second Sir Francis had six sons, of whom William, the eldest, was made a baronet 29 April 1661; Henry, the fourth, became provost of Eton [see GODOLPHIN, HENRY]; and Charles, the fifth, who died in 1720, was buried in Westminster Abbey. The two last married descendants of John, the younger brother of Sir William (d. 1613). Sidney, the third son, was at an early age placed in the household of Charles II. The statement (COLLINS, Peerage, vii. 301) that Charles, when visiting Cornwall as Prince of Wales (Le. in 1646), took 'particular notice' of Godolphin is hardly probable, as Godolphin was then under two years of age. He became page of honour to the king 29 Sept. 1662, was groom of the bedchamber 1672-8, and master of the robes 1678. He held a commission in the army for a short time in 1667. He represented Helston in the House of Commons from 1668 to 1679, and St. Mawes from 1679 to 1681. He was sent to Holland in 1678 (Danby's 'Letters' (1710), pp. 346364, gives his instructions and some letters; see also TEMPLE, Works, i. 352) to take part in some of the negotiations preceding the peace of Nimeguen. On 26 March 1679 he was appointed a lord of the treasury. Laurence Hyde, afterwards Lord Rochester, became first lord in the following November. Hyde, Sunderland, and Godolphin were thought to be deepest in the king's confidence (b. p. 440), and were known as 'the Chits' (see CHRISTIE, Shaftesbury, ii. 353). In the obscure intrigues of the following period Godolphin allied himself with Sunderland, deserting James and favouring concession to Shaftesbury and the exclusion party. The Duchess of Portsmouth was in alliance with them. James regarded Godolphin as one of his worst opponents (see Clarendon Correspondence, i. 68); and Barillon reported him to be in the interest of the Prince of Orange, with whom he corresponded at this time (DALRYMPLE, Memoirs, i. 362, and App. to pt. i. bk. i. p. 70). He succeeded, however, in retaining favour after the fall of Shaftesbury. On 14 April 1684 he succeeded Sir Leoline Jenkins as secretary of state. When Rochester was 'kicked up stairs,' in the language of his rival, Halifax, into the office of lord president, Godolphin succeeded him at the head of the treasury. Immediately afterwards (28 Sept.) he was created Baron Godolphin of Rialton. Charles II praised Godolphin as a man who was never in the way and never out of the way,' and probably found him a useful servant with no troublesome opinions of his own. On the death of Charles, Rochester became lord high treasurer, and Godolphin was appointed chamberlain to the queen (Mary of Modena). He was among the most trusted of James's ministers at the beginning of the reign. He took part in the disgraceful secret negotiations with Louis XIV, and did not scruple to attend mass with the king. He had, it was commonly said, a romantic attachment to the queen (see SWIFT, Four Last Years; Dartmouth's note to BURNET, Own Time, i. 621; Addit. MS. 4222, f. 62), who was guided by the jesuits. On the fall of Rochester in January 1687, which marked the triumph of the extreme catholic party, the treasury was again put in commission, and Godolphin became one of the commissioners under Lord Bellasyse. On 14 July 1688 he was made keeper of Cranborne Chase in Windsor Forest. His house there is described by Evelyn. About the end of William's reign he sold it to Anne and settled in Godolphin House, on the site of Stafford House, St. James's Park. He adhered to James till the last; he was one of the council of five appointed to remain in London when James advanced to Salisbury, and he was sent with Halifax and Nottingham to treat with the Prince of Orange at Hungerford in December. Godolphin, like the other tories, voted for a regency in the debates which followed the revolution. In William's first ministry he was again named (8 April 1689) one of the commissioners of the treasury. Two strong whigs, Mordaunt and Delamere, were placed above him; but Godolphin's experience in business made him the most important member of the board. He retired for some unexplained reason in March 1690, but was placed at the head of the commission 15 Nov. 1690, and continued in that position for the next six years. In 1691 he was one of the first statesmen to whom the Jacobite agents applied, and after some coyness he began a correspondence with