congratulations from the first business houses of New York, Saint Louis, Cincinnati, and the other great cities, all speaking in high terms of the flavor and delicacy of the American sardine, and reporting large sales of the article. So great has been the demand that up to the time of the panic they were unable to fill the orders pouring in from various parts of this country and Europe. The fishing season this year commences late, having been materially delayed by the cold weather. The 'schools,' however, are expected in the vicinity of Sandy Hook by the 1st of May, after which the work will be prosecuted night and day to the close of the season."

6. Small oil-trying works in Maine, 1860.

(Paragraph 229, p. 165.)

The Gloucester Telegraph of February 22, 1860, states that the inhab itants of Brooklin, Me., manufacture annually from 500 to 1,000 barrels of pogy oil, worth from $15 to $20 a barrel.

7. The use of fish for manure by the early colonists of Massachusetts.

(Paragraph 268, p. 195.)

The following order from the records of the town of Ipswich, Mass., May 11, 1644, illustrates, in a comical way, the custom of using fish for manure in those early days:

"It is ordered that all doggs, for the space of three weeks after the publishing hereof, shall have one legg tyed up, and if such a dogg shall break loose and be found doing any harm, the owner of the dogg shall pay damage. If a man refuse to tye up his dogg's legg, and hee bee found scrapeing up fish in a cornefield, the owner thereof shall pay twelve pence damages beside whatever damage the dogg doth. But if any fish their house lotts and receive damage by doggs, the owners of those house lotts shall bear the damage themselves."*

8. A fish-fertilizer company in Boston, 1860.

(Paragraph 282, p. 210.)

"A company was established in Boston in 1860, prepared to grant licenses for treating fish under the patent of Messrs. De Molon and Thurneyssen, dated March 6, 1855."+

* Coffin's History of Newbury, &c. Boston, 1845, p. 42.

+ Cape Ann Advertiser, 1860.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

PLATE L

Figure 1. Brevoortia tyrannus (p. 19), adult, 12 inches long, from Wood's Holl, Mass. Drawn by H. L. Todd.

PLATE II.

Figure 2. Brevoortia tyrannus (p. 19), young, 8 inches long, from Wood's Holl (No. 20,666 c). Drawn by H. L. Todd.

PLATE III.

Figure 3. Brevoortia tyrannus, subsp. aurea (p. 21). Drawn by H. L. Todd, from a specimen in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Brazil.

PLATE IV.

Outlines showing the variations of Brevoortia tyrannus (p. 21):

Figure 4. Brevoortia tyrannus, subsp. menhaden, Wood's Holl.

Figure 5. Brevoortia tyrannus, subsp. brevicaudata, Noank, Conn.

Figure 6. Brevoortia tyrannus, subsp. menhaden, Saint John's River, Fla.

Figure 7. Brevoortia tyrannus, subsp. aurea, Brazil.

PLATE V.

Figure & Brevoortia patronus (p. 26), young? 8 inches long, from Brazos Santiago, Texas (892 a). Drawn by H. L. Todd.

PLATE VI.

Figure 9. Brevoortia pectinata (p. 30). Drawn by H. L. Todd, from a specimen in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Rio Grande, Brazil.

PLATE VII.

Figure 10. Brevoortia dorsalis (p. 37), west coast of Africa. Outline from Bleeker's Plate.

PLATE VIIL

Figure 11. Fac-simile of plate accompanying Latrobe's description of Clupea tyrannus and Oniscus prægustator, (p. 15), from Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. V, 1802, Plate I.

PLATE IX.

Figure 12. Map showing geographical distribution of the North American menhaden, the annual movements of the schools, and the locations of the fishing-grounds and the oil-factories.

PLATE X.

Parasites of the menhaden. Drawn by J. H. Emerton :

Figure 13. Head of fish showing the position of the crustacean parasite (p. 102).

Figure 14. Oymothoa prægustator (p. 101).

Figure 15. Læmonema radiata (p. 104).

PLATE XL

Figure 16. Map of the menhaden fishing-grounds of Maine (from Maddocks' Report).

PLATE XII.

