know that British ships are seeking employment, $4,433,870 In the year 1826 there were imported Cloths and cassimeres worth Flannels and baizes 586.823 Cloths costing less than 333 cts, the sq yd. 112,844 Let us see what employment this business gave to our navigation, to Lloyd's debates of congress in 1789, pages 109-| Admit that the average cost of the goods includ. in the first item shall have been only 75 cents per square yards of the secondi 30 cents, and of the last 20, and, the result, in square yards, will be HS follows: Yards. $4 433,000 at 75 cents for each sq. yard 5,540.000 And further, suppose that these goods, even ins clurling the Hannels, weighed 1 lb to the square yard, then the whole weight was about 3,600 tons. They did not weigh nearly so much, but we take the extreme in favor of them, and the result is that this business would employ only six stips of about 300 tons each, making two voyages a year. The weight of all the woollen goods imported was com siderably less than 5 000 tons, or only one half the weight of foreign dye s'uffs, soap, &c. used in our woollen factories, specially excepting foreign wool, of which one establishment has imported 450 tons of the coarsest sort, in nine months of the present year. And, as it is probable that at least 30 mil ions of pounds of wool are worked up in the Unit At Savannah during the year which ended Oct. 1, 1827, there arrived 155 ships, 152 brigs, 233 schooners and 104 sloop-, besides state coasters, all Ame rican vessels; and 15 ships, 1 brigs, 6 schooners and 6 sloops, Rritish; with 3 Prench ships and as many brigs, and 1 Spanish schooner. Thus even at this famous port for the shipping froton, thed States, requiring more than 3 g-lions of oil for föreign competition was hardly felt. Why not? We every 100 lbs we have 900,000 gallons, the procurement and transportation of which, because of the greater length of the voyages of the vessels, will employ thrice as such tonnage, admitting that only two thirds of the whole quantity is sperma. that of ginning the cotton. We recommend these facts to the serious consideration of the planters of cotton. They will bear any test that can be applied to them. We reiterate it, and with pride in sup.ceti and the other third olive—the first being used port of our principles, that the steadily encourage for common wool, and the last for the finest and and highly protected navigation of the U. States, best. And further, as a matter of fact and withis the safest, most expeditious and cheapest in the out speculation-Mr. Dupont's powder works re. world; and add, that the planters as freely partake quire 712 000 lbs, of crude salt petre from the of all the benefits derived from these desirable East Indies, (the voyage to which is qual to three qualities as the owners of the ships—that, instead of Buropean), and 94,000 lbs. of brimstone from Eupaying a "bounty to their eastern brethren," they rope-this is equal to the employment of 1,000 tons receive, at the very lowest calculation that can be of shipping in European voyages, or, in itself, one allowed, half a cent per pound more for their cot fifth of the tonnage employed in the transportation ton, than would be obtained, was the transportation of woollens! These plain facts are recommen 'ed of it dependent on the owners of foreign vessels. to those who fear the loss of our navigation. The The whole duty paid on the bagging and rope for a British understand them perfectly well-they know bale of cotton, admitting that the price of the arti. what it is to purchase raw materials and seli manucles is advanced because of the duty, (which, how.factured goods! It is this that has raised up their ever, does not appear), is equal to about the fiftieth part of one cent, per lb. *In 1791 the merchants of Glasgow prophecied differently; they said that the discriminations adopt. ed would, in time, give a decided superiority to the American shipping;" and they prophecied troly. It has possessed that superiority for several years, and needs no other protection than its flag, and the navy- with the resolution of the govern. ment and people of the United States to claim and receive reciprocity for it on every occasion. So much for the "BOUNTY" navigation, and caused the boast, that "The winds and seas are Britain's wide domain “And not a sail without permission spreads." But this has been contested, and the modest pre. tension hath yet to be established!