the court of St. Germain (CLARKE, James II, ii. 444). In 1693 he was one of the chief persons whom Charles Middleton, earl of Middleton [q. v.], consulted on behalf of James. In May 1694 he sent intelligence to James of the intended expedition to Brest, and his message was received a day before the similar message from Marlborough (MACPHERSON, Original Papers, i. 457, 483. Mr. Elliot disputes the truth of Godolphin's Jacobite dealings at this time because he could not have given good advice' to both William and James. Godolphin probably wished to be on both sides). Godolphin continued to maintain a correspondence with the exiled family to the end of his career, and was supposed to be more sincere than Marlborough. Although the ministry was now composed chiefly of whigs, Godolphin's official knowledge caused him to be retained at the treasury. He was the only tory of the seven lords justices appointed when William left England in 1695. He held the same office in 1696. In that year he was implicated, along with Marlborough, Shrewsbury, and Russell, in the confession of Sir John Fenwick [q. v.] Fenwick's accusation was awkwardly near the truth; and it was found convenient to behead him and discredit his story. Godolphin, however, was obnoxious to the majority as the last tory in office. It was resolved to take the occasion for getting rid of him; and perhaps, as Macaulay suggests, it was felt that when he was thrown over there would be less motive for accepting the truth of Fenwick's narrative. By some manœuvre of Sunderland he was induced to resign in October before the debates on Fenwick's case. He afterwards complained that he had been tricked (Shrewsbury Papers, pp. 414, 420, 429). Apparently he had been frightened by an erroneous impression as to the mode in which Fenwick's statement was to be received. In the House of Lords he absolutely denied (1 Dec. 1696) that he had had the dealings with James described by Fenwick; but, unlike Marlborough, he voted against the bill of attainder. the help of the Camisards, and supported the expedition against Toulon. At home he was the centre of the constant party struggles. He was timid, cold, and easily disheartened. In Marlborough's absence he was the immediate recipient of the dictatorial interferenco of Marlborough's wife, who seems to have had more power over him than over her husband. He was forced to join in the series of intrigues by which the ministry, originally composed of tories, gradually came to rest upon the support of the whig junto. The initiative, however, was generally taken by stronger natures. Godolphin was engaged in negotiating, trying to pacify allies or opponents, and holding together the distracting forces as long as he could. He was frequently driven to propose retirement, and was often irritable though seldom resolute. The quarrel with the tories began in the first parliament. In June 1703 Godolphin with Marlborough contrived to get rid of Rochester, by procuring an order from the queen for his return to his duties as lordlieutenant in Ireland. In May 1704 he persuaded the queen to accept the resignation of Nottingham, and induced Harley to take the secretaryship of state in his place. These Godolphin's only son, Francis, was married changes implied the alienation of the highin the spring of 1698 to Henrietta Churchill, church and tory party. In 1702 Godolphin daughter of Marlborough, and the close alli- with Marlborough had supported the Occaance between the parents was thus cemented. sional Conformity Bill, the favourite meaWhen the tories returned to power at the sure of that party; they both voted for end of William's reign, Godolphin again be- it again in 1703, and signed the protest came head of the treasury (9 Dec. 1700). against its rejection; but they were susWhen William once more returned to the pected of indirectly opposing it, and in 1704 whigs, Godolphin wrote a letter to Marl- they both silently voted against it. He was borough, to be laid before the king, in which persuaded in 1705 by the Duchess of Marlhe professed the readiness of the tories to borough to beg an appointment for her sonprosecute a war with France. He was, how-in-law, Sunderland, to the vexation of the ever, compelled to resign 30 Dec. 1701. On the accession of Anne, he shared Marlborough's fortune and became lord treasurer 6 May 