break up our infant establishments," and that the manufacturers, instead of being depressed which was effectually accomplished. Then began the and distressed as they are, might have kept their works slaughter of the sheep; the farmers in despair, without a employed, and would have furnished a sufficient and limarket for wool, and the price of grain advancing be-beral market for American wool. The coarsest sorts, cause of the British policy to receive bread-stuffs for however, such are advantageously received from the cloths, our sheep walks were again converted into Mediterranean and South America in exchange for our grain fields, and wheat sold for more than 200, and corn cotton manufactures, are not produced in this country. and rye at from 90 to 100 cents per bushel-all which is They are used for making what we called "negro shewn in the appendix under the head of "British restric-cloths," and should be admitted at a small duty, as in tions and prohibitory laws." Soon after the slaughter of our sheep and the ruin of our manufactures, the British policy closed their ports, and things were so timed as if there was more than accident in the proceedings had and clotbs greatly advanced in price, the domestic competition having been completely overturned. But this advance on British cloths, and the appearance of regularity in the market, a little revived the hopes of the the farmers and manufacturers. The first began to *The purpose was often avowed, and there was no way of accounting for the importation and forced sales of large parcels of goods, but by believing that money had been subscribed to indemnify losses incurred. We have a strong recollection that something like this was openly stated in the British parliament by a leading member of that body, but cannot at present lay our hands upon the record of it. Such was the pressure of British goods upon us, that many invoices barely paid the charges and duties; and it is worthy of further remark, that the goods thus sacrificed were chiefly of those sorts which were partially made in the United States for the domestic supply. England; and the finest Saxon sorts, for the present, ought not to be very heavily taxed, being produced as yet only in small quantities: for it is in the manufacture of these and the superfine cloths that workmen obtain that tact of management and perfection in practice, which enables them to make better cloths out of common or merino wool, for the bencfit of all parties and the country at large. It was the square yard duty and establishment of a minimum, that built up the cotton manufactures-and it is these only which can build up those of woolwhich can preserve this valuable branch of industry from ruin. And, a little while protected, it will be as able to protect itself as is the domestic manufacture of coarse cotton goods. The petition to congress asks a square yard duty on certain established valuations, or minimums-say 50 cents, 2 dollars and 50 cents, 4 dollars and 6 dollars, and a duty of 40 per centum on the thus established cost of cloths in a foreign country, instead of 333, as payable at the present time; on an advance of 6 2-3 per cent. on the valuation, and no more. Frightful calculations, as to duties levied in this man Goods costing 50 cents per square yard, will pay 20 cents per square yard, instead of 16 2-3 cents, the present rate of duty; Those costing two dollars and fifty cents, will pay 100 cents, instead of 833; Those costing four dollars, will pay 160 cents, instead of 1334; ner, and all that was said about the minimum square yard 2. A small increase of duty on hammered bar iron, duty on cottons, will be repeated and enlarged; but the and a correspondent increase of duty upon steel. The practical effect of that duty upon cotton goods has over-report of the committee on this subject gives the views of turned all these calculations; and so will such a duty the convention. Of hammered iron, we imported last upon woollens, if directed by congress. But let what be year 467,515 cwt. worth 1,590,350 dollars, chiefly from said that may, the operation of the bill asked for will be Sweden and Russia, which together received only after this manner, and we hope that the people will ex- 118,760 dollars worth of our products. Iron ore, with amine what we shall saythe means of its manufacture, and of all qualities, is abundant in the United States, and in every section of the country. It is an article of primary necessity; and there is no possible reason why we should depend upon foreign countries for a single pound of its first manufactures. Some important particulars are given in the appendix. Various home fabrics of iron have, because of their superior quality and cheapness of price, already excluded Those costing $6 will pay 240 cents, instead of 200. like foreign articles; and we exported last year the value The advance of duties asked for is not large; but, the of $248,960 dollars in manufactures of iron and steel. request being granted, the duties intended to be paid will With a little assistance, this great interest will be combe paid, or nearly so, except when smuggled; the differ-pletely