Figure 17. Diagram of temperature strata in the Atlantic Ocean between New York and the Bermudas, April 24 to May 8, 1873 (p. 66). Copied from the "Reports of Capt. G. S. Nares, R. N. (H. M. S. Challenger), with abstract of soundings and diagrams of ocean temperatures in the North and South Atlantic Oceans, 1873."

PLATE XIII.

Figure 18. Diagram of temperature strata in the Atlantic Ocean between Halifax, Nova Scotia, and the Bermudas, (p. 66). From Captain Nares's Report.

PLATE XIV.

Diagrams illustrating the use of a purse-seine (p. 117):

Figure 19. Section of seine showing cork-line and lead-line with bridle for pursing.
Figure 20. Lower part of purse-seine showing the arrangement of the pursing weight.
Figure 21. Diagram showing boat and method of pursing the seine.

PLATE XV.

Cape Ann seine-boat, with gear (p. 120). Drawn by J. H. Emerton:

Figure 22. Seine-boat, 88 feet long, showing seine in position, ready to be set; pump, and other fittings. Figure 23. Section of stem of seine-boat, showing towing-links and gear.

Figure 24. Pursing-blocks, showing method of attachment to thwart of seine-boat.

Figure 25. Oar-rest and fastenings (new model).

Figure 26. Oar-rest (old model).

Figure 27. Purse-weight and pursing blocks.

PLATE XVI.

Figure 28. Cape Ann dory, with details of construction (p. 122).

Figure 29. Side of seining schooner, with seine-rollers.

PLATE XVII.

Figure 30. A menhaden seining steamer (p. 123). (From Maddocks' "The Menhaden Fishery of Maine.")

PLATE XVIII.

Figure 31. Diagram of the seining steamer "Leonard Brightman."

Figure 32. Seining menhaden at Cape Ann (p. 125). (From a sketch by Mr. P. Center.)

PLATE XX.

Figure 33. Seining menhaden in Peconic Bay (p. 124). From the "American Agriculturist."

PLATE XXI.

Figure 34. Maine steamers seining menhaden (p. 126). From a sketch by Henry W. Elliott.

PLATE XXII.

The preparation of menhaden for bait (p. 147). Drawn by J. H. Emerton:

Figure 35. Slivering menhaden.

Figure 36. Bait-mill, perspective view.

Figure 37. Bait-mill seen from above, showing knives.

Figure 38. Roller of bait-mill.

Figure 39. Bait or churn box, which, when in use, is fixed in the rigging, as shown in Plate XVI, Fig. 29. Figure 40. Bait-dipper.

PLATE XXIII.

Figure 41. Knives for slivering menhaden (p. 147). Drawn by H. L. Todd.

1. Slivering knife, old style.

2. Slivering knife.

3. Slivering knife, modern style.

4. Slivering knife, old style.

PLATE XXIV.

Figure 42. Factory of AMERICAN SARDINE COMPANY at Port Monmouth, N. J., (p. 137). Cat lent by

Mr. F. F. Beals.

PLATE XXV.

Figure 43. Factory of THE GEORGE W. MILES COMPANY on Charles Island, Milford, Conn., with floating factory "Alabama," (p. 171). Cut lent by Mr. Miles.

PLATE XXVI.

Figure 44. Factory at Napeague, N. Y. (p. 173). Cut lent by the "American Agriculturist."
PLATE XXVII

Interior views of the factory at Napeague (p. 173): Cut lent by the "American Agriculturist." Figure 45. Interior of the pot-works (old style).

Figure 46. Press-room (old style).

Cuts lent by the "American Agriculturist."

PLATE XXVIII

Figure 47. Factory of Luther Maddocks at Booth Bay, Me. From "The Menhaden Fishery of Maine." PLATE XXIX.

Figure 48. Factory of Joseph Church & Co. at Round Pond, Me. (p. 172). From "The Menhaden Fishery of Maine."

PLATE XXX.

Figure 49. The ship "Alabama used by the George W. Miles Company for a floating factory (p. 171). From an India-ink drawing by H. L. Todd, copied by one of the photographic processes of Pennington & Co.

PLATE XXXL

Figure 50. Factory of the Pacific Guano Company at Wood's Holl, Mass. Cut lent by the Company.