ensis Kaup. is, strange to say, found near Montevideo, on the east coast of South America. The cool, fresh water of the La Plata River may be the cause.

h. The following are Pacific varieties: Gadus chalcogrammus P. is found near Kamtschatka, in the Behring Sea, and the Sea of Ochotsk. G. macrocephalus Til. is very common in the sea near Kamtschatka and America, and ascends rivers. In May and September it is common in the Bay of Avatscha. Motella pacifica Schleg. and Lotella phycis G. are common near Japan as far as the coast of North China, near Tschusa. As an intermediate variety between these two genera and the two following, we must mention a tropical genus found in the Pacific and Indian Oceans, viz: Bregmaceros Macclellandii Thomps. on the coast of the Philippine Islands, South China, and near the mouth of the Ganges. It is probable that the cool and fresh glacier water of the Brahmapootra and the rich vegetable food have enticed this genus so far east. Lotella rhacinus G., bacchus G., and Pseudophycis breviusculus G. are found in the south temperate zone near New Zealand and in Queen Charlotte. Sound. Gadus californicus G. and Gadus productus G. are found on the coast of California as far south as San Francisco. Then we find no more fish of this kind till we reach the south temperate zone, where Merlucius Gayi Guich. is found on the coast of Chili.

G.-FISHERIES AND TRADE.

a. Norway. We will only give the results of the last 5 to 6 years. In 1871 the codfisheries in Söndmöre were very extensive. Up to March 19, 4,000,000 fish had been caught, valued at $336,000. The spring codfisheries near the Loffoden Islands produced in 1870, 18,000,000 fish; in 1871, 16,500,000; in 1872, 17,500,000, and in 1873, 19,500,000; 50,000 tons, or at least 25,000 tons oil; 18,000 tons roe, or 2,000,000 fish more than in the preceding year, and about 500,000 more than the average yield of the last 14 years. The total value of the products of these fisheries stands probably alone in the history of the spring fisheries, and was $1,904,000 against $1,411,200 in 1872, and the average of $1,400,000 during the years 1859-72. Of this sum the fishermen of Marstrand received $24,640, and the fishermen of Bohuslän, $61,600. In 1873 the Marstrand fishermen only received $24,366.72. In 1874 the codfisheries near the Loffoden Islands were not successful-only 15,000,000 fish having been caught-while in 1875 the unusual number of 23,000,000 were caught. The codfisheries near Finmarken were also successful, yielding 20,000,000-the greater portion of which were caught on the coast of East Finmarken; prices were very low, however. Near Söndmöre, Romdalen, and Nordmöre, more codfish were caught than in an average year, viz, about 6,500,000. The Norwegian codfisheries have, therefore, in the year 1875, yielded a total of 50,000,000 fish, or seven to eight million more than an average year.

b. Sweden. The statistics are fragmentary. In 1871, 318,075 pounds of dried cod were shipped from Gothenburg.

c. Denmark.-In 1871 a considerable number of codfish were caught on the west and east coast of Jutland, and 321,000 pounds, valued at $3,360, were exported, viz, 80,000 pounds from Aalborg, 80,000 from Hjärring, 161,000 from Frederikshavn. In 1871 a great number of codfish were caught near Greenland. In 1876 the codfisheries on the north and east coasts of Iceland were successful, while on the west, and espe cially on the south coast, they proved failures.

d. Germany. In 1873 the fishermen caught a large number of codfish from the mouth of the Elbe to Jutland. The Heligoland fishermen brought 650,000 pounds of fresh and 8,000 pounds of dried cod to Geestemünde. In 1874, 300,000 kilograms (661,421 pounds) of cod were caught near Eckernförde. In March, 1876, 70,260 codfish, valued at $1,750, were caught near Travemünde.

Besides these incomplete data we will give the following statistics of the North European fisheries:

=

7,561,897,075 pounds 75,618,971 hundred-weights, at $2.25 = $170,142,932 in 6 years, or an average of $28,357,155 per year. Count about 50 per cent. loss, and there remain still about $14,128,577 annual income from the codfisheries on the coasts of Northern Europe. All these figures are only relatively correct, as they are based on very incomplete and imperfect data-oil, glue, manure, and other minor products of the fisheries not being counted at all. Not till we possess complete fishery-statistics from all the States of Europe, can we ascertain the productiveness of systematic fishing. We embrace this opportunity to ask all superintendents of fisheries to assist us by sending reports, so that by degrees we may be enabled to give more reliable statistics of our fisheries.

e. The codfisheries near Newfoundland yielded 400,000,000 fish. In the year 1790 the English brought about 656,000 hundred-weights into the market; in 1814, already, 1,245,808, valued at £2,831,528; in 1825, only 973,000 hundred-weights; in 1835, only 712,000, valued at £356,000; and in 1848 again about 1,000,000 hundred-weights. The French, like wise, caught about 1,000,000 hundred weights in 1848. The Americans

caught about 1,773,000 hundred-weights in 1829. In 1842, St. John's exported codfish and oil valued at $4,476,315. In 1848, the Americans caught 1,500,000 hundred-weights. Nova Scotia exported codfish valued at $786,000. Counting the hundred-weight at $2.25, and counting 3,500,000 hundred-weights, an average annual yield, Newfoundland exports $7,875,000 worth of codfish, besides oil and other valuable products of the fisheries.

III. AN ACCOUNT OF THE LOFFODEN ISLANDS OF NORWAY.*

It is not often that we obtain a description of that remarkable group of islands on the east of Norway which our geographical handbooks mention under the name of the Loffoden, and but few of the tourists to Norway consider it worth their while to visit these rocky islands. Recently, however, we have received a very graphic description of the Loffoden Islands in a German work, which we do not hesitate to lay before our readers, as the whole work will count among the best works on Norway which have appeared in the German language. The title of the book is Fahrten durch Norwegen und die Lappmark [jaunts through Norway and Lapland], by G. Hartung and A. Dulk. Stuttgart. Kröner. Brothers, 1877. 8vo.

The two authors have divided the work between them, the greater portion, treating of Norway, being from the pen of Mr. Hartung, which is followed by the beautiful description of Lapland by Mr. Dulk. We can earnestly recommend the work as very interesting and instructive reading, especially to those who contemplate a journey to Scandinavia, and by reproducing the description of the Loffoden Islands we shall give the reader an idea of the intellectual enjoyment which awaits him in this attractive volume.

"The closer we examine the peculiar coast formation of Norway the more will the supposition gain strength that here the ocean has covered the lower portion of an Alpine mountain range, a Cordillera with its previously-existing valleys. It is an undoubted fact that during and after the glacial period the land has repeatedly risen and sunk; but it cannot be proved with absolute certainty that during a preceding period this whole mountain range was considerably higher than it is now; nor can it be denied as absolutely impossible. Reasons, however, may be given for making this the most probable supposition.

"At present the Scandinavian Cordillera only rises to about half the height of the Alps. If, after the formation of the valleys existing at the present time, the sea had risen among the Alps to a height of 5,000 .feet, what a different aspect would the valley of the Reuss, e. g., present, which now shows such grand landscapes! The water would extend through the Schöllenen and past Andermatt toward the mountain passes of the Dissentis, the Gotthard, and the Furka. From the landing-place of the vessels these mountain-passes could easily be reached, while at present they are only accessible by a long and difficult road. These Die Lofoten, from Das Ausland, 50th year, No. 31. Stuttgart, July 30, 1877. Translated by Herman Jacobson.

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