-provided our own navigation, and especially the coasting trade, goes on to increase, as it is increasing, because of the progress made in our manufactures-nd if the speaker of the house of representatives and presi dent of the senate, shall be metaphorically seated upon a sack of wool or bale of cotton, to represent the rate which the national legislature a resolved to bestow upon the combined operations of agricul-1 porters have not been able to "cover cost" upor ture, manufactures and commercè, supporting and it, though having an apparent profit of 25 per cent supported by one another. We have an interesting notice of the price of "negro cloths,"as published in the "Charleston Courier. It speaks to the understanding of the peo ple. Cotton goods, cotton bagging and negro cloths, the great themes for discussion in the south, are cheaper because of the protection afforded to the domestic manufacture of them, and better than such articles formerly were. and whole amount imported last year was only in the pitiful sum of $112,844. There must be some reason for these things-they cannot happen by chance. The reason is this-the establishment of the minimum at 33 cents, excluded the Yorkshire cloths made out of old clothes and other flim sey materials, and encouraged the home manufac ture, so that the average value of such goods, which was 70 cents per yard in 1817, 1818 and 1819, has "It is well known that our system is not one of been reduced, for the last three years, to 60 centschoice, but necessity. It is because we cannot, in a sum as equal to the whole amount of the duty le without constant wars, prevent the exclusions of vied on such goods, one seventh less in price than our agricultural pro ucts from England, that we are heretofore, though, as is stated, one fourth more by self preservation driven to render ourselves invaluable because of their quality. One factory in dependent of her for every day clothing, and at the Massachusetts can annually make $500,000 worth of same time raise up a population of operatives to these cloths, or four times as much as the whole im. consume the produce of our agriculture. But as it portation, taking the average of 1825 and 1826. has been confidently asserted that we have suffered, If the people of the south will look at these things, and-papers in the interior have spoken of "the little they must find that negro cloths, as well as cotton the tariff has left us," I beg leave to show that it bagging, about which so much has been said, have has taken nothing, and therefore that little is all we been rendered cheaper because of the slight proever had. tection afforded to them. The planters of cotton are protected by a duty of 3 cents per lb.-by which they profit in the exclusion of the East India product, whenever our cotton advances to 16 or 17 cents per pound; for if at 18, the Bengal article, paying the duty, may be advantageously used for numerous purposes in our own mills. And the time will come when the duty upon raw cotton will probably be increased to 5 cents per pound, to shield our planters from the cheaper cultivation of Greece, Egypt, &c. which, being close to the great European markets, will have many advantages over our's, and not be subject to that uncertainty and hazard which has rendered so much service in pro. tecting us against the influx of East India cotton in the distance of Surat and Calcutta from these markets, and the consequent difficulty of affording or receiving information of the production, demand, or price of the article. "In the autumn of 1815, when the country had been destitute for a long time, negro cloths, (say such as Welsh plains, 7-8ths of a yard wide), ave raged by the sales of that time, from 75 cents to 81, per yard. In 1816, they sold at 70 a 90 cents per yard. Since that period, the same description of goods have sold as follows: 1817 Welsh plains, 7-8ths yd. wide, sold at 60 a 80 1818 do do 1819 do do do 1820 do do do 1821 do do do 1822 do do do 1823 do "It is, however, to be remarked, that the consumption of British manufactured negro cloths during the last four years, has materially decreased, and the importers have not been able to sell any quantity of them at prices to cover cost, and the retailers say that they make a far greater profit on the American manufactured coarse cloth than on the British." We shall proceed to make some remarks on the facts above given from the "Courier." Mr. Huskisson, president of the board of trade, when justifying the treaty with Prussia-asked, "How could we successfully enter into competition with the woollen manufacturers, &c. of the United States, if any change be made in the shipping by which the raw material comes to this country?" Must we be "brayed in a mortar" before we shall comprehend that British "free trade" doctrines are manufactured for exportation-as "negro cloths" were in Yorkshire, out of old clothes, and glued together to make them seem substantial? But