established and with reduced prices to the conence between the minimums, as regulated by the square sumers, the market being guarded against excessive imyard, being so considerable that fraudulent invoices will portations, caused by the wants or speculations of for seldom be offered and more rarely pass through the cus-eigners; which, on the whole, as is known to every pertom houses-if the appraisers, with moderate industry, son conversant with the principles of commerce, properform their office. duce re-actions, and rather increase than diminish average prices. Steel, as immediately dependent on iron, and being an important manufacture, should be supported pari passu with iron. Most of our farming utensils and castings are home-made, with many articles of ironmongery, cutlery, &c. with ample supplies of cannon and small arms. In objection to this scheme of proposed duties, it will be said, (as it was said about cottons, and last year about woollens), that the duties payable will be enormous, &c. Thus, it will be calculated that cloth costing fifty one cents per square yard will be rated as though it cost 250 cents per square yard, and be subject to a duty of 100 cents per square yard, two hundred per cent. or twice the The extra cost of iron during the late war, to the peoamount of the original cost of the article, one cent, ex-ple of the United States, probably exceeded the whole cepted, and we shall have many great speeches about that! And this is very true. We pretend not to deny or disguise it. Yet-with such a law, who would be fool enough to import cloth costing fifty one cents per square yard, and pay 100 cents duty per square yard upon it, when he might import cloth at 50 cents, or a little less, and pay only 20 cents duty? It is absurd to suppose that any such cloth will ever be imported. The foreign manufacturers and importers would adapt all the cloths designed for our markets exactly to the minimums establishsed, or a little below them, and then would pay only 62-8 per cent. more duty than it was intended that they should pay by the tariff of 1824; and this advance, to favor the manufacturers, will not repay them, for the present, the reduction of their profits because of the proposed advance of duty upon imported wool-admitting that all which is asked for wool and woollens shall be granted by congress. This is practical truth. value of all articles of iron imported since the proclamation of peace, without at all regarding the disadvantages and losses, delays and discomfitures, that ensued because of the deficiency of the supply! The transportations alone, cost several hundred thousand dollars more than they would have done, had the home manufacture been even in its present state. All who have a recollection of the "events of the war," will subscribe to this opinion The tariff of 1824 was of some service to this interest, though only 90 cents per cwt. was levied upon hammered bar iron. The following brief notice of the various proceedings relative to the duty upon iron, is curious and useful. Previous to 1824, the duty on hammered bar iron was 75 cents per cwt. In the bill introduced by Mr. Baldwin, as chairman of the committee on manufactures, in 1820, it was proposed that the duty should be 125 cents, which was agreed to by the house of representatives 90 to 60The practice of merchants is, in many respects, con- but the senate defeated the whole bill, and the duty remainformable to that which we have suggested-for instance, ed as before. In 1822, Mr. Baldwin introduced a new bill they do not purchase such cheap and coarse sugar as may to place the duty at 125 cents, which did not prevail; for often be obtained in the West Indies at 2 or 3 cents per in March of the same year, Mr. Smith, of Maryland, Ib. or less, to encounter our duty of 3 cents per lb. but chairman of the committee of ways and means, reportalways prefer the better sorts, which pay no more duty ed a general revenue bill, in which he placed the duty at than the worst. So the judgment of the merchants and 100 cents on hammered bar iron and castings. This importers would regulate their introduction of foreign bill, being a "revenue bill," excited no animation; even cloths. To be sure, this plan would secure to our own the "chambers of commerce" were silent about it—but manufacturers the home market for those kinds of cloth it defeated Mr. Baldwin's proposition, and then-went for which American wool is particularly fitted; and this to sleep. In 1824, Mr. Tod, the chairman of the commitis every way desirable, to cause a brisk demand for such tee on manufactures, proposed that the duty should be wool and encourage the manufacture of it. And the mi-112 cents-on the final question it was reduced to 90 nimums will powerfully check all attempts at "monopoly" and "extortion," should the domestic competition fail to prevent them. But these cannot be really feared by any who dispassionately consider the subject, and reflect that every article, the manufacture of which is protected, is cheaper than the like foreign article at its place of exportation. Witness cotton goods, and the triumphant state of our protected navigation. We shall now proceed briefly to notice the other items recommended to the consideration of congress by the convention. The duty of this is easy, because that their subject is better understood than that of wool and woollens. 