hearted iron merchant, who was its generous benefactor, though his larger plans for the institution were cut short by an early death.

Rev. R. W. Keeler, D. D., was the first president of the college, and from 1857-59. He was a man of commanding presence, superior ministerial talent, and deeply interested in the work of education. After resigning the presidency of Cornell he was principal of Epworth Seminary, Iowa, for five years; then occupied important positions as pastor and as presiding elder in the Upper Iowa conference. He is now dean of the theological faculty of Central Tennessee College, at Nashville.

Rev. Samuel M. Fellows, A. M., the only principal of the seminary, and second president of the college, 1859-63, a native of New Hampshire, became, successively, a graduate, professor, and principal of Rock River Seminary, Illinois, where Hon. John V. Farwell, Governor J. L. Beveridge, Senator S. M. Cullom, and Secretary of War John A. Rawlins were educated. After spending twelve years in that seminary he removed to Mount Vernon in 1853 and opened the new institution there. His administration of seminary affairs had been so successful that he was asked to accept the presidency of the college when it was organized, but a regard for his health induced him to choose the chair of Latin. When Dr. Keeler withdrew from the college, the invitation to its headship was renewed and accepted. He held the place till his death in 1863. He was apt and inspiring as a teacher, efficient as a disciplinarian, clear, forcible, and persuasive as a speaker.

DR. KING'S PRESIDENCY, 1863 TO THE PRESENT.

Rev. William Fletcher King, D. D., LL. D., the third president of the college, was born in Ohio, though of old Virginia ancestry. He grad uated at the Ohio Wesleyan University in 1857 and held a tutorship there five years thereafter. His service to Cornell commenced in 1862 as professor of ancient languages. In the next year's catalogue, where his name first appears as acting president, the total attendance is given (including preparatory and primary students) as 428; the enrollment in 1888-'89 was 592, with no primaries. In an equal ratio, at least, the reputation, the general influence, and personal value of the college work to students have advanced. His associates in the faculty unite in heartiest commendation of his services and sacrifices. First in readiness to work and first in willingness to reduce his salary (meager enough already), he has no superior in popular honor. His resignation, tendered again and, again on account of overwork, has been as often laid upon the table by the board of trustees and some method of temporary relief devised.

CORNELL IN THE CIVIL WAR.

Col. H. H. Rood, a former student in the college, an officer in the Union Army, and long a college official, writes:

In no western school did the stirring events which led to the firing on Sumter

excite deeper interest than at Cornell. The entire faculty, without exception, was deeply imbued with the Union spirit. Debates, mock congresses, orations, poems, had for months been frequent, and all voiced the deep spirit of Union and loyalty which pervaded the college.

It was largely represented in the First Iowa Regiment and in many afterwards. "At least 75" enlisted between April 20 and October 1, 1861. It is not possible now to state accurately the number of students who enlisted during the war, but it included a large per cent of those of legal age. Their record was one of conspicuous gallantry. Among these were 10 captains, 6 adjutants, 10 lieutenants, and 1 quartermas ter. Of 55 male graduates from 1861 to 1871, 19 were soldiers, and, of the 65 in college classes from some time in 1861 to 1864, 23 entered the Army and 3 were physically incapacitated for the soldier's life.

THE EFFECT OF THE WAR UPON THE COLLEGE.

Young men in Iowa during the years of the war turned their steps to camp rather than to college. The effect of the war upon college attendance is indicated by the number of gentlemen and ladies at Cornell. In 1861 there were 175 gentlemen, 145 ladies; in 1862, 177 gentlemen, 146 ladies; in 1863, 77 gentlemen, 136 ladies; in 1864, 166 gentlemen, 215 ladies; in 1865, 145 gentlemen, 206 ladies; in 1866, 261 gentlemen, 185 ladies. All this is very suggestive, especially the immense increase of 80 per cent of gentlemen in 1866, while the num ber of ladies declined more than 10 per cent.

Col. H. H. Rood writes:

Upon the whole, taking the period from 1861 to 1873, it is not probable that the total attendance or the total number of graduates was diminished by the war. The large number of Cornell students in the ranks and bearing commissions, their splendid record, their education and social qualities, united to make the college favorably known to their comrades, and they thus drew to its halls many gallant fellows who wanted a higher education when their army life was over.

In morals the effect was equally favorable. The lofty purposes, the ambitions fo tered by army life, made of the student who had been a soldier not only a broader man than he would have been, but also one with a keen sense of honor and duty, Among the alumni and trustees, some of the most faithful, earnest, and devoted friends of the college and of higher education, are those who wear the badge of the Grand Army of the Republic.

FAVORS TO SOLDIER STUDENTS.

Since the close of the war free tuition has been given in the college to all ex-soldiers and to all orphans of soldiers who have desired it, and, during much of the time, book and board bills have been equally free to these classes.

STUDENTS.

The increase of students for many years has been almost wholly in the regular college classes. The college students for the year 1888-789

sexes.

are arranged in the following table according to classes, courses, and

The whole number of graduates from the collegiate course is 395. There is also about an equal number of graduates from shorter courses, as normal, art, and music. Of the alumni 161 are classicals, 133 scientifics, 67 philosophicals, 34 civil engineers. Young as they are they have already taken high rank in their different vocations and profes sions. "They are prominent in business and in the field of science and literature; they are judges, legislators, governors, superintendents of public instruction, missionaries, and ministers of the gospel." No college has a more loyal or more liberal alumni. They have recently endowed the alumni professorship with $25,000. They are permitted to nominate some of the professors. They are coming back also as teachers. One of these, Prof. James E. Harlan, a graduate of 1869, is alumni professor and vice-president," a superior teacher, of remarkable executive ability" and rare poise of character.

