Mountains; and the department of forestry, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y., requires students to spend 5 weeks in a camp in the summer following the sophomore year, 4 weeks in camp in the summer following the junior year, and 3 months in practical work before graduation.

SCHOOLS OF AGRICULTURE

The development of the 4-H Club-camps for boys and girls, fostered by the extension divisions of agricultural colleges in cooperation with the United States Department of Agriculture, needs no introduction. This movement having had its beginning about 1914 is no longer considered an educational adventure. It has grown rapidly since 1922 and at the present time is considered an excellent means not merely of bringing together the boys and girls of rural districts in healthful recreation and educational projects, but also in bringing together leaders from the various local and county camps in a State camp for similar purposes, and finally in assembling groups of these youthful State leaders in a national camp which is held each year in Washington, D. C., under the auspices of the United States Department of Agriculture.

In general," The boys and girls in these clubs meet together, work together, play together, cooperate, and achieve. They play the game. fairly. They demonstrate work, earn money, and acquire property. They learn and teach the better way on the farm, in the home, and in the community. They build up their bodies and their health through right living. They train their hands to be useful, their minds to think clearly, and their hearts to be kind."

During the year 1927-28, 2,456 4-H Club camps were held throughout the United States with an attendance of 180,931. The State club leader is responsible for the plans and programs for these camps in his State. In general, the organization and administration of club. camps for boys and girls afford ample opportunities for practice teaching for students of home economics and agriculture who wish to assist in this work, thereby supplementing their college courses with practical experience.

SUMMER SCHOOL FACILITIES FOR CAMPING

Facilities for camping as a means for housing summer school students are provided by a few institutions. In some instances facilities for camping are provided for a few students only, while in other instances the entire summer school is carried on in a specially selected location in which inexpensive permanent summer quarters have been provided for the faculty and students.

The State Normal School, Oswego, N. Y., provides facilities for camping in connection with the work of its summer school. The camp is located at Shady Shore on Lake Ontario.

The Colorado Woman's College, a junior college, Denver, has for several summers conducted its summer school at Camp Freeman, located about 34 miles west of Denver, in the Rocky Mountains. Courses of instruction in the various academic subjects are offered. State Teachers College, Chico, Calif., for 9 or 10 years has carried on the work of its entire summer school in northern California at the base of Mount Shasta. The courses offered meet the requirements of the California State Board of Education.

Students of the University of Colorado on the way to Arapaho Glacier

McPherson College, McPherson, Kans, maintains a summer school for teachers at Palmer Lake, Colo. Ample equipment has been provided, including housing facilities, school buildings, and cottages. Courses are given which meet the requirements of State departments of education.

The Richmond School of Social Service and Public Health, which is affiliated with the College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Va., provides for a short course in camping given at the close of the regular school session. Students and faculty spend a week in a wellequipped near-by camp. Attendance at this camp is required of all students who are candidates for certificates of proficiency in recreation and community work.

ADMINISTRATION OF FIELD WORK

In general, the organization and administration of field work or organized camps as a part of the work of colleges and universities presents somewhat of a problem, especially for the smaller colleges. In view of this situation the following information is presented regarding ways of securing facilities for small colleges, specific objectives of field work and summer camps, eligibility requirements for attendance, administration of credits, average cost per student for attendance, and evaluation of outcomes.

FACILITIES FOR SMALL INSTITUTIONS

At the present time no definite plan could be suggested which would be suitable for all colleges or universities in the matter of securing facilities for field work or summer camps as a part of their educational work. However, it may be said that a number of opportunities exist in various sections of the country which could be used to advantage by the various institutions.

Many of the college camps provided at this time were made possible in the beginning through special gifts of land made to the various institutions by interested benefactors. While in many instances these original sites were small, additional land was usually secured later by purchase in order to enlarge these facilities.

The Colorado Woman's College several years ago received from Judge Fred W. Freeman, of Denver, Colo., a gift of a 20-acre camp. This camp was opened not only for the students enrolled in the regular school year but also for the entire summer school.