1. To prevent frauds on the revenue. The article on auctions in the appendix, contains all which we think necessary to urge on this point. cents, 120 yeas, 85 nays. Thus it was sent to the senate, and 90 cents were stricken out, but reinstated before the passage of the bill, which, however, was much and injuriously altered in that body; it being understood that the house of representatives would insist upon 90 cents, and obtain it, or lose the whole bill. 3. Flax and hemp and their manufactures. The full and able report of the committee on this subject leaves us nothing to say, except to recommend that report to our readers. 4. The farther protection of distilled spirits. This is a very important interest in the grain growing states, and especially to farmers not having a convenient access to market. In 1826 we imported 535,226 gals. distilled from grain, and 3,182,926 gallons distilled from other materials, worth together $1,587,712. Nearly half the cost-quantity was directly or indirectly from the British West Indies. The whole foreign supply may be conveniently dispensed with. The British fevy a duty of 88. 6d. per *There is a minimum in the present law. Cloths ing less than 33 cents per square yard are assumed for duty at that price per square yard. gallon, or more if of high proof, on spirits imported from their own colonies, to protect the home distillations and breweries, chat the excise may be paid for the support of government. 5. Fumer protection to cotton goods and printed cottons. It is known to every one that, in consequence of the protection already afforded, the home-made coarse cotton goods consumed in the United States, are cheaper than such goods manufactured and consumed in England. About this there can be no dispute. But if any should arise, the facts stated in the appendix will end it. In like manner, all common calicoes are making cheaper in this country than in that, and rapidly approaching a apply of the whole domestic demand, being preferred to the British. It is confidently believed, that if the minimum valuation on the square yard shall be raised to only 40 cents for duty, instead of 30, as at present, that the finer calicoes and other fine cotton goods will be speedity supplied on the same good terms as the coarse ones are. We have practical knowledge in this matter, and the whole subject is familiar to the people. And, if any small advance on the current cost of fine cottons should take place, which might or might not happen, it cannot possibly last more than a year or two; and the advance will wholly fall upon those most able to bear it, the wealthy. It may be due to candor to observe, that this increase of the minimum is not sought for by the manufacturers just now-they more apprehend domestic competition than foreign rivalry; indeed, they defy the latter: But for the reason that, as the convention believed, the effect would be to extend the business of manufactures generally, and furnish the people with better articles at more reduced prices. Such, at least, was the motive which led to this recommendation; and it would much increase the use of our own finer cottons, for which the British substitute that of Brazil, &c. Sweet is such consolation to the heart of a parent-but dear, of earthly things most dear, is it to the heart of a departing mother! The committee has thus zealously endeavored to fulfil the directions and explain the views of the convention, with a sincere desire to ascertain truth, and present it in familiar terms to their fellow citizens for action upon it. The result is with them, for the national legis lature will receive its impulse from their judgment. If it shall be their good fortune to invigorate the strong, help the weak, and arrest the minds of the wavering, or, by the presentation of authentic facts or well digested opinions, to dissipate prejudices and place principles on the high ground which belongs to them, that they may be seen and understood by the American people and allay the ardency of party feelings, by shewing the great national interests that are common to all parts of this republic and all parties-the committee will, indeed, be gratified: but if, on the other hand, they shall fail in all these, the consciousness will be left that they have striven to deserve success, and that will console them for time and labor lost in this first attempt at a general developement of the resources of our country: and there will be some merit, perhaps, even to fail in such an effort to subserve the public intelligence. We have only to add, that we have spared no pains to keep out of consideration particular regard for sectional interests, except so far as parts of our country, the most populous, may be more particularly concerned; and rot even then in known opposition to the interests of others. The will of the majority ought to prevail; but the minority have also interests and feelings that