degrees or they may attend these courses without trying to earn credit. In some institutions unit credit is given to the individual student based on the amount of work accomplished rather than for the completion of any definite limitations of a course of study in which all enrolled are required to complete.

New York University allows a maximum credit of eight units to be earned by students attending the summer camp of the department of education; Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, allows a maximum of six semester hours of credit to be given toward the degree of bachelor of education for courses taken in the nature guide school of the Cleveland School of Education; full credit is allowed by the department of liberal arts of the university of Buffalo for courses taken in the summer school of the Allegany School of Natural History. The maximum credit allowed is six semester hours; the Northern State Teachers College, Aberdeen, S. Dak., allows 10 quarter hours of credit to students for courses in zoology, botany, or general biology, taken at the Lake Enemy Swim Biological Station, Waubay, S. Dak.; the State University of Washington, Seattle, allows 9 units of credit for 6 weeks of summer work and 15 units of credit for 9 weeks of summer work taken at the special biological station maintained at Friday Harbor, Wash.; the University of Oregon, Eugene, allows 7 term hours of credit for successful completion of the four weeks' annual field course in geology given during the summer period; Princeton University, Princeton, N. J., allows full credit for the specially planned four weeks' geology tour; the University of Colorado, Boulder, allows a maximum of 10 quarter hours of credit for four courses taken at the summer geology camps during a period of four weeks.

In regard to the administration of credits for work done in engineering summer camps, Prof. H. J. Hughes, dean of the department of engineering of Harvard University, maintained—

That while courses in engineering are given at the Harvard engineering camp which correspond to courses which count as six semester hours in the regular term, it is impossible to rate these courses in semester hours. The students begin work at 7 in the morning and end at 4 in the afternoon, with threequarters of an hour for lunch. On Saturday the work ends at 12. In addition to these stated hours, every student has considerable work at night, which varies with the skill and diligence of the student.

AVERAGE COST PER STUDENT

The average cost per student for attendance at summer camps varies in different institutions from about $50 to $165 for a period of three to six weeks. In general, the cost varies somewhat according to the kind of accomodations provided, the length of stay in camp, and the necessary traveling expenses. In general, facilities for liv

ing in tents are provided at a very low rate and in some camps the space is allowed free for those who wish to provide their own tents. Sometimes there is a small registration fee, and occasionally a fee for medical examination at entrance.

The following detailed information regarding the costs of travel tours or summer camps maintained by a few institutions of higher education is sufficient to indicate the costs of facilities available at this time.

The fee for attendance for three weeks at the science camp of the Pennsylvania State College, State College, is $100. This amount includes board, lodging, tuition, and transportation from State College, Pa., to the camp and return.

The attendance fee at the biological station maintained by the State Teachers College, Aberdeen, S. Dak., ranges from $50 to $70 for six weeks. This amount includes board, tent quarters for men or bungalow quarters for women, and tuition fee. The tuition is $20 and living facilities cost about $6 or $8.50 per week.

At the Marine Biological Station, Woods Hole, Mass., the fee for attendance is $75. There is a registration fee of $5. Rooms are available ranging in price from $3 to $10 per week, and board may be had at the United States Bureau of Fisheries for $7 to $10 per week.

The entire cost for attendance at the seven weeks Allegany School of Natural History, affiliated with the University of Buffalo, is $150 for seven weeks.

The total cost for attendance for four weeks at the summer camp of physical education and health education maintained by Mills College, Mills College, Calif., is $107.

The total cost for attendance at the six weeks' physical education. and health education camp maintained by the State Teachers College, Slippery Rock, Pa., is about $70.

The camp charge for the eight weeks of summer work for engineering students of Harvard University is $100. For students of other institutions there is an additional laboratory fee of $50.

The annual field course in geology provided by the University of Oregon is available for a total of $50, including tuition and subsistence.

EVALUATION OF OUTCOMES

In general, it is recognized that the practical experience afforded out of doors in the natural environment of the field, stream, lake, or mountain side can not be provided indoors in a laboratory or a lecture room. The study of science is incomplete if given only in the lecture room or laboratory. Excursions are necessary not only in order to show the environment in which forms live but as a means of

teaching students how to collect forms. Students and teachers have opportunities of collecting specimens to be used in their own teaching. Many teachers at the completion of their year's work feel the need of a healthful vacation and also of opportunity for study at a reasonable expense. The outdoor school or camp provides such an opportunity.