1702. Godolphin was the head of the home government during the next eight years. He was on the most intimate terms with Marlborough, and corresponded confidentially upon every detail of policy [see under ANNE (1665–1714), and CHURCHILL, JOHN, first DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH]. Few statesmen in so conspicuous a position have left so feeble a personal impression upon politics. Godolphin's talents fitted him to be an admirable head clerk, while circumstances compelled him to act as a first minister. He played, however, a considerable part in the field of action in which Marlborough was less conspicuous, especially in the Portuguese and Spanish affairs (see Addit. MSS. 28050, 28057, for Methuen correspondence). He was anxious for the invasion of France with queen, though with the reluctant consent of Marlborough. In the same year his financial scruples caused him to make many difficulties in the way of a loan to the emperor. He wrote an irritating despatch which hindered the negotiation; but Marlborough finally succeeded in extorting his acquiescence (CoXE, i. 479). In the parliament of 1705-8, Godolphin was driven to closer alliance with the whigs. He again offended the queen by urging the removal of Sir Nathan Wright, the lord-keeper, who was finally succeeded by Cowper on 11 Oct. 1705. In the following session he parried an insidious proposal of the tories for inviting the Electress Sophia to England by carrying a bill for securing the protestant succession by appointing a commission of regency. He and Marlborough were now attacked by the tory writers as traitors to the church. A dinner was arranged at the house of Harley at the begin ning of 1706, when the great whig leaders Godolphin was next bullied by the whigs met Godolphin and Marlborough, and drank and the Duchess of Marlborough to extort the to 'everlasting union' (ib. i. 523; CowPER, appointment of Lord Orford to the admiralty. Diary). Godolphin had taken an active The sermon of Sacheverell which led to the share in promoting the union with Scotland famous impeachment attacked Godolphin (see correspondence in Addit. MS. 28055). under the name of Volpone. Godolphin was By his advice Anne refused her assent in greatly irritated, and insisted on the impeach1703 to the Act of Security, providing for a ment, in spite of the advice of Somers that the separation of the crowns at her death unless question should be left to the ordinary courts England would concede certain Scottish (December1709). The general reaction against claims. He yielded, however, in 1704, when the war, combined with the church feeling, it was 'tacked' to the bill for supplies, think- now gathered strength, and Harley took ading possibly that it would render the treaty vantage of it to detach some of the whigs, and for union more imperative. On 10 April to encourage the queen to subject Godolphin 1706 he was appointed a commissioner for and Marlborough to successive slights. Gosettling the terms of this treaty. In the next dolphin appears to have shown little spirit. year he was summoned from the country to He persuaded Marlborough to withdraw his resist an attempt of Harley's to make a dif- threat of resignation upon the appointment ficulty about some commercial regulations of Colonel Hill. He remonstrated with the consequent on the union; a circumstance queen on the appointment of the Duke of which precipitated the quarrel between the Somerset as chamberlain, but had not resotwo (CUNNINGHAM, Great Britain, ii. 70). In lution enough to carry out his threat of rethe autumn of 1706 he was brought to threats signation. In June 1710 he joined with his of retirement by his difficulty in persuading colleagues in appealing to Marlborough_to the queen to make Sunderland secretary of submit to the dismissal of Sunderland. He state in room of Sir Charles Hedges [q. v.] submitted to a neglect of his wishes in the He declares (CoXE, i. 138) that he has worn case of other appointments, and long refused oat his health and almost his life in the ser- to believe that the queen would venture on vice of the crown. After many remonstrances a dissolution of parliament. On hearing in the queen yielded in November 1706, and July that this measure was decided upon, he ether changes in favour of the whigs followed. remonstrated with her, but still did not