must be respected by all who respect themselves as they ought. It is our serious belief, that the protection of the vast capital vested in manufactures, and the greater capital involved in the allied pursuits of agriculture, and the property and persons employed in commerce and navi gation, interior and exterior, is as much for the benefit of the planting interest of either or any other, in the reduced price of articles for domestic consumption and in an increased demand for the productions of the earth. If we have mistaken these things, we have honestly erred, and ask for information; which we hope will be given with that regard for moderation and justice which should mark the course of honorable men, zealous of good works, and engaged to advance the public and private welfare of our beloved country and countrymen. For the committee, H. NILES, Chairman. There will be found in the appendix many brief notices of other interesting branches of industry, which the committee did not feel themselves authorised to bring out in this address. Some of them have strong claims on the public support, especially such as hats and bonnets in imitation of the Leghorn, laces, gloves and artificial flowcrs. These may afford neat and pleasant and profitable employment to dear, lovely and interesting, but comparatively helpless females at their own homes, in the bosom of their families, by the side of their little children, in the company of their mothers! From some rough estimates that we have seen, the four articles named would fill up all the spare time of 100,000 women and girls, if the home market was insured to them. There is a distressing want of employment for many times that number of such as would gladly labor, in businesses suited to their Extracts from Mr. Everett's speech, delivered at Bosparticular condition and sex-and their several small ton, at a meeting of the citizens for the purpose considerearnings, amounting to millions in the whole, would be asing the propriety of appointing delegates to the conver a clear gain to our country. There is much feeling-tion at Harrisburg: (Oct. 10, 1827.) ADDENDUM. much interest to society-much of all the best motives [Some parts of this speech would have been engrafted that can influence human actions, in a consideration of in the address, had it not been entirely overlooked until these things. We would that the widow's heart might the whole was completed; the extracts are added to cobe caused to leap with joy, and that the tears of honest roborate what we, of ourselves, had stated on the subpoverty were brushed from the orphan's cheek, in inde-jects to which they refer, and exhibit new views.] pendence gained through patient industry, and a willing- "The object of the law of 1824 [the "tariff law," as ness to earn an honest and respectable support-and in commonly called] said Mr. E. as I have already had the keeping families together, aged parents or helpless little honor to state, was to enable the American manufacturer ones, whom to separate, might render violence to feelings of woollens to enter into competition with the British which even the untutored Indian would respect. Virtue manufacturer. Consequently the duty was calculated is not an inheritance of the wealthy-nay, it rather re- on the then existing state of the manufacture in that sides in the cottage than the palace; but beset with all country. At that time, the duty on all wool imported the ills which dependence inflicts, it is then that virtue is into England was six pence sterling per pound. In the tried, and proved as it were in the furnace of affliction. course of the year 1824, and by a law to take effect at "Lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil," the end of that year, this duty was reduced to one penis a prominent part of the wisest petition ever offered ny a pound on all wool imported into England. The up to THE FOUNTAIN OF ALL GOOD, and it operates as a object of this reduction, as stated by its advocate in the command upon all that we should help one another; British parliament, is worthy the attention of this meetbut it is especially the duty of man to exert himself in ing. In the debate on the subject, Mr. Robertson, a behalf of woman, and yield that protection which "na-respectable commercial member, "begged leave to call ture and nature's Gon" designed him to bestow; that the the attention of the house to the state of America, in venerable matron, when called upon to resign her spirit order to show the expediency of taking off the duty on to HIM who gave it, may have the last, best consolation the raw materials. The population of the United States, this world can afford, in a well founded hope that the before they were declared independent, amounted to children of her care, her orphan daughters, may pros-two and a half millions; at the present day it amounts to per and be happy-and, obtaining an honorable subsist- ten millions. The population of South America might ence by the labor of their own hands, cause her own be taken, at a low estimate, at seventeen millions, and if memory to be respected in the manners of their life. they went on increasing, in