Relativity: The Special and General TheoryHartsdale House, 1920 - 168 էջ In this famous short book Einstein explains clearly, using the minimum amount of mathematical terms, the basic ideas and principles of the theory which has shaped the world we live in today [Special and General Relativity} -- google books |
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accelerated according æther body of reference Cartesian co-ordinates centre chest classical mechanics consideration corresponding definition disc distance domain earth electrodynamics ellipse embankment energy equations Euclidean continuum Euclidean geometry experience expression finite fixed stars fundamental Galilei transformation Galileian reference-body Galileian system Gaussian co-ordinates gravitational field gravitational mass H. A. Lorentz hold hypothesis imagine inertial mass laws of nature length light in vacuo little rods Lorentz transformation magnitudes manner marble slab material points matter means measured measuring-rods and clocks ment mollusk motion observer obtain orbit perihelion phenomena physical physicists plane position postulate of relativity principle of relativity propagation of light radius railway carriage ray of light regard rela RELATIVITY OF SIMULTANEITY result rigid body rotation satisfied Section simultaneous space co-ordinates space-time continuum special theory spectral lines square straight line surface system of co-ordinates theoretical theory of relativity tion transmission of light universe validity velocity of light x-axis
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Էջ 28 - That light requires the same time to traverse the path A > M. as for the path B > M is in reality neither a supposition nor a hypothesis about the physical nature of light, but a stipulation which I can make of my own freewill in order to arrive at a definition of simultaneity.
Էջ 75 - By a suitable choice of units we can thus make this ratio equal to unity. We then have the following law: The gravitational mass of a body is equal to its inertial mass. It is true that this important law had hitherto been recorded in mechanics, but it had not been interpreted. A satisfactory interpretation can be obtained only if we recognise the following fact: The same quality of a body manifests itself according to circumstances as "inertia" or as "weight
Էջ 31 - Every reference-body (coordinate system) has its own particular time; unless we are told the reference-body to which the statement of time refers, there is no meaning in a statement of the time of an event.
Էջ 9 - I stand at the window of a railway carriage which is travelling uniformly, and drop a stone on the embankment, without throwing it. Then, disregarding the influence of the air resistance, I see the stone descend in a straight line. A pedestrian who observes the misdeed from the footpath notices that the stone falls to earth in a parabolic curve. I now ask: Do the "positions" traversed by the stone lie "in reality" on a straight line or on a parabola?
Էջ 157 - Relativitats-Theorie" (Die Naturwissenschaften, 1919, No. 35, p. 520: Julius Springer, Berlin). At all events, a definite decision will be reached during the next few years. If the displacement of spectral lines towards the red by the gravitational potential does not exist, then the general theory of relativity will be untenable.
Էջ 52 - Monism itself is postulated chiefly upon the two greatest discoveries of the nineteenth century — the law of the conservation of energy, and the law of the evolution of species. Both laws establish a greater unity in the phenomena of the universe than mankind had previously been able to accept.
Էջ 69 - K' should be given preference in this sense, and they should be exactly equivalent to K for the formulation of natural laws, provided that they are in a state of uniform rectilinear and non-rotary motion with respect to K; all these bodies of reference are to be regarded as Galileian reference-bodies. The validity of the principle of relativity was assumed only for these reference-bodies, but not for others (eg, those possessing motion of a different kind). In this sense we speak of the special principle...
Էջ 77 - If he releases a body which he previously had in his hand, the acceleration of the chest will no longer be transmitted to this body, and for this reason the body will approach the floor of the chest with an accelerated relative motion. The observer will further convince himself that the acceleration of the body towards the floor of the chest is always of the same magnitude, whatever kind of body he may happen to use for the experiment.
Էջ 72 - As a result of the more careful study of electromagnetic phenomena, we have come to regard action at a distance as a process impossible without the intervention of some intermediary medium. If, for instance, a magnet attracts a piece of iron, we cannot be content to regard this as meaning that the magnet acts directly on the iron through the intermediate empty space, but we are constrained to imagine — after the manner of Faraday — that the magnet always calls into being something physically...
Էջ 133 - ACCORDING to the general theory of relativity, the geometrical properties of space are not independent, but they are determined by matter. Thus we can draw conclusions about the geometrical structure of the universe only if we base our considerations on the state of the matter as being something that is known. We know from experience that...