resign. Godolphin at this period still trusted in Har- A violent dispute took place in a cabinet ley in spite of insinuations from the duchess. council between Godolphin and Shrewsbury, Harley's defection became manifest in the who in April had been appointed chamberlain following year, and he was forced to resign without his advice and was allied with Harley. on 11 Feb. 1708, Godolphin and Marlborough On 7 Aug. 1710 he had two audiences from having absented themselves from a council the queen, who ended by telling him that she meeting (9 Feb.) The whigs were now tri-wished him to remain in office. Next mornumphant; Godolphin obtained credit in the spring for his efforts to meet the danger of the threatened Jacobite invasion, and to support the credit of the Bank of England. He had now to overcome the queen's reluctance to the appointment of Somers, which was not finally granted till November 1708. The demands of the whigs and the growing alienation of the queen combined to make Godolphin's life miserable. He declares (10 Jan. 1709) that the life of a slave in the galleys is a paradise in comparison of mine. Another of the whig junto, Halifax, was beginning to insist upon a recognition of his claims to office. The negotiations for peace were perplexing, and Godolphin, according to Coxe, insisted more strongly than Marlborough upon the demands ultimately rejected by Louis. Although disgusted with the Dutch, Godolphin, in obedience to the whig leaders, insisted upon the barrier treaty, and finally, when Marlborough declined to sign, ordered Townshend to sign it alone. ing she sent him a note, ordering him to break his staff of office, but promising a pension of 4,000l. a year. Godolphin's fall was followed by the dismissal of his son from the office of cofferer of the household (June 1711). He had the credit of retiring in poverty, as it was said that he would require Marlborough's assistance to support himself. Godolphin was devoted to gambling, and especially interested in horse-racing, which may partly account for his poverty. By the death of his elder brother, Sir William Godolphin, on 17 Aug. 1710, his son inherited an estate of 4,000l. a year. After his fall there were rumours of dishonesty, but they seem to have been sufficiently answered by Walpole in a pamphlet called "The thirty-five millions accounted for' (CoxE, iii. 465). His health was already broken, and he died aged 67, according to his monument, on 15 Sept. 1712, at Marlborough House at St. Albans, after long sufferings from the stone. Godolphin married Margaret Blagge [see GODOLPHIN, MARGARET] on 16 May 1675. After her death, in 1678, he never married again. A reference in a letter from Lord Sydney to William (3 Feb. 1691) seems to imply a second marriage, of which there are no other traces (DALRYMPLE, App. pt. ii, bk. vii. p. 249). Their only child, Francis [q. v.], succeeded to his father's earldom. Francis's wife became Duchess of Marlborough in her own right, but by the death of their son William the title passed to Charles Spencer, fifth earl of Sunderland. Their daughter Henrietta married Thomas Pelham, duke of Newcastle, in 1715, and died in 1776 without issue; the other, Mary, married the fourth Duke of Leeds in 1740, and was ancestress of the present duke, who owns the Godolphin estates. Three fables in verse by Godolphin were printed by Archdeacon Coxe in 1817-18 from the Blenheim MSS. [Collins's Peerage; Boase and Courtney's Bibl. Cornub.; Maclean's Trigg Minor, ii. 522 (for genealogy); Evelyn's Diary, 1879, ii. 322, 467, ii. 119, 132, and elsewhere; Clarke's Life of James II; Macpherson's Hist. of Great Britain, i. 311, ii. 5, 63, 303, 337, 377, and elsewhere; Swift's Works, 1814, iii. 227, 233, iv. 425, v. 174, 194, 260, 264, and elsewhere; Treasury Papers, 1701-8; Sidney's Diary, 1843, i. 92, 209, 271, ii. 209; Clarendon Correspondence; Burnet's Own Time: Coxe's Life of Marlborough (letters from the Blenheim collection give full details of Godolphin's career); North's Lives of the Norths, 1826, ii. 58, &c.; J. P. Hore's Hist. of New market, 1886, gives frequent notices of Godolphin as a patron of horse-racing. Some family letters are in Addit. MS. 28052, and in Mr. Morrison's collection, and political correspondence in Addit. MSS. 28055-7. Some letters from William III are in Addit. MS. 24905, and from Anne