the same ratio as the United States, they might be expected to amount to sixty mil- jers the duty on wool imported into England, the Amelions in forty years." And now, sir, for the inference rican government ought to lower the duty on wool importfrom this statistical survey of North and South America: ed into America. This, is it is true, would meet the "Here was an immense mart for our low priced cloths difficulty, as far as the manufacturer alone was concernof which this country might avail itself, if the impoliticed; but precisely the same objection reverted. Why should we allow the British parliament to repeal the law duties on the raw material were repealed." "Such were the reasons, sir, for reducing the duty which we have passed for the protection of our farmers. mer the benefit of a progressively increasing duty rising from six pence sterling per pound to one penny. But In 1824, the American congress saw fit to give the far even this reduction was not enough, and the following to thirty per cent. on imported wool. The British gov a penny ernment immediately thinks fit to lower this duty on year a further abatement of the duty of a half pound was made on all wool, of which the price was wool 44 per cent. Why should we deprive the Aleris Mr. Huskisless than one shilling sterling the pound. can wool-grower of the promised benefit of this law, be son gave the reason of this reduction in the following words: "The duty is now one penny a pound on all fo- cause parliament has laid a heavy burden on the English reign wool. It has been stated to me, that even this rate wool-grower? No, sir; the farmer has the same right of duty presses severely upon the manufacturers of to his protection that the manufacturer has to his: and coarse woollens, in which we have most to fear from fo-to lower the duty on imported wool would be merely to sumer of wool. Sir, said Mr. E. I would not agree to reign competition, and that considerable relief would be transfer the burden, and sacrifice the grower to the conafforded by reducing it to one half upon all wool not ex-this sacrifice. It is indefensible in principle, and in efceeding the value of one shilling sterling per pound." per per cent. fect doubly pernicious. I say doubly pernicious, for it "Now, sir, continued Mr. E. taking twenty cents a is the interest of the manufacturer that the raising of pound to be the average price of the kind of wool in ques- sheep should prosper in the country; while it is the beg tion, the duty upon it, after these two reductions, is but effect of the whole policy that it encourages that branch cent. of its value; before the reduction it was 48 of husbandry. It was said, rather sneeringly, on the The manufacturer in England has conse-floor of congress, last winter, that the measure proposed quently received an advantage of 44 per cent on his was one for the relief of the Boston and Salem capitalwool. But the wool is estimated to be in value about a ists. Sir, said Mr. E. it has escaped my observation, if third part of the cloth-consequently the manufacturer that respectable class of citizens are the most zealous Still more do I err, it has gained 14 2-3 per cent. on the fabric of his article, supporters of these measures. there is any branch of industry in which the profits are by this reduction of the duty on wool. more equally divided, or more widely scattered than this. The raw material bears an unusually large proportion to the whole article. And this raw material is not raised by costly machinery from the bowels of the earth; it is not cultivated on large plantations, which none but the rich can own and carry on. It may be brought to market by the middling farmer; by the The man who can do nothing else to "But as the English manufacturer is the competitor against which the law of 1824 intended to protect the American manufacturer, this 14 2-3 per cent. must be deducted from the 33 per cent. laid by the American law on the foreign fabric. And, in effect, the duty for the encouragement of our own looms is thus brought down to 18 2-3 per cent. "But this is not all. Other reductions were made in poor man. 1825, with the same avowed object of the duties on arti- add a few dollars in cash to his bare livelihood, can cles of great importance in the woollen manufacture. keep a few sheep; the land which will produce scarcely The duty on olive oil was reduced from £15 13s. ster-any thing else will support them. Of this land, there is not a little in New-England. Even in England, where The duty on rape ling, the ton of 252 gallons, to £7. seed was reduced, I think, from ten pounds, to ten shil-the husbandry is better perhaps than in any other part of lings per last. The duty on indigo, which was indeed the world, with the exception of Flanders and Lombardy, The the raising of sheep is the farmer's main stay. His flock but small before, was reduced to 20 per cent. duty on logwood was reduced from 9s. 4d. sterling, I is the basis of his operations. His flock supplies him all think, said Mr. E. to 4s. 6d. the ton. The amount of his comforts: his flock educates his children; his flock all these and some other