many did die, and that at best the distemper itself was very terrible, the sores and swellings very tormenting, and the danger of death not left out of the circumstance of sickness, though not so frequent as before; all those things, together with the exceeding tediousness of the cure, the loathsomeness of the disease, and many other articles, were enough to deter any man living from a dangerous mixture with the sick people, and make them almost as anxious to avoid the infection as before. Nay, there was another thing which made the mere catching of the distemper frightful, and that was the terrible burning of the caustics, which the surgeons laid on the swellings to bring them to break and to run; without which, the danger of death was very great, even to the last; also the insufferable torment of the swellings, which, though it might not make people raving and distracted, as they were before, and as I have given several instances of already, yet they put the patient to inexpressible torment; and those that fell into it, though they did escape with life, yet they made bitter complaints of those that had told them there was no danger, and sadly repented their rashness and folly in venturing to run into the reach of it. Nor did this unwary conduct of the people end here, for a great many that thus cast off their cautions suffered more deeply still and though many escaped, yet many died; and, at least, it had this public mischief attending it, that it made the decrease of burials slower than it would otherwise have been; for as this notion ran like lightning through the city, and the people's heads were possessed with it, even as soon as the first great decrease in the bills appeared, we found that the two next bills did not decrease in proportion; the reason I take to be the . people's running so rashly into danger, giving up all their former cautions and care, and all the shyness which they used to practise, depending that the sickness would not reach them, or that if it did they should not die. People rashly run oppose the humour of the people. The physicians opposed this thoughtless humour of the people Physicians with all their might, and gave out printed directions, spreading thoughtless them all over the city and suburbs, advising the people to continue reserved, and to use still the utmost caution in their ordinary conduct, notwithstanding the decrease of the distemper, terrifying them with the danger of bringing a relapse upon the whole city, and telling them how such a relapse might be more fatal and dangerous than the whole visitation that had been already, with many arguments and reasons to explain and prove that part to them, and which are too long to repeat here. People in penetrable by any new terrors. Rash and foolish conduct of taken notice of by the clergy. But it was all to no purpose, the audacious creatures were so possessed with the first joy, and so surprised with the satisfaction of seeing a vast decrease in the weekly bills, that they were impenetrable by any new terrors, and would not be persuaded but that the bitterness of death was passed; and it was to no more purpose to talk to them than to an east wind; but they opened shops, went about streets, did business, and conversed with anybody that came in their way to converse with, whether with business or without, neither inquiring of their health or so much. as being apprehensive of any danger from them, though they knew th emnot to be sound. This imprudent rash conduct cost a great many their lives, who had with great care and caution shut themselves up, and kept retired as it were from all mankind, and had by that means, under God's providence, been preserved through all the heat of that infection. This rash and foolish conduct of the people went so far, that the ministers took notice to them of it, and laid before them the people both the folly and danger of it; and this checked it a little, so that they grew more cautious; but it had another effect, which they could not check, for as the first rumour had spread, not over the city only, but into the country, it had the like effect, and the people were so tired with being so long from London, and so eager to come back, that they flocked to town without fear or forecast, and began to show themselves in the streets, as if all the danger was over: it was indeed surprising to see it, for though there died still from a thousand to eighteen hundred a week, yet the people flocked to town as if all had been well. The consequence of this was that the bills increased again four hundred the very first week in November; and, if I might believe the physicians, there were above three thousand fell sick that week, most of them new comers too. One John Cock, a barber in St. Martin's-le-Grand, was an eminent example of this, I mean of the hasty return of the people when the plague was abated. This John Cock had left the town with his whole family, and locked up his house, and was gone into the country, as many others did, and finding the plague so decreased in November, that there died but nine hundred and five per week of all diseases, he ventured home again. He had in his family ten persons, that is to say, himself and wife, five children, two apprentices, and a maid-servant. He had not been returned to his house above a week, and began to open his shop and carry on his trade, but the distemper broke out in his family, and within about five days they all died except one, that is to say, himself, his wife, all his five children, and his two apprentices, and only the maid remained alive. But the mercy of God was greater to the rest than we had The Great King reason to expect; for the malignity, as I have said, of the dis- checks the temper was spent, the contagion was exhausted, and also the scourge. wintry weather came on apace, and the air was clear and cold, with some sharp frosts; and this increasing still, most of those that had fallen sick recovered, and the health of the city began to return there were indeed some returns of the distemper, even in the month of December, and the bills increased near a hundred, but it went off again, and so in a short while things began to return to their own channel; and wonderful it was to see how populous the city was again all on a sudden, so that a stranger could not miss the numbers that were lost, neither was there any miss of the inhabitants as to their dwellings; few or no empty houses were to be seen, or if there were some there was no want of tenants for them. repeat the I wish I could say that, as the city had a new face, so the People of manners of the people had a new