as to these clobs. The present lowest selling price given in the "Courier" is 50 cents per yard. By the tariff of 1824, all cloths costing less than 331 cents per square yard in a foreign country, are deemed to have cost that sum, and charged with an ad valorem duty of 334 per cent. on that valuation; and thus a yard of 7.8ths cloth costing, say 25 cents, (and woollen cloth costing less than that can hardly be worth the making up into garments), pays about 12 cents per running yard duty-say that reight and charges brings it up to 40 cents; and fet, though the lowest price is 50 cents, the im We have shewn in its proper place, that the re. venue from foreign commerce has handsomely in creased in the last two or three years, and we fully believe that it would yet more rapidly increase, were all the foreign cloths now imported made at home, There is nothing paradoxical in this. The duties upon such goods would, of course, cease-but others would be introduced in greater quantities than st present, and more than supply the deficiency, be cause of increased means in the people to gratify their desires to possess costly articles. Manufactures exceedingly advance the value of real property. We offer the following cases by way of examples The ground occupied by a certain manufacturing establishment on the Brandywine, in Delaware, pays 320 dollars in annual taxes to the state and county: not many years ago, only one dollar a year was paid on account of the same land: and not much more would be paid now, were that manufactory and the improvements caused by it, destroyed, and the wa ter power lost. This particular establishment is far from being the most extensive on the stream spok en of. Taunton is a little village in Massachusetts, in which extensive manufactories have recently been erected. The following ex'ract from the newspa per published in that place will shew the immediate effects which have been produced: "Real estate has advanced in the immediate vil lages and upon water privileges, nearly four fol within the last four or five years. From 500 t 1,000 dollars are now obtained for building lots in Russia, (three fourths from the former), the whole the best sites, having sixty or seventy feet front.value of our exports to which countries were as fotSome of the town's land was sold the other day, lows: for nearly 5,000 dollars, which five years ago would not have brought 1,200," Domestic articles. Foreign. Total. 137,078 252,093 389,171 The Columbia, S. C. memorial of 1825, against the proposed tariff of, (and which was chiefly adopted in) 1824, asserted that "the diminution of the cus. toms cannot, by any fair mode of calculation, be es This official view of the trade which the U. States timated at less than one half; leaving seven millions carries on with Sweden and Russia, should cerinstead of fourteen. The remaining seven must tainly induce us to attempt the whole manufacture of therefore, be raised by direct tax." Well-the tahammered bar iron for ourselves, and not remain de Tiff law was passed-and the products of the customs pendent on those nations for so large a quantity of have increased from 13 millions in 1821, and 17 an indispensable article, seeing that they take so litmillions in 1823, to 20 millions in 1825 and 23 mil tle from us in return To "buy cheap and sell dear," lions in 1826. Further, the whole value of the im-is a favorite saying with certain economists-but how portations in 1823, was 77 millions, but in 1825, af-buy at all unless we can sell? Why buy, when we ter the tariff, 96 millions, and 85 millions in 1826 can make as cheaply for ourselves? and a "direct tax" hath not been thought of by any Body. What next? IRON. resting, and many others of like character will be met The following particulars are authentic and intewith in different parts of this appendix. There are in Centre county, Pennsylvania, 7 blast furnaces, capable of producing 8,600 tons, and ac Iron and its manufactures imported in the treasu-tually producing 7.400, and employing 275 hands; ry year 1826, were as follows: Side arms and fire arms, other than rifles kets Cutting-knives, scythes, sickles, reaping books, spades and shovels Screws weighing 24 lbs. or upwards - called "wood screws" Other articles not specified, (cutlery, iron mongery, &c.) 18,188 muskets 158 rifles 765,660 lbs. iron and steel wire Tacks, brads and sprigs 230,996 lbs. Bails, [probably all wrought] S4,426 lbs. spikes 413,766 lbs. chains and cables, and parts thereof Mills cranks and mill irons 1,499 mill saws 46,680 lbs. anchors 407,344 lbs. anvils Hammers and sledges for blacksmiths 1,432,976 lbs. castings 498,404 lbs. braziers rods 240 lbs. nails or spike rods sli! 2,407,867 lbs. sheet and hoops 2,458 lbs. slit or rolled for bands 34,092 cwt. in pigs $8,741 cwt. bar and bolt, rolled 467,515 cwt. bar and bolt, hammered 36,525 cwt. steel and 9 forges, capable of producing 2,490 tons, and and mus-actually producing 2,050 tons, and employing 230 $111,207 hands. The annual value of these manufactures is as follows 81,457 Employing 505 hands, nearly all able bodied men, and probably subsisting at least 2,000 persons. 