the sentences in which they occur; as is the case in the following instances. "Only, I, was to blame;" here, only is an adjective agreeing with the pronoun I, and signifying alone-I alone was to blame. "I, only, witnessed that transaction." In this phrase, if the emphasis be laid on the pronoun I, only is an adjective, meaning alone; -I, and no one else, witnessed the transaction;but,if the emphasis be laid upon the verb witnessed, then only becomes an adverb -I only witnessed that transaction, and was not a party concerned in it. 3. Some adverbs admit of comparison; as, soon, sooner, soonest; often, oftener, oftenest; well, better, best. The comparison of adverbs terminating in ly, is made by more and most; as, elegantly, more elegantly, most elegantly; neatly, more neatly, most neatly. 4. Certain words are used, in some instances as adverbs, and in others, as substantives. Thus, in the sentence, "To-day's business has been well accomplished, while yesterday's was neglected," to-day and yesterday are both substantives, because they make sense when standing alone, and because they admit of the genitive case; whereas in the phrase, "He came home yesterday, but went away again to-day;" yesterday and today are adverbs of time, because they answer to the question, when. The word much, seems to have the significa L tion of the substantive, the adjective, and the adverb: as, "Where much has been given, much will be required;" "much corn came from Sicily to Rome;" "it is much better to give than to receive." In the first of those sentences, much is a noun; in the second, it is an adjective; in the third, an adverb. 5. Adverbs may be arranged under different classes, as follows: Numeral adverbs; as, once, twice, thrice, &c. first, secondly, thirdly, fourthly, &c. lastly, finally. Adverbs of place; as, here, there, where, anywhere, elsewhere, somewhere, nowhere, herein,hither, thither, whence, hence, whither, whithersoever, upward, downward, forward, backward. The difference between some of these adverbs of place is often not accurately marked, by writers as well as speakers; exercises, therefore, exemplifying these differences, may be of considerable service. Here signifies in this place, and hither, to this place, therefore it is not grammatical to write or say come here, but come hither. There signifies in that place, and thither, to that place, consequently the expression "he is gone there," is not strictly proper; it should be, "he is gone thither." Where means in what place; it is not right, then, to say "where is he gone," but "whither is he gone?" Whence, signifies from what place; thence, from that place; hence, from this place; therefore, the expressions, from whence, from thence, from hence, aré redundant, as in them the preposition from is superfluous. Adverbs of time. Now, to-day, yesterday, tomorrow, lately, already, before, heretofore, hitherto, long since, long ago, not yet, hereafter, henceforth, henceforward, by and by, instantly, presently, just now, immediately, straightways, early, nightly, betimes, oft, often, oft-times, oftentimes, sometimes, soon, seldom, daily, weekly, monthly, yearly, always, when, then, ever, never, again, awhile. Adverbs of quantity. Much, little, sufficiently, how much, how great, enough, abundantly. Adverbs of quality, derived principally from adjectives; as, wisely, foolishly, piously, virtuously, viciously, &c. These constitute the most numerous class of adverbs. Adverbs of doubt, affirmation, negation, interrogation, and comparison; as, perhaps, peradventure, possibly, perchance; verily, truly, undoubtedly, doubtless, certainly, yea, yes, surely, assuredly, indeed, really; nay, no, not, by no means, not at all, in no wise; how, why, wherefore, whether; more, most, better, best, worse, worst, less, least, very, almost, alike. 6. Besides the adverbs which may be thus classed, there are some that are formed by the union of certain prepositions with adverbs of time and place; as, hereof, whereof, thereof, hereto, thereto, whereto, hereby, whereby, thereby, herewith, therewith, wherewith, hereupon, thereupon, whereupon, herein, therein, wherein, therefore, wherefore. Other adverbs are composed of nouns combined with the article a; as, aside, akin, ahead, aboard, ashore, aground, afloat, abed, asleep. In some cases prepositions become adverbs merely by situation ; as, “The children run about ;" "they were near dying of the fright;"" he died many years after." 7. Many of the adverbs are derived from other languages, and engrafted into our own; as, Adieu, from the French, recommending to the care of God. Farewell, from the Saxon verb faran, to go. Go well. Adrift, from the Saxon participle adrifted, driven. Again, from the Saxon agen. Aghast, from the participle agazed. Ago, from the participle agone, or gone. Alias, from the Latin, otherwise. Anon, from in one, in one instant. Askant, asquint, from the Dutch participle schuin, wry, oblique. Askew, from the Danish, skicev, crooked. Asunder, from the Saxon participle asundred, separated. Awhile, from the Saxon hwile, a time. Aye, or yea, or yes, from the imperative of a Saxon and Danish verb, signifying to possess. Backward, from the Saxon word, imperative of wardean, to look. To look back. Forward, from the Saxon, fore-weard, look fore. Belike, from the Danish, lykke, luck. Be luck. Doubtless, from the Saxon les, imperative of lessan, to dismiss. Dismiss doubt. Enough, from the Saxon, genog, genoh, con⚫ tent. Satisfaction. Ever, from the Saxon, efre, after. After times. Even, from the Saxon, efen, equal. Forsooth, from the Saxon, soth, truth. For truth. Gratis, from the Latin, freely. Inward, from the Saxon, inweard; look in.. Lo, abbreviation of look. Nay, no, not, from the Saxon, na, ne, noht. Ne gations. Quite, the passive participle from, to quit. Acquitted. Rather, from rathe, early. Together, from the Saxon, gæthrian, to collect. Upward, from the Saxon, upweard, look up. Yond, yonder, from the Saxon, geond, pas sive participle of gangan, to go, to pass. Yond, therefore, means something passed on, |