clamation a few days after their arrival, as she arranged the pillow of an easy-chair she had hired expressly for the invalid. Under good Dr A- 's care, both you and Ralph will soon be well,' she continued, and we shall return to our home so very happy!' Mrs Benson's heart responded that she at least deserved to be so; but her pride would not at present let her acknowledge that Jessy had done quite right. 'Oh, what a blissful sight it will be to see dear Ralph using his arm again!' the young wife pursued, whilst her countenance was irradiated with delight at the bare idea. Happy would it be for society were hers an insulated case, and happy would it be if forbearance were exercised when families are thus tried, since experience, with few exceptions, proves the truth of the proverb of the wise man of old, that a soft answer turneth away wrath, but grievous words stir up anger.' WHAT TO DO IN CASES OF ACCIDENT. FRACTURED BONES. 'Nay, it depends upon the manner in which he uses it,' interposed the old woman, whilst a smile of pleasantry foreign to her usual habits lit up her features; 'suppose he exercise it in making you feel its power?' 'I would cheerfully submit even to that, Jessy laugh-out stopping to inquire the nature or extent of the acciingly rejoined; anything that would prove that his strength was restored.' 'It shall work for thee, my own Jessy, and I shall never think it can do enough to repay all thy kindness,' exclaimed a well-known voice, and Ralph was the next moment in the presence of his mother and his wife. The former uttered a cry of surprise, and the latter sunk into his extended arms. The young man being pronounced sufficiently convalescent, had procured his dismissal unknown to his family; and not being aware of the severe illness of his mother (though he had been informed of their removal), he had come with the intention of giving them a joyful surprise. His heart beat quick with pleasure when he heard the kindly tones with which Mrs Benson addressed her daughter; it was a happy omen, he thought, and it made the bliss of his return more complete. The pale aspect of his mother, however, excited his alarm; but Jessy assured him that her health was already improving, and she doubted not but a week or two at most in their present abode would restore her so far as to enable her to undertake the journey home. Their kind friend the squire had, she said, through the medium of her sister, offered the use of the travellingcarriage once more. And oh how happy home will be after this long absence!' she energetically added. 'Surely I shall value the use of my limbs more than ever I did before,' exclaimed Ralph. I shall value you more than ever, after having so nearly lost you,' responded Jessy, whilst she struggled between smiles and tears. And I hope I shall value you both more than I have hitherto done,' cried the widow, now completely softened and humbled at the contemplation of the selfish part she had taken, and she opened her arms to fold her children together in her embrace as she spoke. And need we say how delightful was such a confession to our long-enduring heroine. Her meekness and forbearance had accomplished the desired object. She had won the love of one who had hitherto been dear to her for her husband's sake, but whom her warm heart desired to encircle with its affections for her own. The griefs of her past life were forgotten-that happy moment repaid them all. Many were the joyful greetings and congratulations which accompanied the return of the Bensons to their native village, and Ralph recommenced his employment with feelings of gratitude which made his labour sweet. Jessy, too, thought that the sun shone brighter, that the birds sang sweeter, and that everything looked more beautiful, than they had done before; and thus it ever is, when the storms of affliction are past, and the sweet calm of happiness follows. The widow lived to see herself surrounded by a numerous train of grandchildren; but she was an altered woman. Hitherto, her life had been a source of disquiet to those around her, but now (although long-indulged habits could not be entirely eradicated) a new principle having been implanted-a principle of love and peace-its salutary effects were seen in her words and actions, and she became a blessing where she had before been a bane. THERE are few accidents more frequent, or more distressing in their results, than those arising from fractured bones; and none in which the attempts at relief afforded by bystanders are fraught with greater danger to the patient. When a person is seen to fall prostrate, the first impulse of the crowd is to raise him up, withdent, and totally overlooking the fact, that the recumbent position is the one chosen by nature as that best adapted for the sick, the weary, and the infirm-as the only position in which they can enjoy perfect rest, without the exercise of any muscular effort. In the case of fracture of any part of the lower extremity, moving the patient from the horizontal position is productive of great mischief, and a knowledge of this simple fact would, in a majority of cases, avert the necessity of the surgeon's knife, or the patient from permanent lameness and much subsequent torture. The writer's attention was first particularly drawn to this subject by an accident that occurred some years ago to himself. His horse fell with him, and as it happened in a principal London thoroughfare, a crowd immediately gathered round, and the first cry was, 'Lift the gentleman