The establishment of Camp Davis as an engineering camp by the University of Michigan was made possible by a gift of 1,600 acres. The Hopkins Marine Station, during the first 25 years of its existence, while nominally a part of Stanford University, was dependent for its upkeep and extension chiefly upon student fees and private gifts, the latter mainly through the constant sympathetic interest of Mr. Timothy Hopkins. At the present time, however, the Hopkins Marine Station is a department of Stanford University, controlled by the board of trustees, the president, and the academic council in the same manner as other departments of the university. Several institutions have made a beginning toward providing summer camps by leasing certain areas which seemed to provide suitable facilities. For example, the Nature Guide School, of the Cleveland School of Education of Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, is carried on at Hudson, Ohio. The 31-acre campus of the Western Reserve Academy, along with a 500-acre forest, affords a splendid location for the school.

The State Normal School, Keene, N. H., in order to make a small beginning in providing outdoor recreational facilities, several years ago leased an abandoned 2-story rural schoolhouse and repaired the building so as to provide temporary shelter for students' hiking parties.

In view of the fact that there are more than 5,000 well-established, privately owned summer camps for boys and girls in various parts of this country which are rarely used except in July and August, there is a possibility that some of these camps could be leased at a reasonable price for the month of June by near-by colleges or universities.

Probably the most attractive facilities for field work or camp sites are available in the State and national parks and national forests. Such locations for educational work are valuable not only for the colleges and universities but also for the park directors.

Among the colleges which have taken advantage of the opportunities for camping which are available in the State and national parks and national forests may be mentioned the following: The Iowa State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, Ames, which provides for three months of instruction in one or more of the national forests in connection with the work of the department of forestry; the department of education of New York University, which has established a summer camp on a 100-acre site in the Palisades Interstate Park; the Allegany School of Natural Science (which is affiliated with the University of Buffalo), located in the Allegany State Park, N. Y.; and the Humboldt State Teachers College, Arcata, Calif., which provides for hiking and recreational excursions for its students into the Sequoia National Park, although no permanent camp as yet has been established by this institution.

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES OF FIELD WORK AND SUMMER CAMPS

The following detailed information regarding the specific objectives of several of the various outdoor schools and science camps in connection with institutions of higher education is presented for the purpose of showing just what several of the institutions are trying to do in this line of work.

In general, the Allegany School of Natural History was established "to meet the need for outdoor training and experience in natural history, and to supplement the conventional lecture room and laboratory instruction in botany, zoology, physical geography, and geology, as commonly offered in city schools and colleges." The specific objectives stated in a circular of information are as follows:

To provide as favorable conditions as are practical for studies in the natural sciences in inland regions; to give to each student the maximum benefit of close personal guidance from instructors experienced in teaching and in re

search; to develop, as far as possible, the capacity of each student for continuing his or her studies independently; and to stimulate summer students to become naturalists.

The nature camp of the department of nature education, of the Pennsylvania State College, was established to meet the demand of teachers and nature students for practical nature study. It provides an opportunity for teachers and students to spend a pleasant and a profitable vacation out of doors. It also provides ample opportunities for students to make field observations and studies along the various lines of nature study.

One of the chief purposes of the establishment of the summer camp maintained by the department of education, New York University, was "to stimulate interest in the natural education which takes place in the out of doors."

The biological station at Douglas Lake, maintained by the University of Michigan, was established "in order that students and investigators might have an opportunity to do field work of a sort which can not be so well carried on under urban conditions or within the limitations of a university schedule * * through field trips the student learns from personal experience the habitats and behavior of plants and animals in their native environment."

ELIGIBILITY REQUIREMENTS

At the present time there is some variation in the requirements of institutions of higher education regarding the eligibility of students to attend summer camps or be admitted to specially arranged scientific travel tours. In some institutions, graduation from an accredited high school is sufficient for enrollment. In other institutions at least one or two full years of college credit in science courses is required. In some of the marine research biological stations eligibility for attendance is dependent largely on previous training and special talent. At summer camps maintained by departments of health, physical education, and education, eligibility is usually dependent on graduation from an accredited high school. However, camps of this type also provide for special research graduate students and for school administrators. Special camps maintained by departments of geology, engineering, and biology, usually require as a minimum two courses in elementary scientific work.

ADMINISTRATION OF CREDITS

The administration of units of credit for summer travel or camp courses varies somewhat in the different institutions. In some institutions students may enroll for courses and earn credits which are applicable as a part of their college courses leading to baccalaureate