2,551,336 There are also three rolling mills in this county, but 29,140 The furnaces of Huntingdon county, Pennsylvania, annually make about 6,000 tons. Mr. Murray, of Clinton county, N Y. stated in the 61 convention, which met at Albany on the "woollens 6,076 bill," &c. that Essex and Clinton counties, in that state, 2,502 supplied 2,000 tons of bar iron, and were capable of 24,560 making 6,000 tons; and that an investment of about 1,683 $100,000 in the iron business furnished employment 55,526 that fed 600 mouths, consuming 5 000 bushels of grain, 23,600 400 barrels of pork, &c. the products of the farmers. Rhode Island imports about 19,200 tons of cast and S8,438 bar iron, annually, from New York, New Jersey and 3,946 Pennsylvania. 17 67,004 The site of Mount Penn furnace, near Reading, Pa. 223,259 was a wilderness five months ago, and now from 20 1,590,350 to 25 tons of pig metal are made weekly, giving value 384,325 to that which was valueless, and employing many persons in a new business. because of the superior article which they supply. Ore abounds in the neighborhood of Baltimore. Vermont, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia and Kentucky, all abound in iron ore, and have large manufactories of it. Ore is also plenty in several other states, and is manufactured in them. 5,514,873 The iron manufactures of Maryland are extensive. The preceding statement is offered to shew how near-Gen. Ridgley's works near Baltimore are well known by the domestic production reaches the home supply. In respect to many articles, the imports exhibit that our manufactures are nearly equal to the demand. The chief things in which we are deficient are side arms, and articles of ironmongery, including cutlery, iron and steel wire, sheet and hoops, hammered bar iron, and steel-and the manufacture of some of these is increasing. Wood screws, mill saws, anchors, &c. Inexhaustible quantities of iron ore are found in will not probably be required from abroad much long-Kentucky-there are 7 or 8 furnaces and about 15 er-but hammered bar iron, steel, and the manufac- forges in operation in this state. The primary martures included in "other articles not specified," are kets, after supplies of the neighborhood, are at Pittslarge in amount, and the greater part of the whole burg and Cincinnati may, and will, be made as cheaply in the U. States, As much machinery is exported from as is importif assured of protection against influxes of foreigned into the U. States. In the manufacture of steam production, The chief part, indeed, nearly the engines, from 150 horse power, or upwards, if requir whole of the 5,514,873 dollars, paid for the iron im-ed, to the most delicate adjustment of a spindle or ported, is paid to Great Britain, except on account of power-loom, we rival, if we do not excel, any other hammered bar iron, of which the value of 1,398,090 people, and our artists work as cheap as any. Much dollars was received in the last year from Sweden and of the most approved machinery used in some of The engine of 100 horse power, built in Pittsburg. and used to raise water to supply the summit level of the Union canal, cost, with its iron pumps and machi nery only $5.000. It is capable of raising 650,000 cubic feet of water 94 feet, in 24 hours. The aggregate values, as stated in 1810, were probably one half short of the real values at that time. The returns of 1820 are so defective as to be useless for any general purpose, and were rightfully suppressed. The following remarks from a late British paper are interesting There is not one branch of exports from this country, which has not been seriously reduced during the last three years, with the exception of iron and steel. The increased exportation of the raw material, has long been known to the manufacturers of Sheffield, and believed by many to have been very injurious to the trade of the town. This opinion will be rather confirmed, than otherwise, by an examination of eer Among other manufactures of iron, we may notice one of mill-saws, at Philadelphia, of such superior quality and moderate price, as already nearly to have prohibited the importation from Europe. One furnace at Barrington, requires 1,200 bush-tain returns that were made to