reductions was stated by Mr. ekes out all the deficiencies of the rest of the establishHuskisson, at from 1 to 2 per cent. in the manufacture.ment; above all, his mutton and his wool enable him to I believe it is nearer twice that amount. Taking it, stagger under that heavy burden, which I trust in heahowever, at two per cent. in addition to the 14 2-3 per ven will never be laid on the shoulders of the American cent, already mentioned, it reduces the effective duty in farmer, a cash rent per annum greater than the fee simthis country on foreign woollens to 16 2-3 per cent. that ple price of improved lands in many parts of this country," is, just one half. "Now, I ask, said Mr. F. whether, if the duty of 334 per cent. laid by the law of 1824, was but an inadequate protection for our woollen manufactures, (and I have already said it was probable, at its best estate, inadequate,) whether a reduction of one half was not a death blow to the manufacture? In another part, Mr. Everett said "I am not anxious to conceal, sir, that in the change of feeling which has taken place in this community, on the subject of manufactures, I have participated. There was a time, and that not long ago, when not merely an indifference, but a positive unfavorable impression, was felt in this community on the subject of manufactures. "Here then is a strong case, fairly made out, and no The accounts of the corruption of morals, and prostramore connected with the principles of political econo-tion of health, of the overworking and underfeeding of the my, than with Algebra or Metaphysics. Unless the British factories, (accounts in themselves too true, I fear,) American people think it just and fair, that the laws were repeated with a kind of melancholy relish. Men passed by the American congress for the protection of wrought themselves up to the belief, that by the necesAmerican industry should be repealed by the British sity and nature of the case, a manufacturing establishparliament, and that for the purpose of securing the ment was a voluntary penitentiary, an earthly pandemosupply of our market to the British manufacturer to the nium, into which, under the gripe of stern necessityend of time, it was the duty of congress to counteract driven by the lash of stern necessity, the wretched inthis movement. I say, continued Mr. E. it was incum-mates were fain to condemn themselves. There is too bent on congress, as the very least they could do, to much reason to believe in the truth of these accounts in raise the duty of 1824 to fifty per cent. for so much had the countries to which they relate. But experience and the British legislation lowered it. And had this been observation have taught us all, that the case is very difdone, the foreign article would not have been enhanced ferent here. After having examined the chief establishto the consumer, beyond its old price, because what was ments for manufactures on the seaboard, I can truly say added to the duty would have been taken from the cost." that I have never seen in one of them an individual, Then follows an able argument in favor of a duty up-whose countenance, dress, or manners, denoted overon wool imported into the United States, though Greatworking, underfeeding, or worse morals than those of his neighbors in the other pursuits of life." Britain received it almost duty free. He said "It was repeatedly said last winter, that we ought to begin at the other eud. If the British government low PRINTED FOR THE EDITORS, AT THE FRANKLIN PRESS. THIRD SERIES. No. 8-VOL. IX.] BALTIMORE, OCTOBER 20, 1827. [VOL. XXXIII. WHOLE No. 840 THE PAST-THE PRESENT-FOR THE FUTURE. EDITED AND PUBLISHED BY H. NILES & SON AT $5 PER ANNUM, PAYABLE IN ADVANCE. In a part of our last impression, an error of considerable magnitude, though one that was very easily made, escaped correction. In the note, page 106, the 600,000 bushels of coal at 18 cents per bushel, appear as valued at $1,080,000, instead of 108,000, a space having been omitted between the cyphers, and increasing the amount 100 fold! But the error is one of easy detection, from the quantity and price given. THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES arrived at Baltimore on the 14th inst. on his return to the seat of government, and was induced to prolong his visit until Wednesday morning, in consequence of the following invitation and the arrangements made for the funeral of col. Howard, which he attended. LETTER OF INVITATION. To John Q. Adams, Baltimore, 6th October, 1827. SI-We have been appointed by an assemblage of our fellow-citizens to address you on their behalf, and to express to you their earnest desire that you would consent to remain in the city of Baltimore for a few days, on your return to the seat of government. In making this request we feel assured that we only do justice to our fellow-citizens, who are anxious, as they have been on several occasions when you have heretofore passed through their city, to have an opportunity afforded them of testifying their unfeigned respect for your public services, and their warm approbation of the enlightened policy which has characterized the administration