The Climate Near the GroundRowman & Littlefield, 2003 - 584 էջ This revised and updated edition of Rudolf Geiger's classic text provides a clear and vivid description of the surface microclimate, its physical basis, and its interactions with the biosphere. The book explains the principles of microclimatology and illustrates how they apply to a wide array of subfields. Those new to the field will find it especially valuable as a guide to understanding and quantifying the vast and ever-increasing literature on the subject. This edition has been revised to keep abreast of current research in microclimatology, to provide more examples of work from North America, and to more clearly illustrate how surface energy fluxes are linked to the nature of the surface environment. The authors have added discussions dealing with the speed of sound, the use of vegetative barriers to reduce sound, and physiological control of energy and moisture exchanges. They have also expanded the discussion of microclimatic effects on animal and human behavior and dwellings. Designed as an introductory text for students in environmental science, this book will also be an essential reference for scientists seeking a clear understanding of the nature and physical basis of the climate near the ground, and its interactions with the biosphere. |
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INTRODUCTION | 1 |
CHAPTER I EARTHS SURFACE ENERGY BUDGET | 5 |
3 Components of the Energy Balance and Their Importance | 8 |
4 Radiation Balance of Earths Surface | 10 |
5 Longwave Radiation at Night | 19 |
6 The Laws of Energy Transport in the Ground | 27 |
7 Transport of Energy in the Atmosphere Eddy Diffusion | 34 |
8 Mixing Due to Friction and Convection | 36 |
31 The Microclimate of Meadows and Grain Fields | 248 |
32 The Microclimate of Gardens and Vineyards | 259 |
FOREST CLIMATOLOGY | 263 |
34 Metabolism Energy Storage and Wind in a Forest | 276 |
35 Air Temperature and Humidity in a Forest | 288 |
36 Dew Rain and Snow in a Forest | 296 |
37 Microclimate at the Stand Edges | 309 |
38 The Climate of Forest Clearings | 319 |
9 Temperature Instability Dissemination of Seeds Dispersion of Air Pollutants and Effective Stack Height as Problems of Eddy Diffusion | 39 |
THE AIR LAYER OVER LEVEL GROUND WITHOUT VEGETATION | 51 |
11 Temperature in the Lowest 100 m of the Atmosphere | 61 |
12 The Unstable Sublayer and the Inversion Sublayer | 67 |
13 Daytime Temperature of the Air Layer near the Ground | 71 |
14 Nighttime Temperature of the Air Layer near the Ground | 78 |
15 Distribution of Water Vapor above the Ground | 85 |
16 The Wind Field and the Influence of Wind near the Ground | 91 |
17 Distribution of Particulates and Trace Gases | 101 |
18 Optical Phenomena and Acoustics near the Ground | 111 |
INFLUENCE OF THE UNDERLYING SURFACE ON THE ADJACENT AIR LAYER | 121 |
20 Ground Color Surface Temperature Ground Cover Mulching and Greenhouses | 128 |
21 Soil Moisture and Ground Frost | 138 |
22 The Air Layer above Small Water Surfaces | 157 |
23 The Air Layer near the Water Surface of Lakes Seas and Rivers | 165 |
24 Snow and Ice Properties and Interaction with the Environment | 173 |
FURTHER ANALYSIS OF THE ENERGY BALANCE | 193 |
26 Results of Previous Energy Balance Measurements | 199 |
27 Advective Influences and Transitional Climates | 207 |
28 Remarks on Evaporation | 212 |
THE EFFECT OF LOW PLANT COVER ON THE SURFACE AIR LAYER | 225 |
29 Energy Balance and Temperature of Plant Components | 226 |
30 Radiation Eddy Diffusion and Evaporation in a Low Plant Cover | 239 |
39 Climatic Influences of the Forest | 329 |
THE INFLUENCE OF TOPOGRAPHY ON THE MICROCLIMATE | 339 |
41 The Effect of Differing Amounts of Sunshine on the Microenvironment | 350 |
42 SmallScale Topographic Influences at Night Cold Air Currents Frost Hollows | 359 |
43 Local Winds in Hilly and Mountainous Terrain | 366 |
44 The Climate of Various Slopes Exposure Climate | 384 |
45 The Thermal Belt | 395 |
46 Microclimate in the High Mountains | 406 |
47 The Microclimate of Caves | 418 |
INTERRELATIONS OF ANIMALS AND HUMANS TO THE MICROCLIMATE | 425 |
48 Animal Behavior | 426 |
49 Animal Dwellings | 433 |
50 Bioclimatology | 439 |
51 Urban Climate | 447 |
52 Artificial Protection against Wind | 461 |
53 Artificial Protection Against Low Temperatures | 481 |
493 | |
SYMBOLS | 547 |
Conversion Table | 551 |
553 | |
567 | |
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air layer air temperature albedo amount atmosphere average Bowen ratio cave changes clear climate cloud coefficient cold air convection cooling counterradiation daily deciduous decrease density depth distribution eddy diffusion edge effect energy balance evaporation evapotranspiration factors Figure flow fluctuation frost Geiger global solar radiation grass greater ground surface height higher horizontal increase influence inversion lapse rate latent heat leaf leaf area index longwave radiation lower maximum measurements microclimate microclimatic minimum mixing mountain night observed percent photosynthesis plant precipitation radiation balance radiative rain reduced relative humidity result sec¹ Section sensible heat shelterbelt shown shows slope snow cover soil moisture soil temperature stand summer surface temperature Table temperature variation thermal conductivity throughfall trees urban urban heat island valley values vapor pressure vegetation vertical warm warmer water content water vapor wavelength wind speed winter
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Էջ 494 - AJ: Evaluation of Empirical Expressions for the Estimation of Hourly and Daily Totals of Atmospheric Longwave Emission Under all Sky Conditions. Quart. JR Met. Soc. 105, 1041-1052 (1979).
Էջ 545 - M. and Prileszky, Gy., The effect of cold on development of bacterial canker in apricot trees infected by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae, Physiol. Plant Pathol. , 24, 237, 1984. 30. Proebsting, EL, Jr. and Gross, DC, Field evaluations of frost injury to deciduous fruit trees as influenced by ice nucleation-active Pseudomonas syringae, J. Am. Hortic. Sci., 113, 498, 1988. 31. Garrett, CME, Influence of rootstock on the susceptibility of sweet cherry scions to bacterial canker, caused by Pseudomonas...