up.' Happily for him, his presence of mind had not deserted him, and he enjoined them to desist, as, being a medical man, he best knew how to proceed. In a few moments he discovered that his leg was broken, and then the consequences of being lifted up' occurred to him in all their horror. A shutter having been procured, he directed it to be laid down at his side, and moving very cautiously, so as not to disturb the limb, soon contrived to edge himself upon it; it was then raised by four of the bystanders, and in this manner he was carried to his residence. A few moments' consideration will convince us of the impropriety of raising the body from the ground. It may readily be conceived that, by preserving the horizontal position, if the limb be straight, encased as it is by its various muscles and integuments, the broken bone will remain in its natural situation; but that, by raising the body (and consequently the leg), we make a lever of the upper half of the bone, the broken point of which becomes the fulcrum, and turns at right angles with the lower half, which, having lost its continuity of support, is disposed to preserve its original posture; and that by this, although the skin may not in every case be actually torn, still there must be an approximation towards it, and that the surrounding parts must be more or less lacerated. Should the skin be torn, the simple fracture, in the language of surgery, becomes a compound one, the inconvenience to the patient more severe, and the chances of recovery considerably lessened. The possible mischief, and consequent danger, does not rest here. One of the arteries of the limb may be wounded by a point of the fractured bone, and then the danger is much increased. The arteries gradually increase in size from the foot upwards, and above the knee unite into one trunk or main artery, any laceration of which is productive of the worst consequences. Even in the foot they are large enough, if the bleeding be permitted to continue, to produce fatal results, although in that case time enough is generally obtained to arrest the hemorrhage. But should the thigh be fractured, and the femoral, or main artery, of the limb be wounded, the flow of blood is so great, that if not immediately stopped, the patient's life may be lost in three minutes. The femoral artery takes the course of, and runs parallel to, the thigh bone; and when that is broken, it will readily be seen how likely it is to be pierced by a spicula of bone, or one of its broken points; and this indeed frequently happens. vails on this point; it is generally considered as a formidable operation, requiring to be performed as soon after the accident as possible. When the fracture happens to be a compound one, with one end of the bone perhaps protruding through the skin, it is then desirable to reduce it as soon as possible; but otherwise, it may be postponed until the bed is fully prepared for the patient's future requirements. In closing this paper, the writer cannot help advert It now remains for us to consider what we are called upon to do in accidents of this nature. In the first place, do not attempt to alter the position from that in which the patient falls; that is, supposing the limb be not bent. Administer a glass of wine, or spirit and water, obtained from the nearest good Samaritan (and one willing to two points of great importance in the treatment easily be found); next, should the accident occur in a crowded thoroughfare, let a ring be formed, to prevent the sufferer from being pressed upon or run over. In a few moments, if his senses have been spared, he will be able to say where he is hurt, by gently moving his limbs. A shutter should now be obtained; and if he possesses sufficient nerve, it will be best, as in the writer's case, for him gradually to edge himself upon it, as he will best know what degree of motion he can bear without pain. If he is unable to do this, one of the bystanders must proceed to assist him, by supporting the injured limb. of fractures, although in doing so he is aware he is trespassing beyond the limits he has prescribed for himself; they are, on the impropriety of blood-letting, and the use of cold applications, during any period of the subsequent treatment. Bleeding by some is had recourse to to prevent inflammation; this it will not do: and the proof is, that uniformly, the more delicate the subject, the greater is the degree of susceptibility to its attacks. But in fractures, we have really no inflammation to dread, nor blood to spare, for nature will require more than her usual supply to repair the injury sustained, and, if needlessly subtracted, the period of cure will be proportionably prolonged. It is necessary to observe great caution in doing this. Suppose, for instance, the limb be raised by lifting the foot, if we refer to the observations already made, we shall perceive the same consequences will occur as if the person were raised from the ground. It is therefore necessary to remember, from the first moment of the accident to the last before the cure, that in raising a broken limb, care must be taken to use both hands, the one placed below, and the other above the point of frac-mospheric changes as the barometer. Where warmth ture, as if the limb were in two separate pieces, and but slightly held together. It may happen that the patient is insensible, and the seat of injury not obvious. He may be suffering from compression of the brain, or concussion, or fracture of the skull or spine, or may have sustained