of the government since you have presided over it. that if language is inadequate to express my sensibility On Tuesday morning, accompanied by a large party of citizens, the president visited the battle ground at North Point, and in the evening from 2 oclock until 4 received the visits of our citizens; among other visitors were the consuls of different nations, and the rev. Mr. Eccleston, vice president of St. Mary's college, attended by upwards of one hundred students from that institution. Mr. E. addressed to the president a brief and pertinent speech, to which he replied as follows "In receiving this pleasing mark of attention from the professors and students of St. Mary's college, I am happy to renew the recollection of scenes in which I myself was once engaged. I too have performed the duties of an instructor in a literary institution; and I entertain the highest respect for that important and dignified function." And he concluded with some observations favorable to the reputation of the college. After this feeling and appropriate reply, the vice president proceeded to introduce the students individually to Mr. Adams, who received them with the most marked and cordial condescension. After the introduction, and an interval of a few moments, during which he was evidently striving to suppress his emotions, the president advanced, and with great energy and feeling, addressed the students in words to the following effect: Permit us, therefore, respectfully, but earnestly to re- Young gentlemen-I am happy to have had the opporquest you to sojourn in our city as long as the public bu-tunity of taking yon by the hand--and before we part persiness will allow you, and thus enable us to pay to the mit me to remind you, while recollecting the sublime exchief magistrate of the nation, those marks of respect amples of patriotism, with which your daily studies make which are so justly due to one whose life has been devoted you conversant, in the histories of antient Greece and to the service of his country. Rome, so justly noticed in the address from your respected instructor, which you have just heard, that you have in this city and its immediate vicinity, the monuments of the same exalted spirits exhibited in the defence of our own country-and I hope and trust that they will influence your future lives as deeply as the most exalted proofs of public spirit which you will find in the course of your studies. We have the honor to be, sir, with great respect, your most obedient servants, WM. PATTERSON, SOLOMON ETTING, LUKE TIERNAN, THE PRESIDENT'S ANSWER. At four o'clock he dined with the Cincinnati of Maryland, and the officers and soldiers wounded in the battle of North Point. The entertainment was handsome, and creditable to Mr. Barnum. The following toast was giv Messrs. Wm. Patterson, W. Mc Donald, Solomon Elting, Philadelphia, 13th October, 1827. Shs-On my passage through N. York, your very obliging letter of the 6th inst. was put into my hands, while under an impression, derived from communications received at the same time, that the public service required my return to Washington without a moment of delay. On my arrival in this city yesterday, with the intention of immediately proceeding, and the expectation of reaching the seat of government this morning, I received information from which I was enabled to manifest my grateful sense of the kind attentions of my fellow citizens here and at Baltimore, by postponing for two days my return to Washington. The United States of America-May other countries learn from them, that the easy access of the people to their rulers, is the means of confidence on the one side, and of right government on the other. After a short time the president gave the following sentiment, which he accompanied with some remarks explanatory of the allusion: "Ebony and Topaz-Gen. Ross's posthumous coat of arms, and the republican militia-man who gave it." I am apprehensive that the allusions upon which this sentiment is founded, may not be familiar to every one of you at this table; and that it will therefore need a short explanation. It may, perhaps, not be known to you all, that for the I therefore remained here yesterday, and propose to con- splendid achievements of general Ross in this country, tinue my journey this day to Baltimore, and to pass the his family have been rewarded by a heraldic addition to day there on Monday. I can have no higher gratification their coat of arms; and as it was the arm of a republithan that of meeting you there, and those of my fellow-can militia-man of Maryland, that rendered this service citizens at whose desire you have addressed to me this invitation, with all others who may incline to exchange with nie a friendly salutation. 1 To that purpose I hope to devote the day of Monday next, and avail myself of this opportunity to assure you You IX-No. 8. to the family, I may fairly consider him as having given it. Heraldry is a monarchical institution, about which I know little. Whether this inference would pass muster with the garter king at arins or not, I do not know; but I hope it will pass well enough for a republican devire, |