On April 22, 1840, Linonia sent out an "appeal for a fire-proof building for the use of the society, to contain the library," and summoned a general meeting on August 17, when N. P. Willis read a poem. However, an arrangement was made by which the library was stored in one of the wings of the College Library Building. W. D. Bishop (Yale College, 1849) gave the society $1,000 in 7 per cent railroad bonds, for Sophomore and Freshman prize debates. In 1858 a Senior debate was added and a Junior one in 1865.

The society aided in building Alumni Hall and was given a hall in the north part of the second story. This room, still called Linonian Hall, was adorned in 1858 with two life-size statues of Demosthenes and Sophocles, made by E. S. Bartholomew, in Rome. These were placed in the corners. In 1853 occurred the Centennial Celebration, which was very fine. W. M. Evarts (37) delivered an address, and F. M. Finch (49) read a poem in the North Church. After this there was a banquet in the newly-dedicated Alumni Hall.

The motto of Linonia was "Quiescit in perfecto." It issued three catalogues of members, in 1841, 1853, and 1860. Its library was one of its most beneficial features; in 1770 it had 100 books; in 1800, 475; in 1822, 1,187; in 1837, 5,581; in 1846, 10,103; in 1860, 11,300; in 1870, 13,300. The money to buy books, etc., came from the monthly dues, payable to the treasurer up to 1860, when the College assumed the duty of collecting the money, and assessed every student $6, and after 1867 $8, on the term bills. In 1867, when the College Reading Room was founded in South Middle, the expenses attendant on it were met by a society tax. Brothers in Unity had likewise a wing in the College Library for their books and a hall 50 by 25 feet and 25 feet high, the exact size of Linonia's in the south part of the second story of Alumni Hall, to which it also contributed. Over the President's desk was a picture in which Col. Humphreys, the founder, was the chief figure. Brothers contributed to the Pilgrims' Monument at Plymouth and started prize debates in 1853, completing the whole plan as Linonia did with prizes of $20, $15, and $10. In old times, the alumni of these societies had reunions at Commencement and in 1868 Brothers had its Centennial Celebration. This was held in the North Church, at which place T. M. Clark ('31) gave an oration, and Theodore Bacon (53) read a poem. This was followed by a 'social reception in the Art School Building. The celebration was inferior to Linonia's on account of the decay of the societies. Brothers' motto was "E parvis oriuntur magna." Brothers issued catalogues in 1841 and 1854. Its library numbered in 1781, 163 volumes; in 1808, 723; in 1825, 1,730; in 1835, 4,565; in 1846, 9,140; in 1851, 11,651; in 1870, 13,400. After gradual decay both the societies died in 1872. An attempt to revive Linonia was made in 1878; it languished a few years and died in 1881.1

Four Years at Yale, 190-221.

In 1806 Thomas S. Grimké (Y. C., 1807) founded a third society, "Phoenix,” which soon died, and in 1819 the "Calliopean Society," or "Calliope," was formed. It was started by Southern men because their candidate for president of Brothers had been defeated. It had at first 69 members, which number it never afterwards reached, but it lived on till 1853, drawing the Southern students. The middle room of the second story of Alumni Hall was allotted to Calliope, but it dis solved before its room was ready for occupancy. It had a library which numbered in 1819, 400 volumes; in 1831, 2,900; in 1840, 5,000; and in 1852, 10,000. The books were partly given to the College and partly sold, and with the proceeds two scholarships were founded. Its only catalogue was in 1839.1

In 1821 Prof. J. L. Kingsley founded a society, X 40, which seems at first to have been a rival of 9 B K. It was intended to compliment literary as distinguished from scholastic ability. It took one-fourth of the class and met fortnightly, at which times essays were read. It had a classical library of 100 volumes, which it later gave to the College. It died in 1844. As the editors of the "Lit" were generally members they revived it in 1868,2 after which time its badge, a golden triangle, worn as a watch charm, was used exclusively by them for many years. In 1886 the "Lit" editors elected to the society several other Seniors of recognized literary ability, as they have done in each suc ceeding class; though, as sometimes the men are never even notified of their election, the whole affair is somewhat of a farce, and to-day the chief use of X 40 is to mark the "Lit" editors.