parliament, during the els coal daily, to keep it in operation, and nearly last session, in which it appears, that the exports of five tons of pig iron are made every day-100 hands iron and steel, during the three years ending Januaare employed. The "Sterling Company," in the ry, 1827, had increased from 851,5781. sterling, to eity of New-York, at a late date, employed 300 1,107,7241.; while manufactured hardware and cutworkmen, assisted by three steam engines, and work-lery, during the same period, had diminished from An increased exporta ing up five tons of iron per day, besides large quan- 214,000 cwt. to 192.000 cwt. tities of copper, brass, &c. Anchors, chain cables, tion of iron and steel, to the amount of upwards of steam engines and other machinery were made here. 250,000l. sterling, in the short time of three years, In Lincoln county, North Carolina, there are four affords a strong evidence of a disposition on the part furnaces and ten forges, which, in 1823, made about of foreign nations to engage in the manufacture of 900 tons of bar iron, and 200 tons castings. There are cutlery and hardware-Sheffield Courant. also extensive works in Stokes and Surry counties. It is every way sound policy in the people of the south ern states to establish and encourage manufactures for themselves. We have no local views on this subject. It will, besides, increase the exchanges between the states and promote domestic competition, 'for the common benefit of all consumers. [For some further remarks on iron, as connected with the internal trade, see that head, in the preced ing pages.] SCRAPS. Large quantities of snow have already fallen to the north of Baltimore, and such has been the severity of the weather, that the navigation of the Northern and Érie At Taunton, Mass. 1,200 tons of nails are made canals has closed. Ice an inch thick formed on the basin annually, and 300 tons of plates, hoops and machine- at Albany on Saturday last. A remedy for these periry. At Pittsburg, there are seven rolling and slit-dical interruptions of internal commerce will be found in the superior benefits resulting from rail roads.ting mills, eight air foundries, six steam engine facto- A late census of Michigan, shews a gross population ries, one wire factory, &c. Some of these are very of 17,411, of whom 192 are colored persons. large establishments; one of them has two engines of There are now in the state of Maine 196 Baptist 100 and 120 horse power! churches, 119 ordained ministers, 13 licentiates, and 12,029 church members. Nett gain the past year 484. A rolling mill on Esopus creek, New-York, is fited to manufacture 200 tons of iron weekly. In Morris county, New Jersey, there are seven rich iron mines, several furnaces, two rolling and slitting mills and about thirty forges. The ore of some of these mines has all the desirable qualities of the Swedish, and when the Morris caual is made, wil be worked very extensively. fron abounds in the north of Ohio. It is stated as probable that 1,000 tons of pig iron were forwarded to New York, via the Erie canal, during the past season, from Painesville, where the ore is said to be so accessible as to cost at the works no more than 150 cents per ton. Three furnaces were at work, and three others, with as many forges, were building some time ago. -The steam engines in Great Britain have the power of 375,000 horses, or 2,000,000 men; and as it is estimated that each horse requires the product of two acres of land, the use of steam leaves 750,000 acres at the dispo-Great glass works are erecting on sal of the people.Lake Champlain, by Boston capitalists-the savings on the cost of wood and sand, it is stated, will cause a great reduction in the cost of the manufacture-one account says equal to 50 per cent.- -A large factory of what is known by the uame of Brittania ware was lately put into operation at Taunton, Massachusetts. It is said to be the second or third in our country, and promises to do well.- -36,780 bales of cotton were exported from Petersburg, Virginia, for the year lately ended, of which coastwise.. -Four sisters lately 16,094 were sent met at Stillwater, New York, whose united ages amounted to 309 years.-the oldest 87, the youngest 70, all in good health. -Sometime ago, says the Schuylkill Journal, two colored persons at a public house near Joanna Furnace had a dispute whilst playing at cards. They (as we have been informed) agreed about butting, or (fighting head to head) when one was unfortunately killed. The survivor was lodged in the county jail on Thursday evening.