some internal and severe injury. In such cases the worst consequences are always to be apprehended, and the sufferer must be treated with the utmost tenderness. If the power of swallowing remain (which may be known by pouring a little water into the mouth), a little wine, or spirit and water, may invariably be given, and this is all that is necessary great mischief often arises from doing too much. Let the patient be placed upon a litter, and carried home, or to the nearest hospital, with great care and tenderness. To return to the case of fractured leg. Before placing the patient in bed, be careful that everything is well prepared for his reception, as he will have to remain there at least one month without moving the broken limb. It is of great importance to have the bed so hard and smooth, as to receive no impression from the weight of the body. A small French bedstead, wide enough for one person only, will be found most convenient, a lath bottom being indispensable; if this cannot be had, an ironing-board must be placed on the sacking, and on this a horse-hair mattress, covered by a blanket, over which nail down the sheet tightly on both sides. In removing the patient from the shutter, place it on a line, and level with the bed, and let him shift himself upon it, as we have before described. Before this removal, splints had better be applied to the limb, as it can then be supported with less pain to the fractured parts. With respect to cold applications, we do not always sufficiently discriminate the nature of the complaint for which they are used. For pain arising from inflammatory action, cold is an excellent application; but for pain arising from contusion of parts, warm fomentations are by far the most soothing and efficient. It is a trite observation, that old fractures are as sensitive to atalone has been used, the writer has never known this to occur. THE LITERATURE OF THE CHINESE. HAVING given some idea of the manner in which Printing instead of originating in some such fortunate accident as historians and collectors of tradito-was, as Dugald Stewart has explained, more protions are so fond of tracing nearly every invention bably the result of those general causes on which the progress of society seems to depend. However the art may have originated, one thing is certain, that it was employed by the Chinese as early as the tenth century, or five centuries before its general adoption in Europe. Chinese printing, as then prac tised, was exactly the same as it is at present. Those who have read the Facts about the Chinese,' previously detailed, are aware that this singularly vain people consider themselves perfect in nearly everything -in printing among the rest; and therefore deem improvement impossible. Hence, nothing can be more primitive and simple than the means they adopt; nothing, moreover, can be more effectual-except presses and moveable types, which the Chinese know little about. The Chinese literary man sends his 'copy'-not, Fractures of the arm and forearm are in general more easily cured than those of the lower extremity, although scriber. This is a person skilled in what we should as we do, immediately to the printer-but to a tranthe future freedom of the forearm depends in a great call penmanship, who copies the manuscript in the bold, measure on the tact and talent of the surgeon. They, legible characters of the Sung-te hand,* which, from skill of course, do not involve the necessity of maintaining and practice, he is enabled to render as uniform in apthe recumbent position; and all that is necessary pre-pearance as Roman print. The copy is made on single vious to professional attendance is, the placing the arm in a sling or half handkerchief, which should extend from the elbow to the wrist. Setting a broken limb means nothing more than placing the fractured ends of the bone opposite each other, and retaining them there by the application of splints made of wood or mill-board. Much misapprehension pre leaves-two pages on each leaf, with a division or white column in the middle. The writing is inscribed, not in horizontal lines, as with us, but in perpendicular columns, arranged so as to be read from right to left. Having made his copy, the transcriber passes it to *See first article on this subject, at page 251 of No. 42. 1 another person; who first prepares a piece of pear-headed.' Every writer and printer, therefore, issues tree wood, above an inch thick, and with a surface his works subject to this very terrible responsibility. corresponding to the size of the copyist's leaves. This Nor is this law a dead letter: the emperor Kien-lung face having been planed beautifully smooth, is washed (1736-1795), a great patron of letters, caused three over with thin rice-water, and, while wet, the leaf is unfortunate authors to be put to death in three conselaid on the wood with the writing downwards. The cutive years, for publishing books which, read with paper being as transparent as our silver-paper, the European eyes and ideas, seemed hardly worthy of transcriber's ink shows through, exhibiting the writing notice. This fear, and the supposed infallibility of the backwards, just as it is to be carved on the block. ancient sages, causes each new work on the more imWhen the solution is dry, the manuscript leaf has stuck portant subjects of literature to be totally devoid of firmly to the block, and the carver sets to work, cutting originality: even fancy and imagination are cramped, away the interstices between the black marks