addresses. He told the deputies, among other kind expressions, that his mind was full of recollections relating to their ancestors. The first time he should cross the Alps, he said, he would come and reside for some time in their city. The French emperors, his predecessors, had detached a territory from the empire and bestowed it as a fief on their bishops. But the whole of France and of Italy, ought to be united under the same system. They had need of a strong hand, and he felt peculiar satisfaction in being their benefactor. "But," said he, "it is not my intention to introduce any change into the religion of our ancestors. The eldest son of the church, I have no mind to withdraw myself from her bosom. Jesus Christ did not think it necessary to set St. Peter upon a temporal throne. I render to God the things that are God's, and to Cæsar the things that are Cæsar's."

After the deputies from Rome, those of Tuscany were introduced to pay their homage. To their address, his majesty briefly replied in these words, "gentlemen deputies of Tuscany, I am pleased with the sentiments you express. Your people are dear to me on several accounts. Henceforth, as forming a part of my great family, they shall find in me the love

of a father."

Towards the close of 1809, a grand meeting of Buonaparte's brothers, and other relatives, princes and princesses, and vassal kings, began to discover a secret article in the treaty of Vienna. To this meeting Buonaparte represented the necessity of providing an heir to that

* State Papers, p. 806.

throne on which providence had placed him. For this purpose his present marriage must be dissolved; and that which had been for fifteen years a source of happiness to him, he must sacrifice to the welfare of France. Still his present consort should hold the rank of empress, and be treated by him as his best and dearest friend. Josephine returned her thanks to him for his generous goodness in exalting her to a throne, expressed her consent to a measure necessary for the country, and declared that she should always look to him as her great benefactor and best friend, and exult in the sacrifice thus made of their mutual affections. A note was taken of the whole transaction signed by Napoleon, Josephine and all the kings, queens, princes and princesses present, and on the 16th of December it was laid before the senate, which agreed that the marriage should be dissolved, the title of empress queen be retained, and an annual revenue of two millions of francs, (precisely the annual income bestowed, or left to the pope) accompanying it*.

The loss of Pomerania and Finland, the severe distress in which the Swedish nation was involved by the war with the overwhelming power of Russia, aggravated by the ravages of a contagious distemper, and the knowledge of the army that it was the fixed purpose of the king notwithstanding the armistice of November 1808,† to renew a war, altogether hopeless and desperate with Russia, backed by France. These circumstances naturally and almost necessarily led to the deposition of the King,

+ Vol. L. (1808) p. 257.

which took place on the 13th of March. This is one of the least, if not the very least, violent of political revolutions that we meet with in history. It was effected without the loss of a single life; and with the deprivation of liberty only to the king, and a few of his adherents. The Duke of Sudermania, the king's uncle, assumed the government under the title of regent, and was afterwards chosen by the states king, in the room of his nephew. A new constitution was formed, by which the encroachments of Gustavus III. were done away, and the ancient rights of the different states of the realm restored.

The new king declared his determination not to consent to any peace with Russia, that should be disgraceful to Sweden, or oblige her to take up arms against her faithful ally Great Britain. The war between Russia and Sweden was accordingly renewed. The courage and gallantry of the brave Swedes were opposed in vain to the courage and the numbers of the Russians. Peace between Sweden and Russia, purchased by great sacrifices of territory on the part of the former,t was concluded on the 17th of September. Peace was

See State Papers, p. 743.

also concluded between Sweden and France, but not till the 6th January 1810. By this, Swedish Pomerania, with the principality of Rügen, and their dependencies, were restored to Sweden. The former commercial relations between the two countries were restored. France was to have the right of establishing an emporium at Gothenburg. The king of Sweden promised to adopt the continental system, and to exclude from his ports the English commerce. The treaty was declared to be common to their majesties, the kings of Spain and the Indies, of the two Sicilies, and of Holland, and to the Confederation of the Rhine.

It has already been seen that by the treaties of Vienna, and that with Sweden, Russia added, this year, to her vast empire Finland and a part of Gallicia. She maintained the ground she had gained in Moldavia and Wallachia. Her armies advancing in the course of conquest towards Constantinople, after much hard battling with the Turks, particularly a very desperate action near Silistria, in Bulgaria, were obliged to fall back, and retire to the north side of the Danube.

1 See the Treaty, State Papers, p. 784

1st.

JANUARY.

HE following extraordiTHE nary case of abstinence from food, is extracted from the Monthly Magazine for January of this year.

Anu Moor, aged 58, a poor woman of Tulbury, in the county of Stafford, has lived twenty months without food. However, not being (like many others) perfectly satisfified with the common report in the neighbourhood respecting her case, I took an opportunity of visiting her personally, in order to ascertain the exact particulars of her case; when I had, by her own statement, the following account of her miserable condition:-That in the year 1804 she was attacked with a very severe illness, which, I concluded (from her account), must have been an inflammation of some of the viscera of the abdomen. From this she gradually recovered (by the assistance of the surgeon in the place), after thirteen weeks confinement. After this she had (the same year,) at intervals (I believe regular), violent fits, accompanied with a spasmodic affection of the stomach. The succeeding year, 1805, she was again attacked with a second inflammaVOL. LI.

tion of some part of the abdominal viscera, which was not quite so violent as the former; which, after she was perfectly recovered from this inflammatory disease, being gra dual, after eleven weeks confinement, she found it had materially mitigated the spasms and fits which she had been accustomed to support the preceding year. But what must have been a still greater affliction to her, was, that her appetite and digestive powers of the stomach were considerably impaired, particularly the latter, so that, from the irritability of that organ, every thing was rejected that she took, except that mild aliment, tea, milk, puddings, or vegetables; and of these she took such a small proportion, that it was believed, by all her attendants, she would soon fall a victim for the want of that nourishment which the system requires to supply the wastes of nature. this state she continued until the spring of 1806, when she undertook to superintend the daily dressing of a fistula wound of a poor boy's back, from the offensive nature of which, (and the boy's inability to procure the attendance of a surgeon), every one declined lending their assistance, except this poor X

In

woman,