FACULTY.

The faculty are chosen by the trustees, but not by the year or to be changed more unceremoniously than a gentleman would dismiss his bootblack. Only two of the regular professors have left the college for any cause within the last twenty-eight years. The average term of service of the faculty has been eighteen and one-half years, a term rarely equaled. There are at present 14 regular professors in the faculty, including the president, the military professor, and 2 adjunct professors. In addition to these, 10 other teachers are employed from year to year.

Ladies have equal rights and take equal rank. From the first ladies have been admitted to the college, both as students and as teachers, on the same terms as gentlemen. Indeed, this is believed to be the first college in the country that elected a lady to a professorship on the same salary as a gentleman. Miss Harriet J. Cooke, who has been preceptress for the last twenty-three years, is also professor of history and the science of government. She is a woman of rare culture and ability as a teacher.

There has not been any noticeable general deficiency of either sex in any grade or department of their work. Ladies have not so generally elected the higher mathematics, but when they have taken them they have usually shown equal capabilities with the gentlemen. The same is true of the more difficult philosophical studies.

LITERARY SOCIETIES.

There are ten literary societies in the institution, six for gentlemen and four for ladies. Their halls are finely furnished and very attrac tive.

There is a constant and generous rivalry within each society and be tween all the societies. Great care is taken in the preparation of their weekly programmes, all of which are public and attract interested and inspiring audiences. These societies have within a few years taken two first-class and two second-class prizes in the State Oratorical Association. One reason assigned for the prosperity of the literary societies is the fact that there are no Greek fraternities in the college.

College honors were given during the first third of the history of the college, but they were so unsatisfactory in many ways that they were discontinued. Those honor students have not shown any observable preeminence over other good students of their classes.

Courses of study are as follows: (1) Preparatory, extending through three years; (2) commercial, two years; (3) normal, from one to two years of professional training for the work of teaching; (4) musical, three or four years, including vocal and instrumental and harmony; (5) art, two to four years. The last two years of music or art may be substituted in the philosophical course, during the junior and senior years, for one of certain studies; (6) collegiate, of four years. This is subdivided into four subcourses, as classical, philosophical, scientific, and civil engineering. The full classical course is as follows:

Freshman year.

First term.-Greek, Goodwin's Xenophon's Hellenica, Jones's Composition, studies in Greek social life; Latin, Sallust's Jugurthine War; mathematics, Olney's University Algebra; drawing, theory of linear perspective.

Second term.-Greek, Goodwin's Herodotus, lectures on early history of Greek political institutions; Latin, Cicero De Senectute; mathematics, Wentworth's Geometry; drawing, outlining from natural objects.

Third term.--Greek, Whiton's Lysias, studies in the development of the Athenian constitution; Latin, Horace's Satires; mathematics, Olney's Trigonometry; drawing, free-hand and shading from natural objects.

Sophomore year.

First term.-Greek, Plato's Apology and Crito, lectures on Greek philosophy; chemistry, Remsen's Chemistry, with lectures, and laboratory work. Elective: Mathematics; Olney's General Geometry and Calculus; natural science, Holder's Zoology; Latin, Tacitus's Germania and Agricola. Philosophy, Fisher's Manual of Christian Evidences, with lectures (2).

Second term.-Greek, Keep's Homer's Iliad, lectures on Greek ethics; chemistry, Appleton's Qualitative Analysis, with lectures. Elective: Mathematics, Olney's General Geometry and Calculus; natural science, Huxley and Youman's Physiology; Latin, Terence or Plautus. Natural science, biology (2); topical study, with lectures.

Third term.-Greek, Keep's Homer's Iliad, lectures on Greek mythology. Elective, chemistry, Appleton's Quantitative Analysis, with lectures; natural science, Gray's Lessons and Manual of Botany; mathematics, Olney's General Geometry and Calculus; Latin, Quintilian. Astronomy, topical study, with lectures (2). Two of the four elective studies required.

Junior year.

First term.-Elective: Greek, Mather's Eschylus's Prometheus Bound, studies in Greek sculpture; German. Elective: History, Green's History of English People, with topical study; astronomy: Newcomb & Holden's Astronomy; English, David J. Hill's Science of Rhetoric, Minto's Literature, and Morris's Chaucer; physics, Atkinson's Ganot's Physics, with lectures and laboratory work; French. Second term.-Elective: Greek, White's Edipus Tyrannus, studies in history of Greek literature; German. Elective: History, Green's History of English People, with topical study; astronomy, Loomis's Treatise or Topical Study; English, History of Literature and Study of Masterpieces; Physics, Atkinson's Ganot's Physics, with lectures and laboratory work; French.

Third term.-Elective: Greek, Tischendorf's New Testament, studies in the history of Greek literature; German. Elective: History, Amos's Constitutional History of England, and Woodrow Wilson's Congressional Government, with topical study; philosophy, Wright's Logic of Christian Evidence; English, study of Shakespeare and American literature; physics, Atkinson's Ganot's Physics, with lectures and laboratory work; French.

Four studies required each term.

In the philosophical course mathematics and English are the same as in the classical course, either its Latin or the equivalent from its Greek is taken, and one year of German is added.

In the scientific course no Greek is taken, and substitutions may be made for the Latin of the philosophical course.

In civil engineering the studies are the same as in the scientific course except that one year of French may be substituted for one year of elective Latin.

The master's degree is conferred only upon such candidates as have met one of the following requirements: (1) Postgraduate study for nine months in a college or university. (2) Three years of professional reading. (3) Three years of reading selected from courses outlined by the faculty. A thesis also is required.

SCHOLARSHIPS.

Thirteen scholarships have been endowed with $500 each, three of them for "worthy young women," ten for "young men preparing for the ministry."