with and seldom take high flights. Original authors are few sharp instruments, so as to cause the characters to everywhere, but in China they are especially scarce. stand up in relief. In short, he is a professor of wood- The grand collections of history, philosophy, and other engraving, only he engraves writing instead of pic- standard national works, comprehensively known as the tures. Of course for every leaf (or two pages) a 'sacred classics,' are printed by royal authority at the separate block is required; and could we enumerate imperial printing-press at Pekin, under the superintenthe works of all the Chinese authors who have pub- dence of the fountain of all Chinese learning, the Han-lin lished since the tenth century, we should find that college. They are distributed to the viceroys of prothe accumulated and still increasing number of these vinces, presidents of departments, and petty magisstereotype printing-blocks is prodigious. Although trates, to be deposited in public libraries, one of which printing from blocks is the general mode, yet moveable forms part of each town-hall, or magistrate's official types were known to the Chinese as early as the eleventh residence, and to it every man in the empire has the century. For a time, single characters made of clay, right of free access. For this reason such books are and baked hard, were used; but soon abandoned for the seldom found in private collections. The other departneater mode now universally practised-except for The ments of Chinese literature include every possible variety; Imperial Calendar, published once a quarter, and the and thousands of works are daily issued in Pekin, and Pekin Gazette, issued daily, which are printed from other great cities, consisting of novels, romances, with moveable types made of a plastic gum. This is, however, moral, amusing, and comic tales; precepts from the immeasurably inferior to the block-printing. ancient sages, and exhortations from living sovereigns; plays; songs, fables, and every description of poetry; jest-books and lampoons; cookery books, and collections of recipes for curing disorders; predictions of the weather and fortune-telling books; manuals of devotion and of religious rites; books of etiquette; together with almanacs and quantities of other ephemera it would be impossible to enumerate. The more bulky and expensive works on philology, history, and jurisprudence, not printed by the government, are published by subscription in the way we have previously mentioned. To give some idea of the gigantic scale upon which literary works are sometimes undertaken and carried out in China, we may mention that the Imperial Encyclopædia in general use, in 450 volumes, is a mere abridgment of a work, the original of which comprises no fewer than 6000 volumes. It is in every respect like the European works of a similar class, being a repertory of Chinese knowledge in a lexicographical form. The history of the country, from the earliest period to the accession of the present or Mongol dynasty to the throne, fills 300 volumes; Sing-poo, a biographical work, occupies 120 volumes; the Leu-lee, or civil code, may be appropriately called the statutes at large, for they extend to 261 volumes. There is a single collection of plays which numbers 200 volumes. The emperor, Kienlung, caused a reprint to be made of all the standard works throughout China: in five years as many as 168,000 volumes were completed, and it was expected that the whole would extend to 600,000 volumes.* The Shoo-king, in other words, 'The Book,' is regarded by the Chinese as we look upon the Scriptures. It is the work of Confucius (whom they call Kung-foo-tze), and combining a collection of historical aphorisms with a species of chronology, is the text-book not only for moral conduct, but historical facts. The blocks having been engraved, they are passed to the printer, properly so called. His part of the business is performed with uncommon ease and despatch, considering the simple means at his command. He has no 1 press or machinery of any kind. Beside him is a quantity of Indian ink, thickly ground up: in his right hand are two brushes, of the ordinary size of such as are used by house-painters, one being stuck on at each end of a single handle. With that below the hand he inks the surface of the block. A sheet of the very thin paper in general use is then placed upon it, the hand turned up, and the other brush-a dry one-having been passed with a light pressure over the paper, the impression is taken. The operation is performed with such celerity, that an expert printer can take off from two to three thousand impressions in a day. The sheets being extremely thin and porous, require no wetting; and after time has been allowed for the ink to set upon them, they are ready for the folder and stitcher. Printing on both sides being of course impracticable, from the lightness of the paper, the folder turns each leaf back to back (for which the white column beforementioned serves as a gauge), pasting together the blank or unprinted side of each leaf; hence the printed sides have exactly the same appearance as the pages of a European book. The stitcher now takes a certain number of these pages and sews them with silk thread into a cover of smooth drab-coloured paper. About ten of the little volumes go to a work of ordinary size, and the order in which they run is numbered on the outer edges of the leaves. Thus a book is never bound in China, but the bookbinder's occupation is represented