- -A pamphlet has been published in France, entitled "the art of putting on a cravat in thirty four different ways, with the author's portrait!”A writer in the New England Farmer recommends the substitution of mulberry trees for stone walls and wooden fences. The tree is easily cultivated, is of a thick growth, and bears clipping and cutting without injury. The leaves, of course, might be profitably used for feeding silkworms.The flock of merinos, the property of his royal highness the duke of Wirtemberg, as well as that of M. Peitet, has yielded about 3,560 pouds 1,215,946 (126,000 pounds) of fine wool, which have been sold for 2,478,139 exportation. The merinos were sold at 35 to 344 rubles, 593,993 that of the third generation at 30, and that of the first and 144,736 second at 20 rubles. The manufacture of steam engines is a very large and rapidly increasing business. Many mechanics be gin to use those of one or two horse power-the cost of which is a trifle. The cotton and rice planters will soon have them to clean their cotton and rice, and there will be thousands of them scattered through our country in a very few years. Much printing will be performed by steam power. We have no means by which to arrive at the cer tain value of the iron manufactures of the United States. Some of the items were thus given in the returns of the marshals for 1810-Products of furnaces $2,981,277 THIRD SERIES. No. 13-VOL. IX.] BALTIMORE, NOVEMBER 24, 1827. [VOL. XXXIII. WHOLE No. 645 THE PAST THE PRESENT-FOR The future. EDITED AND PUBLISHED BY H. NILES & SOn at $5 per aNNUM, PAYABLE IN ADVANCE. and now only one out of every 45-in 1780 the average deaths in England were one out of 40-now one in every 58. These practical results, taught in the school of experience, are preferred to the theories of Dr. Smith or Mr. Huskisson. All that has happened in respect to cottons will take place in regard to woollens, should the manufacture of them be protected, else like causes will fail to produce like effects. The friends and subscribers of this work are respectfully reminded, that payments for it are contracted to be made in advance; and all who are in arrears are very seriously requested to remit by mail, at the cost and risk of the editors, any sums which may be due unto them. "The times are hard"-"money is scarce," we are quite willing to bear our proportion of the sufferings or inconveniences that appertain to the condition of our country in the reduced prices of its principal commodities, which, A valued friend has called our attention to an editorial however, we have zealously endeavored to advance, by paragraph inserted in the first number of the first vol. increasing the home market-that it may take the place of this work, published Sept. 7. 1811-as follows: of the glutted, RESTRICTED OF PROHIBITED foreign one "The present is a period naturally leading to the estab-. but, when times are hard or money scarce, the de- Ishment of manufactories. Deprived of our accustommands of publishers are too often regarded as among the ed commerce by the arbitrary and illegal proceedings of last to be paid, and we suffer far more than is our pro- the belligerent nations of Europe-obstructed, by miliportion. The accounts for the year have been generally tary power, from an exercise of our right to carry the forwarded as usual, and we earnestly urge a speedy at-productions of our own soil to the proper markets for tention to them. There is no lack of business for the them, and so denied the ability to pay for those fabricaeditors, but an unusual and distressing deficiency in the tions it has hitherto (perhaps) been our interest to receive amount of receipts. from abroad, it is imperiously demanded of the American people that they should look to themselves, and, in themselves and from the inestimably valuable raw materials of their country's growth, make for themselves, those articles of necessity, convenience or even of luxu ry, which it once suited them to obtain from the workshops of the old world-to draw themselves off from such uations as would (if they could) compel us to purchase their manufactures, though draining us of the last cent to pay for them, in forbiding an ingress of our commodities to such ports and places as might enable us to preserve a well-balanced account in our trade with the world-without which national as well as individual poverty must inevitably ensue.” With the matter inserted in the present sheet, we shall conclude our regular publication of the address and appendix on behalf of the Harrisburg Convention. The parts not yet extracted from the pamphlet are-the chapter on sales at auction-an interesting communication on the linen manufacture-brief notices of the product, &c. of hides and skins, tobacco, lead, and sugar a large collection of opinions as to the