In 1832, the present society system of class societies began with the founding of the august and sphinx-like Skull and Bones Society, whose gold badge is fashioned in the shape of the emblems from which the society takes its name. It has exercised an immense influence in Yale, and the fifteen men it takes from each Senior class are supposed to be selected for superlative excellence. In 1856, it built a hall on High street for $25,000. This is a windowless, iron-doored, prison-like, brownstone structure, whose interior is known only to the members of the society. The numbers 322 are on the badge and have some mysterious meaning. The society is incorporated as the "Russell Trust Associa tion," taking name from Gen. William H. Russell (Y. C., 1833), an early member. In 1841, a rival society, now equal in rank, was formed on the same general plan-the Scroll and Key Society, popularly so called from the emblems forming its golden badge. It built a fine marble hall on College street in 1870. It is incorporated as the W. L. Kingsley Trust Association. From 1864 to 1868, a third Senior society, "Spade and Grave," existed, which was succeeded for 1869 by "Crown and Scepter." A more successful attempt to found a third Senior society

3

Four Years at Yale, 221–223.

2 Four Years at Yale, 235-236.

3 Four Years at Yale, 143-189.

was made in 1884, when the "Wolfshead Society" was formed and built an elegant hall of brownstone on Prospect street. This is more like a club house, with many windows, though these are not transparent. Wolfshead does not preserve the intense secrecy of the other societies and seems rapidly gaining in strength. In 1837, A 4, first of the Greek letter fraternities, came to Yale. Three students came from Hamilton College, where the fraternity was founded, to Yale to form a chapter there. It was very successful for many years; but later, through internal dissensions and ill-success in college politics, it lost strength and was suspended in 1874. T was brought to Yale in 1838 by "Richelieu" Robinson from Union, where it was founded. The Yale Chapter, B, built a brick hall on High street in 1870. Its corporate name is the "Trumbull Trust Association." It has always drawn its membership from the Junior class and, so at Yale, has been a class society and not a four years' one, as at other colleges. A ▲ was also a Junior society till just before its suspension. In 1843, the fraternity of 4 K E, the largest in membership of all American College Fraternities, was founded at Yale. The mother chapter, 4, built a hall in 1861 on York street, much of the money therefor being given by Henry Holt, the publisher. It is also a Junior society and has as its corporate name "the Winthrop Trust Association." The elections to Yr and 4 KE were given at night with accompaniment of calcium lights, songs, etc., and furnished a weird picture. This custom was given up in 1893.

The Sophomores also have had societies: K Σ, the first, founded in 1838 by the class of 1841, perished through internal dissensions in 1858. It founded chapters at Wesleyan and Amherst, chapters now long dead. A Z Þ, founded in 1846, was abolished in 1864 on account of its character. This was the first action of the kind taken by the faculty. Chapters were founded at Amherst, Princeton, and Marietta, all of which are dead. These societies published annual fueilletons, KO's being the "Banger," issued from 1845 to 1850 and in 1852, and A Z D's the Tomahawk from 1847 to 1851. These were chiefly abusive of each other. From A Z sprang and 4 BX; these even sometimes wore the old pin. Their songs in Yale song books are almost the only traces of them remaining. They were abolished for their disorder in 1877, and the date of their abolition is still observed as a festival, at which a procession is formed and jokes are played on the Freshmen. These societies published song books, but no catalogues, and were chiefly feeders to the Junior societies.2

The first freshman society was K Σ E, founded in 1840 by Senator O. S. Ferry and others of 1844. It founded branches at Amherst, Troy Polytechnic, and Dartmouth, but all are now dead. A rival arose in 1845, in 4 K, founded by members of 1849. This had chapters at Amherst, Dartmouth, Center College (Kentucky) North Carolina Uni

1 Four Years at Yale, 105-142.

Four Years at Yale, 87-105.

versity, University of Virginia, and University of Mississippi; none of them survive. It issued a paper called the Battery in 1850. These societies had a mad hunt for Freshmen every fall, each striving to get the most men, and were abolished by the Faculty in 1880 on account of their tearing up a campaign banner of a political club during one of their festivities. They both issued statements of honors obtained by their members in order to induce Freshmen to join them.1 4 was a Freshman society from 1819 to 1860, with chapters at New York University and Amherst, and IN, founded in 1855, by J. A. Twichell, and A. W. Wright of 1859, was non-secret and survived though often in a moribund state, till the fall of 1889. These societies intensified the already marked class feeling and induced men to endeavor to obtain membership.