appearance: I doubt not but London there were many that retained a sincere sense of their deliver- immorality. ance, and that were heartily thankful to that sovereign hand that had protected them in so dangerous a time; it would be very uncharitable to judge otherwise in a city so populous, and where the people were so devout as they were here in the time of the visitation itself; but, except what of this was to be found in particular families and faces, it must be acknowledged that the general practice of the people was just as it was before, and very little difference was to be seen. Some, indeed, said things were worse, that the morals of the people declined from this very time; that the people, hardened by the danger they had been in, like seamen after a storm is over, were more wicked and more stupid, more bold and hardened in their vices and immoralities, than they were before; but I will not carry it so far neither; it would take up a history of no small length to give a particular of all the gradations by which the course of things in this city came to be restored again, and to run in their own channel as they did before. Some parts of England were now infected as violently as London had been; the cities of Norwich, Peterborough, Lincoln, Colchester, and other places were now visited; and the magistrates of London began to set rules for our conduct as to corres Ingratitude of the towards the men. : ponding with those cities: it is true, we could not pretend to forbid their people coming to London, because it was impossible to know them asunder, so, after many consultations, the Lord Mayor and court of aldermen were obliged to drop it all they could do was to warn and caution the people not to entertain in their houses, or converse with, any people who they knew came from such infected places. But they might as well have talked to the air, for the people Londoners of London thought themselves so plague-free now that they were Lord Mayor past all admonitions; they seemed to depend upon it that the and alder- air was restored, and that the air was, like a man that had had the small-pox, not capable of being infected again. This revived the notion that the infection was all in the air, that there was no such thing as contagion from the sick people to the sound; and so strongly did this whimsy prevail among people, that they ran altogether promiscuously, sick and well; not the Mahometans, who, prepossessed with the principle of predestination, value nothing of contagion, let it be in what it will, could be more obstinate than the people of London; they that were perfectly sound, and came out of the wholesome air, as we call it, into the city, made nothing of going into the same houses and chambers, nay, even into the same beds, with those that had the distemper upon them, and were not recovered. Return of the pestilence give physicians than ever. Some, indeed, paid for their audacious boldness with the price of their lives; an infinite number fell sick, and the physicians had more work than ever, only with this difference, that more more work of their patients recovered, that is to say, they generally recovered; but certainly there were more people infected and fell sick now, when there did not die above a thousand or twelve hundred a week, than there was when there died five or six thousand a week; so entirely negligent were the people at that time in the great and dangerous case of health and infection, and so i were they able to take or accept the advice of those who cautioned them for their good. Entire families The people being thus returned, as it were in general, it was swept away. very strange to find, that, in their inquiring after their friends, some whole families were so entirely swept away that there was no remembrance of them left; neither was anybody to be found to possess or show any title to that little they had left; for, in such cases, what was to be found was generally embezzled and purloined, some gone one away, some another. It was said such abandoned effects came to the king as the universal heir, upon which we are told, and I suppose it was in part true, that the king granted all such as deodands to the Lord Mayor and court of aldermen of London, to be applied to the use of the poor, of whom there were very many; for it is to be observed that, though the occasions of relief and the objects of distress were very many more in the time of the violence of the plague than now after all was over, yet the distress of the poor was more now a great deal than it was then, because all the sluices of general charity were now shut; people supposed the main occasion to be over, and so stopped their hands, whereas particular objects were still very moving, and the distress of those that were poor was very great indeed. Though the health of the city was now very much restored, Our misyet foreign trade did not begin to stir, neither would foreigners standing admit our ships into their ports for a great while; as for the Dutch, the misunderstandings between our court and them had broken out into a war the year before, so that our trade that way was wholly interrupted; but Spain and Portugal, Italy and Barbary, as also Hamburgh, and all the ports in the Baltic, these were all shy of us a great while, and would not restore trade with us for many months. under with the Dutch break out into war. The distemper sweeping away such multitudes, as I have observed, many, if not all, of the out-parishes were obliged to make new burying-grounds, besides that I have mentioned in Bunhill-fields, some of which were continued, and remain in use to this day; but others were left off, and-which, I confess, I mention with some reflection-being converted into other uses, Parochial or built upon afterwards, the dead bodies were disturbed, abused, dug up again, some even before the flesh of them was perished dead. from the bones, and removed, like dung or rubbish, to other places. Some of those which came within the reach of my observations are as follows: First. A piece of ground beyond Goswell-street, near Mountmill, being some of the remains of the old lines or fortifications of the city, where abundance were buried promiscuously from the parishes of Aldersgate, Clerkenwell, and even out of the city. This ground, as I take it, was since made a physic garden, and after that has been built upon. Second. A piece of ground just over the Black Ditch, as it was then called, at the end of Hollowell-lane, in Shoreditch parish; it has since been made a yard for keeping hogs and for other ordinary uses, but is quite out of use as a burying-ground. disturbers |