1. As the relative agrees with the antecedent in person, so, likewise must the verb: as, " I who speak, am he;" "thou, who art never sad;" "he and I hazarded our lives;" "thou, and he should attend to your duty;" "thou and I are to remain at our posts."

2. Who, which, what, and the relative that, though in the objective case, are always placed before the verb; and so likewise are their compounds: as, "He whom you loved is dead:" "they whom you sought are departed;" "they will receive whomsoever the king may see fit to appoint."

3. It is allowable to begin a sentence with, They that; those who; these that; these who; those which; he or she who; that which; the persons or things signified, being immediately pointed out in the subsequent part of the sentence; but it would be evidently improper to begin a sentence with that who; it which; or, it that.

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4. As personal pronouns are employed to supply the place of nouns, and thus to prevent their too frequent repetition, they ought not to be used in the same parts of sentences in which the nouns themselves appear. Thus it would be a superfluous use of the pronoun personal to write or say, men who were convicted, they, will be executed to-day;" "I met him, the magistrate, in the street;" "I'met him, the king, going to the parliament house in state;" "the convicts who escaped, they are all retaken."

5. The pronoun that, is often applied to persons as well as things; principally to avoid the too frequent recurrence of who and which; but after an adjective in the superlative degree, and after the word same, it is generally employed in preference to who or which: "Julius Cesar was one of the most ambitious men that ever lived;" "there is the same lady that we saw yesterday at church." Sometimes the use of the pronoun that, is absolutely necessary; as in the sentence, "Who that could have foreseen the storm would have

exposed himself to its fury?""the beautiful wife and the large fortune that he gained, inflated him with vanity."

6. It is too common a fault in conversation, to use the objective case plural of the personal pronouns, instead of the demonstratives these and those; as, "Give me them apples!" "I like them plums;" "do you see them children playing there?" and sometimes even the totally ungrammatical expression is heard, "Them nuts are very good;" "them houses seem likely to fall."

7. Sometimes the word what is improperly used instead of that: as, "They would not believe but what I was the guilty person."

8. The relative pronoun who, is now so completely attached to persons or animate beings, that it seems improper to make any other application of it, excepting to the proper names of persons, or the general terms man, woman, child, &c. : as, "The party who threw every thing into confusion ;" "the cities who asserted their liberty."

9. Those, the plural of the demonstrative pronoun that, is sometimes improperly used instead of the plural of the personal pronouns, at the beginning of sentences, and where no antecedent is implied: as, "Those (instead of they) who seek riches with avidity render themselves miserable;" "those (they) that love and practise virtue, secure to themselves happiness." When it is required to distinguish one person out of two, or out of a larger number; which, is then employed even to express animate beings: as, "Which of those two men is the oldest ?" "which of those ladies is your sister?"

10. The neuter pronoun it, is sometimes joined with a noun or pronoun, of the masculine or feminine gender: as, "It was she who afforded you comfort;" "it was he only who uttered such an absurdity;" "it was that man or that woman that said so." Sometimes the neuter pronoun is

understood: as, "He has fallen down, as appears, and injured himself;" instead of, as it appears; "may be (it may be) he hath not said it."

11. The neuter pronoun is sometimes employed to express the subject of any discourse or enquiry; as, " And it came to pass that he died on the sabbath day;" "who is it that presumes to accuse me?" Or, the state and condition of some person or thing; as, "I am grieved to see that it is so bad with you." Or, the cause of any effect or event: as, "I heard him solemnly declare that it was she who did it;""it is a fact, that it was I who projected that plan."

The phrases, it was, and it is, are often used in a plural construction; as, "It is the ministers who have made all this mischief;" "it was they who instigated him to such acts of tyranny."

12. When a pronoun comes after the interjections oh, 0, ah, in the first person, it must be in the objective case: as, "Oh me miserable, which way shall I flee?" "ah me, she is lost for ever!"

But if the pronoun be in the second person, it must be governed by the interjection, in the nominative case: as, "O thou enemy of my peace!" "Oh! ye sinners, learn wisdom."

RULE 6. When no other nominative case comes between the relative and the verb, the relative is the nominative case to the verb; as, "The friend who helped me;" "the flowers which blow;" "the men who persecuted me."

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But when a nominative comes between the relative and the verb, the relative is then found to be governed by some word in its own member of the sentence: "That great Being who gave me life; to whom I owe all my faculties and enjoyments, whose servant I am, and whom I desire to love and obey, is the sovereign of the universe."

RULE 7. When the relative is preceded by two nominative cases of different persons, the relative pronoun and the verb may agree, in person, with either of them: as, "I am the person who assert that;" or, "I am the person who asserts that." Yet the latter of the two nominatives is generally made the nominative to the verb.

When the aggreement of the relative pronoun and the verb with one of the preceding nominatives is once determined, the same agreement must be preserved throughout the sentence: as, "I am the father who love you, who cherish you, who provide for you;" or "I am the father who loves you, who cherishes you, who provides for you;" not, “I am the father who love you, who cherishes you, provides for you."

RULE 8. Every adjective necessarily refers to some substantive expressed or understood: as, "She is a virtuous, as well as beautiful woman;" that is, "she is a virtuous woman, as well as a beautiful woman";"" many ruin themselves by the indulgence of their passions;" that is, "many persons ruin themselves by the indulgence of their passions."

1. Definitive adjectives, or adjective pronouns, must agree with their nouns in number; as, a man, one tree, ten horses, this orchard, that garden, these trees, those children, another boy, other boys.

This rule of grammar is too often violated: as, "I have not been in London this twenty years;" these twenty years: "I do not recommend to your notice these kind of people;"

this kind of people: "those sort of oranges (that sort of oranges) is good for nothing."

2. The word means, is used as a noun singular by the best authors; for it belongs to that class of words, whose termination is not changed on account of number; as, "By this means he pleased both prince and people;" "by that means the nation prospered;" "by this means they are happy in each other." It would be very awkward to say "By this mean he succeeded in his enterprize;" "by that mean he appeased her indignation." Yet when it is employed to signify mediocrity, moderation, medium, the word has the singular form; as, "The golden mean;" "he hit the happy mean between presumption and timidity."

3. The expressions this means, and that means, must be used only when they refer to something in the singular number, for when they regard plurals, the demonstrative pronouns must be plural; as, "He was honest in all his dealings, and by this means maintained a good reputation;" “she acted prudently, and by that means saved herself from ruin ;" "she was virtuous, amiable, and religious, and by those means acquired the esteem of all who knew her."

4. The word amends, has a similar construction with means; as, "With this amends he was fully satisfied;" "he made her this rich amends for all her trouble."

5. The pronominal adjectives each, every, either, are joined to nouns in the singular number; as, "Each man of the troop was well mounted;" "every day will we give thanks;" "either portion is sufficient for me." Every may be joined to plural nouns which convey a collective idea: as, "Every five years he visits Paris;" "every ten days he goes into the country."

6. Adjectives are often improperly used as adverbs: as, "They acted conformable (conformably) to his instructions;" "they are tolerable (tolerably) pleasant in conversation;" "she is exceeding (exceedingly) agreeable;" "he lives