PROFESSIONAL SCHOOLS UNDER PRESIDENT DAY.

During most of President Day's time, and till other schools drew away students, the Yale Medical School flourished. In sixteen years it had 349 graduates, the largest class of 41 members leaving in 1829. In 1821 it had a "cabinet of anatomical preparations and materia medica," and a botanical garden was to be established as soon as the funds of the college allowed," which they never did. In 1829 Dr. Smith died and three new professors were appointed, William Tully (Yale College, 1806), professor of materia medica and therapeutics, which post he held till 1841; Timothy P. Beers (Yalo College, 1808), professor of midwifery, holding the office till 1855; and Thomas Hubbard, professor of surgery, continuing to lecture till his death in 1838. On Dr. Hubbard's death Dr. Charles Hooker (Yale College, 1820) was made professor of anatomy and physiology, which chair he held till his death in 1863, and the veteran Jonathan Knight was transferred to the chair of surgery, in the occupancy of which he died in 1864. Henry Bronson (M. D., 1827) was appointed Dr. Tully's successor in 1842, holding the post till 1860. In 1821, 1834, 1856, and 1866 the charter was revised by the legislature.3 Chemistry was introduced as early as in any American medical college. The students attended at first the lectures on that subject given to the seniors and juniors in the academical department.

From the foundation of the college there had been a class of resident theological students; but the Yale Theological School, as a distinct department, was founded under President Day. W. C. Fowler and S. B. Ingersoll (of 1817) began to study theology with Prof. Fitch, the college pastor, after graduation. The second term the number increased to 5, and later to 12. Prof. Kingsley taught them Hebrew, and Prof.

Goodrich elocution and the composition of sermons. In the early part of 1822, 15 of the graduating class petitioned to be organized into a theological class. The question came up whether instruction in theology should be given up or the means enlarged, so as better to correspond with the advance in theological learning. Prof. Fitch supported the application, and said one professor could not teach theologues and be college pastor at the same time, as the standards of theological education were being raised. The corporation voted to appeal for an endowment of $20,000 for a new professorship to be called the Dwight professorship of didactic theology. A condition of the subscribers was "that the professor should make the same profession of faith as President Stiles and President Dwight did at their induction into the presidency." Nine thousand two hundred dollars of the endowment was lost in the failure of the Eagle Bank, but subscriptions came in so fast that $27,612.44 was raised, and Rev. Nathaniel W. Taylor, who for ten years had been pastor of the First Church, New Haven, was chosen professor. Among the contributions were $5,000 from Timothy Dwight, jr., $1,666 from Prof. Fitch, $750 and land worth $1,250 from William Leffinwell, $1,000 from Henry L. Ellsworth, of Hartford, Titus Street, and Cornelia Hubbard each; from Aristarchus Champion, of Champion, N. Y., $1,590, and $1,000 from a legacy of Mrs. Martha Denison, of Wilkesbarre, Pa.3 Prof. Kingsley gave instruction in Hebrew and Prof. Fitch in New Testament Greek and criticism of sermons. The intention from the first was to have the department separate and to receive aid only from college professors, besides the professor of divinity, till the school had enough funds to have teachers of its own.

In 1824, J. W. Gibbs (Yale College, 1809) was employed to teach sacred literature, Greek, and Hebrew. His salary was partly paid by his serving as college librarian.5 An endowment of $9,229.22 was secured for a professorship of sacred literature, of which amount Eleazer F. Backus and F. Toppan, of New York, each gave $1,000. On the endowment of the professorship, Gibbs was formally inducted into office in 1826. In 1839, Prof. Goodrich, who had taken a great interest in the school, was transferred to it as professor of the pastoral charge, continuing therein until his death in 1860. Profs. Taylor and Gibbs also served till their death, which occurred in 1858 and 1861, respectively. Prof. Taylor was the central figure of the school, blending the attributes of a philosopher and an orator with subtle, logical, and strong conceptions, and a vivid, clear, earnest, and impressive delivery. He had striking personality, with his dark lustrous eyes, and deep-toned modulated voice, "rising at times to a strain of powerful and stirring eloquence." He had the courage of a soldier, but was also "gentle and

1 J. L. Kingsley, 36; Yale Book, 1,

128; College Book, 84.

J. L. Kingsley, 36.

* Baldwin, Hist. of Yale.

4 Yale Book, I, 128.
College Book, 85.