by the makers of book-cases, or boxes, into which a complete work is neatly packed. Some of these cases are splendidly covered with satin or silk, embroidered with gold, exhibiting the name of the book in legible characters. The selling of books is considered one of the most honourable of trades; and there is no town in the empire in which a bookseller does not reside. Despite the despotic character of the government, the press-if we may call it so-is quite free and unshackled by a censorship: no license is required, no restrictions are imposed; but the Leu-lee (civil code) declares that whoever is guilty of editing wicked and corrupt books, with the view of misleading the people, and whoever attempts to excite sedition by letters or handbills, shall suffer death by being be From the axioms contained in the works of their sages, Chinese Poetry took its rise, as we learn from the character that expresses it, which means 'words of the temple.' Rhymatic sentences are delivered and commented on by the literati in the temples. Rhyme is an easy matter; for so similar are the sounds of hosts of words having a dissimilar meaning, that Gutzlaff says he could write a perfectly intelligible treatise in the Chinese language, yet every character, when *The reader must, however, remember that a Chinese volume is seldom thicker than two of the monthly parts of this Journal would be if stitched together. read, would be represented to an English ear by the sound E. On prosody so much stress is laid, that modern versifiers often aim more at the smoothness of their numbers than at sense or point. The ancient poets are considered the best; the following was written three thousand years ago: The nest yon winged artist builds, In which the spoiler soon shall dwell; A stronger bird hath ta'en its nest; How vain the pomp to soothe her breast!' Of modern descriptive poetry, nothing is better calculated to interest English readers than a poem written by an intelligent Chinese, who, in 1813, accompanied an English gentleman to this country as his instructor. It is headed 'London, in ten stanzas." In this confined space the author chiefly noticed those objects which excited his attention, by their contrast with those of his native land. After stating that— 'Afar in the ocean, towards the extremity of the north-west, There is a nation or country called England,' he sings concerning the city itself— The towering edifices rise storey above storey, In all the stateliness of splendid mansions: Railings of iron thickly stud the sides of every entrance; On either side perambulate men and females, In the centre career along the carriages and horses; The mingled sound of voices is heard in the shops at evening. During mid-winter the accumulated snows adhere to the pathway; Lamps are displayed at night along the street-sides, Their radiance twinkling like the stars of the sky."" He observes, that the houses are so lofty that you may pluck the stars from them; that, on four sacred days in the month, people put on their best clothes, and go to the temple; that the virtuous read their sacred book, which they call Pe-lee to Kot (pray to God); that the appearance of the country is beautiful, and the hills rising one above another delightful to behold; that little girls have rosy cheeks and fair complexions; that men and women marry from mutual choice, and love and respect each other; and that there are no second wives; that the grass is cut, and dried, to feed cattle in winter when there is frost and snow; that men and women ramble into the fields to gather flowers; that poor women at the wheat-harvest gather the grain which is left, and sing as they go home.'* Satires are constantly aimed against general manners, and lampoons against private individuals and officials. As a specimen of the former, we may cite some lines on a dissipated Chinese fop, which occur in a novel called 'Dreams of the Red Chamber : 'His outward form by nature's bounty drest, He hated letters, an accomplished fool! In act depraved, contaminate in mind, Strange, had he feared the censures of mankind! The English reader may suppose that these powerful lines have been polished and adapted to his taste by the *The above is part of a literal prose-translation, supplied by Mr Davis to the second volume of the Royal Asiatic Society's Transactions. translator. But that gentleman assures us the version is lineatim, and almost verbatim, and pretends to nothing more than a very close adherence to the original." The Chinese have almost universally a taste for verses; boys who have just learned to read are taught to compose them. Pedantic schoolmasters adorn their walls with their own productions, and paste them up at their door-posts. Cups and saucers, pans and screens, are ornamented with couplets. Even the kitchens and fireplaces are adorned with verses, chiefly on cookery. We must defer our account of the dramatic and fictitious literature of the Chinese for a third article. The total number of persons engaged in the manufacture of textible fabrics in Great Britain is stated to be 800,246. Of those employed in mines, there are, in 22 46 32 ... ... ... ... 