a beautiful lawn in front. The institution was established in 1837, and is in a flourishing condition.

The state penitentiary, which is situated on the eastern bank of the Scioto, about half a mile north from the State House, is the largest and most imposing of the public edifices at Columbus. The main building is constructed of hewn limestone, and consists of a centre building, 56 feet front, and four stories high, with two wings each, 200 feet long, and three stories high; presenting an entire front of 456 feet in extent. With the prison yard in the rear, upon the three sides of which are the long ranges of workshops for the prisoners, the buildings of the penitentiary enclose a hollow square of 6 acres. The centre building of the main edifice, as seen in front, contains the house of the warden, the office, and the guard rooms; and each of the wings contains 350 cells for prisoners, arranged in 5 tiers, and exposed through the whole line to the observation of the officers from the guard rooms. A railroad, about two miles long, has been laid down from the prison to a stone quarry, where a portion of the convicts are employed in getting out stone. The discipline of this prison is excellent. The prisoners attend divine service on the Sabbath, and enjoy the privileges of a Sabbath school, and the use of an excellent library, comprising several hundred volumes. They have Bibles in their cells, unite in exercises of sacred music, and are permitted, occasionally, to hear temperance addresses, &c., in the chapel. Their labor yields to the state,

after defraying the expenses of the prison, a surplus of $16,000 or $18,000 annually.

On the 10th of February, 1816, Columbus was incorporated as a borough. Its present city charter was granted March 3, 1834. The mayor is elected for two years. The city is divided into five wards, each of which elects four members of the city council, who hold their offices for four years, one in each ward being elected annually. All other officers are elected an

nually.

INDIANA.

THE history of the settlement of Indiana is nearly identical with that of its twin sister, Illinois, and of much of the vast surrounding region formerly included in the so called North-west Territory. The first permanent occupancy of the country was effected in 1702, at a fertile spot on the eastern bank of the Wabash, about one hundred miles above its confluence with the Ohio. To this place, which became a fortified trading post, its inhabitants afterwards gave the name of Vincennes. The original settlers were French soldiers from Canada, belonging to the army of Louis XIV. Their descendants remained an almost isolated community, increasing very slowly in numbers for nearly one hundred years; and in the mean time, from habits of constant intercourse with their Indian neighbors exclusively, with whom they often intermarried, had imbibed a taste for savage life, and had consequently retrogressed in the march of civilization. By the treaty of peace between France and England, in 1763, the territory became subject to the latter, from which power, however, it was wrested by the Americans during the revolutionary war. From the close of that struggle, in 1783, until General Wayne's treaty in 1795, and again just before the commencement of the second war with Great Britain, the people, generally residing in hamlets and villages remote from each other, were ter

ribly harrassed by the incursions of the Indians, who committed the most cruel atrocities. These merciless barbarians were at length effectually conquered and humbled by the United States military forces under General Harrison; a season of quietude and prosperity immediately ensued, and a vast tide of emigration has been flowing into the state since the peace of 1815. . Indiana was originally embraced in the territory northwest of the Ohio, and so remained until the year 1800. It was then, including the present State of Illinois, newly organized under the name of Indiana Territory. In 1809 it was divided into two territories, Illinois having been set off, and became an independent state in 1816.

BOUNDARIES AND EXTENT.

The state is bounded north by Michigan and the southern portion of the lake of that name; east by the State of Ohio; south-east and south by Ohio River, which divides it from Kentucky; and west by Illinois, the Wabash River forming part of the boundary. It lies between 37° 47′ and 41° 50' north latitude, and its mean length is estimated at 260 miles; its mean breadth is about 140 miles, extending from 84° 45′ to 880 west longitude. Its area comprehends nearly 34,000 square miles.

RIVERS.

The Ohio River washes the entire southern border of this state and furnishes great facilities for trade.