in Addit. MS. 28070; see also Nottingham MSS. &c. 29598-9. A life by the Hon. H. Elliot (1888) takes a more favourable view of Godolphin's conduct in some matters than is given above.] L. S. GODOLPHIN, SIR WILLIAM (1634 ?1696), ambassador, was second son of Sir William Godolphin, the eldest son (by Judith Meredith) of John Godolphin, the younger brother of Sir William Godolphin (d. 1613). His elder brother was Francis Godolphin of Coulston, Wiltshire, who seems to have appeared as a royalist at the time of the battle of Worcester (WHITELOCKE, Memorials, p. 476). He was baptised 2 Feb. 1634 (MACLEAN, Trigg Minor, ii. 522); he was educated at Westminster, and elected in 1651 to a studentship at Christ Church, Oxford, where he remained until the Restoration, although not in sympathy with the dominant party. He graduated M.A. in January 1660-1. He afterwards became attached to Henry Bennet upon [q. v.], earl of Arlington, and on 28 Sept. 1663 the degree of D.C.L. was conferred him at Oxford, Bennet being created D.C.L. on the same day. Godolphin on 27 Oct. 1665 was elected M.P. for Camelford, Cornwall. In 1667 he was employed under Sandwich in the negotiations at Madrid which led to a commercial treaty with Spain. He then returned to England, and was knighted by Charles II 28 Aug. 1668. Pepys, who met him 5 and 8 Feb. 1668, calls him a 'very pretty and able person, a man of very fine parts,' and says that Sandwich had sent over the highest commendations of his abilities and trustworthiness (this has been erroneously applied to Sidney, lord Godolphin). In the spring of 1669 he returned to Spain as envoy extraordinary, Lord Sunderland being ambassador extraordinary,' and in 1671 he became ambassador. Immediately afterwards he applied, during a dangerous illness, for admission to the Roman catholic church. An order, dated 1671, by the officials of the Inquisition that he is to receive the sacrament publicly is in Egerton MSS. (1509, f. 281). He possibly changed his mind on recovering. He made his public entry into Madrid 18 Jan, 1672. He complains that he can hardly live upon his salary of 1,2007. a year. In 1674 he defends himself against the scandalous imputation that he had been converted to catholicism, in a letter which Arlington laid before Charles. In 1678 he again defends himself against the charge of employing too many papists in his household. In Titus Oates's Narrative' it was declared that Godolphin was in correspondence with the 'popish plot' conspirators, and intended to hold the privy seal in the ministry to be appointed by them (State Trials, vi. 1460, 1468). The House of Commons voted an address for his recall (12 Nov. 1678), and the king replied that letters of revocation had already been ordered. Godolphin preferred, however, to stay in Spain, and now openly professed catholicism, His secretary, Edward Meredith (WOOD, Athena (Bliss), iv. 653), probably his relation, also became a catholic, and wrote some pamphlets in defence of James II. Godolphin died at Madrid 11 July 1696. On 30 March previous he had consented to a 'notarial act,' by which he made his soul his heir, and empowered certain persons, including the procurator-general of the jesuits, to make his will after his death. Just before his death, however, he made another declaration, leaving sums to his nephew, Francis Godolphin, son of Francis Godolphin of Coulston, and his niece Elizabeth, daughter of the same Francis, and wife of Charles Godolphin, younger brother of Sidney, first lord Godol phin. An act of parliament was passed in 1698, declaring null and void the power to make a posthumous will, and enabling his relations to carry out the later disposition. They were also to pay a sum of 3,0007., which he had left for charitable purposes in Cornwall on becoming ambassador. A printed copy of the act, with many documents relating to the business, is in the British Museum. His fortune, valued at 80,000l., was in Spain, Rome, Venice, and Amsterdam (Addit. MS. 28,942, ff. 250-4), and the heirs, with Lord Godolphin's help, appear to have recovered the money in the two latter places (CUNNINGHAM, Great Britain, i. 208). Many of Godolphin's official letters (including those above mentioned) are published in Hispania Illustrata,' 1703. This is identical with the second volume of 'Original Letters of Sir R. Fanshawe... and