constitutional doctrine of protection, and a great gathering of miscellaneous items. Such of these, however, as shall appear most useful, will have a place hereafter, as opportunity offers. The extent of the matter composing the pamphlet was a subject of much regret to the compiler but it was thought that a general text book should be farnished, and so arranged that persons interested in the subject might examine it at their leisure-especially farmers and planters, more concerned, we believe, in the protection of domestic industry than any other persons whatever; and it is for their interest, or rather that of the people at large, that we have exerted ourselves for so many years past. The owners of ships and factories have our good wishes in common with others, and they partake of the general prosperity which results from the adoption of wise and patriotic measures. We are absolutely certain of these things-1. That protection has reduced the price of every sort of labor and every commodity on which it has acted, equally advantageous to producers and consumers; 2, that it has greatly enlarged the home market for the farmers and planters, in sales of grain and meat, wool, cotton, &c. without at all diminishing the foreign one; but increasing it in the supply of new commodities; 3, that, as in Great Britain so with us, manufactures have improved the morals, advanced education, added to our comforts and increased our population. Other important things might be mentioned; but we shall just now only prove these. 1st, The protection of navigation and of the cotton manufactures, has reduced the price of freights and coarse cotton goods one half-many other items might be added; 2nd, protection has prevented the addition of hundreds of thousands of laborers to the already very numerous class of farmers, and thereby checked a greater surplus to act in a further reduction of the price of grain, &c.-and it seems quite certain that competition has induced the consumption of 100,000 or 150,000 MORE bales of our cotton than would have been used without it, and it is known that about the value of six millions in manufactures was exported last year; 3rd, we have a demonstration of improved morals, &c. at every factory, and see the elevation of poor ignoraat persons into well fedt, well clothed and reasoning beings-we have it in proof that crimes and paupers are 100 per cent, greater in the agricultural than in the manufacturing districts of England, and in Manchester, one person out of every 28 died annually in 1770, before it was one great work shop, VOL. XXXII- -No. 13. We have never faultered in our opinion or conduct since then; but the incidents which have happened in sixteen years shew us, that a person, by keeping one straight-forward course, may be fashionable or unfashionable several times in that period, with the same persons! This, however, more especially happens in zig zag politics-for there always will be "men of principle according to their interest. CULTIVATION OF SILK. Many enquiries have lately been made as to the best method of cultivating the mul berry and for rearing silk worms-and we hope the suc cessful enterprise of a few, already engaged in the business, will be profitable to our country at large, and stimulate others in their efforts in furnishing a new article of great value to be added either to our manufactures or exports. Four acres of land, planted with the mulberry near Boston, have supplied food for as many worms as made 420 lbs. of silk, worth $3 50 per pound or 1,470 dollars-all which were attended to by four girls, and only for a short period in the year. There does not ap pear to be any mystery, or difficulty in this business-it rather re ures arefulness than skill, and more of attention than labor; and is especially fitted for the em ployment of aged persons having young children under their charge-ether of which, in any other way, would be of much utility or present profit. It seems that the best manner of cultivating the mulberry is to sow it "broad east," when the leaves may be mowed off and raked together. for use with the least possible trouble, and that they are larger and more tender than when grown on trees, though enough of these must be reared to furnish annual supplies of seed. The editors of the Natchez "Ariel" and Mobile, (Alabatna) "Register" are earnest in calling the attention of their readers to these things. The former noticing the production says-"Would not this culture be admi bly adapted to the eastern section of this state? Would it not be much better for planters on a small seale;those who make but 10 or 15 bales of cotton, and who have a lan-1 carriage of 50 or 100 miles to market, to turn |