118,233 15,407 11,419 10,949 6,101 ... while they were respectively, in 1841, there being only this source of doubt about the last table, that, in the three first instances, families, and in the last, individuals, were enumerated. It seems, however, beyond a doubt, that the absolute numbers of the agricultural population remain nearly stationary, so that if this branch of our national industry is, as it appears, not falling off, but, on the contrary, increasing, we must presume that fewer men are now required to perform the same amount of work as formerly, which, considering the improvement of husbandry, is not unlikely. The increase of the population between 1831 and 1841 must therefore have been entirely absorbed by the other branches of industry. The total male population of Great Britain, twenty years of age and upwards, was, in 1831, 3,199,984; and in 1841, 3,829,668; showing an increase, in ten years, of about 630,000 adult males. Hardly one of these additional men has been able to find employment in agriculture. The agricultural occupiers and labourers were, in 1831, 980,750, and in 1841, only 961,585. Allowing here for a correction pointed out by the enumerators, it still appears that, at the end of the decennial period, there was either no increase, or a very small one, in the number of adult males employed in agriculture. The case of those employed in commerce, trade, and manufactures, is very different. In 1831, they were 1,278,283, and in 1841 they amounted to 1,682,044; showing that those branches of industry had found employment for more than 400,000 additional persons of the class before-mentioned."* Another remarkable result of the inquiry is, that England and Scotland are nearly upon a par in respect of the proportions of occupations. At the Union in 1707, the latter country had no commerce or manufactures worthy of the name, and to obtain a share of these, was one main reason for its submitting to the loss of its independence. The purchase has been worthy of the sacrifice, for now the commercial and manufacturing population of Scotland bears just about the same proportion to the agricultural as that of England, showing the vast progress which our people have made in industry and wealth in the course of little more than a century. What makes this still more clear is, that Scotland possesses within 0.60 per cent. of the proportionate number of persons of independent means which England does. It is nothing to the purpose that England has more paupers by 0.23 per cent.; for Scotland, as is now becoming notorious, only escapes the infamy of a numerous pauper population by denying regulated subsistence to the destitute. The following are the centesimal proportions of the people in the various classes of occupations in England and Scotland: Coal mines, Copper ditto, Lead ditto, Iron ditto, Tin ditto, In considering the number of persons supported by any particular manufacture, it is to be remembered that the numbers given are of actual workers, and not of those who, as wives, children, &c. are supported by the labour of others. The total number of persons whose occupations were ascertained in Great Britain was 7,846,569, leaving 10,997,865 as the 'residue' of the population, which must be taken to consist of persons dependent on the former. Therefore, to the number given under each employment, we must add another number bearing to it the proportion of about eleven to eight, in order to ascertain the entire number of individuals whom that branch of industry supports. It is worthy of remark, that, from other reports, the proportion of those workers who are of tender age is decreasing, and the total number of children now engaged in the above occupations is only 31,566, under one twentyfourth of the whole workers. The largest number returned under any one occupation is of domestic servants, being 1,165,233, of whom 908,825 are females; and the commissioners justly consider it a matter of congratulation that so large a number of females should be comprehended in a class in which habits of steady industry, of economy, and of attention to the maintenance of a good character, are so necessary as that of domestic servants.' 'It appears that in Great Britain, on the night of the 6th of June, 1841, 22,303 persons slept in barns, tents, pits, and in the open air; 5016 persons were travelling. The average number of inhabitants to 100 statute acres for England and Wales is 43; for Middlesex and Westmoreland, which are the counties of the highest and lowest averages, the numbers are 873 and 11 respectively. The average annual number of marriages for England and Wales to every 10,000 inhabitants is 78. In Middlesex, which is the most marrying county, it is 93; in Cumberland, which is least so, it is 57. The average of births to every 10,000 for England and Wales is 319; of deaths, 221; of inhabited houses, 1850. It may be worth noticing, that it is in the maritime counties we find the least comparative mortality. Few persons are aware of the influence of immigration on the increase of the population of England and Wales. The fact is, the actual is to the natural increase per cent. as 14 to 9 nearly in the 10 years 1831-1841, the difference being ascribable to immigration principally, as it seems. In Cumberland, in 1841, for every 10,000 inhabitants, there were 356 persons born in Scotland, and 274 born in Ireland. In Lancashire, there were 130 Scotch, and 635 Irish, for the same number of inhabitants-that is to say, onethirteenth part of the actual population of Lancashire is made up of Irish and Scotch, and nearly one-sixteenth of that of Cumberland. Many other counties exhibit large proportions of immigrants from the sister kingdoms, though none so large as these. No county is free from a considerable proportion: Suffolk and Norfolk, which have fewest, show 33 for every 10,000 inhabitants. Throughout |