Sir W. Godolphin,' 1724. The first volume is identical with a volume bearing the same title, Original Letters,' &c., published in 1702. A few letters are also in Temple's 'Memoirs.' He contributed a poem to the Oxford complimentary collection of verses on Cromwell in 1654, and an answer to Waller's 'Storm' upon Cromwell's death. The last is in Nichols's 'Select Collection,' 1780, i. 116-19, where it is erroneously ascribed to Lord Godolphin, the treasurer. He was elected fellow of the Royal Society 23 Nov. 1663. He must not be confounded with Sir William Godolphin (d. 1710), elder brother of Sidney, lord Godolphin. [Wood's Fasti (Bliss), iv. 229, 275; Welch's Alumni Westmon. pp. 136-8; Pepys's Diary, 1877, v. 174, 179, 183, 226, 367, 447; Birch's Royal Society, ii. 297,331; Boase and Courtney's Bibl. Cornub. i. 182, 183; Echard's Hist. of England, 1718, iii. 231, 478; Collins's Peerage, 1779, vii. 295.] L. S. GODRIC (1065 P-1170), the founder of Finchale, was born in villula Hanapol,' or, according to another account, at Walpole in Norfolk (Reg. c. 2; CAPGRAVE, fol. 167, b 2). His father's name was Ailward, his mother's Edwin; and Godric, their first-born son, was called after his godfather. After a boyhood spent at home, Godric began to peddle small wares in the neighbouring shires (Reg. c. 2). Later, as his gains increased, he took to frequenting castles and the town and city markets. A narrow escape from drowning while he was attempting to capture a stranded 'dolphin' or porpoise near the mouth of the Welland (c. 1082) seems to have given a serious turn to his thoughts (ib. c. 3; GALFRID, c. 1). Four years later, after a preliminary visit to St. Andrews and Rome, he took to the sea (c. 1086), and for several years sailed as a merchant or shipowner between England, Scotland, Denmark, and Flanders. He owned the half of one vessel, and was partner in the cargo of a second. So great was his nautical skill that his fellows made him their steersman, and his quickness in forecasting weather changes not unfrequently saved his ship from damage (Reg. c. 4; cf. CAPGRAVE, fol. 168, a 1). After sixteen years of seafaring life he determined to visit Jerusalem (Reg. c. 6), which had just been won by the first crusaders; and, when we consider the close relationship that in those days existed between piracy and commerce, there is no need to doubt his identity with the 'Gudericus, pirata de regno Angliæ,' with whom Baldwin I of Jerusalem, after his great defeat in the plains of Ramlah, sailed from Arsuf to Jaffa on 29 May 1102 (ib. c. 6; GALFRID, c. 1; cf. ALBERT OF AIX, ix, c.9; ORD. VIT. iv.134; FULCHER OF CHARTRES, ii. c. 20; for the exact date see Chron. Malleac. p. 217). On his return he visited St. James of Compostella, and then, after a stay in his native village, became dispensator' to a rich fellow-countryman. Shocked at having unwittingly partaken of stolen banquets with his fellow-servants, he threw up his post and went on a second pilgrimage to Rome and St. Gilles in Provence (Reg. c. 6; GALFRID, C. 1). On his return he stayed a while with his father and mother, after which the latter accompanied him to Rome. Near London the travellers were joined by an unknown wo man 'of wondrous beauty. Every evening, as Godric himself told Reginald, the stranger would wash the travellers' feet; nor did she leave them till they neared London on the way back (Reg. c. 8; GALFRID, c. 1). 6 While a sailor Godric had made offerings at St. Andrews, had constantly prayed at St. Cuthbert's Island of Farne (Reg. c. 5), and had worn a monkish heart beneath a layman's clothes' (ib.) He now settled at Carlisle (c. 1104), where he seems to have had some kinsmen, one of whom gave him a copy of Jerome's psalter, a book which he constantly read till the end of his life (ib. c. 9; cf. cc. 92, 100). To avoid his friends he withdrew to the neighbouring woods, having taken John the Baptist for the model of his wandering life. At Wolsingham (ten miles north-west of Bishop Auckland) an aged hermit, Elrice, allowed him to share his dwelling. Some two years later, when Elrice was dead, a vision bade Godric visit Jerusalem a second time (c. 1106): on his return St. Cuthbert would find him another hermitage, Finchale, in the woods round Durham (ib. cc. 11-13). Not till he had worshipped in the holy sepulchre and bathed |