The flexibility of the courses given allows for some freedom for individual development along lines of special interests and permits this work to be done somewhat according to the ability of each student. Many students or teachers enroll simply from a desire to acquire knowledge, while the pursuit of credits becomes a secondary motive for attendance, and may not even be considered.

A few excerpts from letters and annual reports of the directors of the various summer camps and travel courses conducted by colleges and universities are herewith presented as the most reliable source of opinion regarding the success of the out-of-door educational work which is now being carried on in various parts of the country.

Regarding the work accomplished at the Hopkins Marine Biological Station, it is stated in the catalogue of Stanford University:

Students are provided with ample opportunities for acquaintance with animal life along the shore and opportunities to solve by their own efforts problems in the physiology of marine organisms.

Regarding the results of the work done at the biological station maintained by the State Teachers College, Aberdeen, S. Dak., the following are noteworthy:

The special location of the station eliminates many distractions and is helpful to the students in keeping their attention fixed along biological studies. Attendance at the station is highly desirable from the standpoint of improving

health.

An outstanding result of the work at this station is the fact that most of the students attend for the purpose of gaining knowledge. Securing credit is a secondary motive. Many teachers take these courses in order to have opportunities for collecting biological specimens which they use in their teaching work.

The work of the Allegany School of Natural History may be summed up as follows:

It affords a broad experience for science teachers for elementary schools, secondary schools, colleges, or universities.

It is valuable to New York State in that "it is training leaders for the proper guidance of the public in intelligent appreciation and use of public parks.” It offers a "practical demonstration in camp management" for those who are preparing to serve as leaders or directors of summer camps, for the Boy Scouts, Girl Scouts, Camp Fire Girls, as well as of the thousands of private summer camps throughout this country.

OPPORTUNITIES FOR LEADERSHIP TRAINING IN CAMP ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION

COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES

During the past 25 years there has been a tremendous growth of the summer-camp movement throughout the United States. More than 5,000 privately owned summer camps for boys and girls have been established. Many philanthropic, religious, and charitable associations have established summer camps as a means of affording healthful recreation for poor families living in large cities. Other organizations, such as the Camp Fire Girls, the Girl Scouts, Young Men's Christian Associations, and Young Women's Christian Associations, have established many camps throughout this country.

As a result of this growth of the summer-camp movement there was created a demand for camp directors and camp councilors having a theoretical and practical knowledge of the organization and administration of summer camps. Some institutions of higher education have tried to help meet this demand: (a) By establishing courses in camp organization and management which are offered as elective courses for students who wish to take such courses; (b) by including some instruction on camp methods as a part of courses in recreational leadership; and (e) by including similar instruction in courses offered in the training of leaders for the Girl Scouts, the Camp Fire Girls, and the Boy Scouts.

Camping for camp councilors.-A few colleges and universities provide theoretical courses in camping and campcraft for camp councilors. In some institutions these courses are included as a part of the required work of professional courses in physical education. In other institutions they are offered as electives for students who wish to secure special training in regard to summer camps. Among the institutions which provide courses in organization and management of camps may be mentioned: Howard University, Washington, D. C.; Western Illinois State Teachers College, Macomb (course for men); University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Ind.; State University of Iowa, Iowa City; Grinnell College, Grinnell, Iowa; Boston University, Boston; International Young Men's Christian Association College, Springfield, Mass.; Columbia University, New York, N. Y.; Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.; Syracuse University, Syracuse, N. Y.; Oklahoma College for Women, Chickasha, Okla.; University of Oklahoma, Norman, Okla. (course for women); Oklahoma Agricultural and Mechanical College, Stillwater, Okla.; Temple University, Philadelphia, Pa.; State Teachers College, Harrisonburg, Va.; Washington State Normal School, Ellensburg, Wash.

Recreational leadership, including methods of camping.-A few colleges and universities, while they do not offer courses of study devoted exclusively to camp organization and administration, provide courses in recreational leadership and include in these courses some instruction in camp methods. The following institutions provide courses of this type: State Teachers College, San Jose, Calif.; Connecticut College for Women, New London; State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, University of Georgia, Athens; Georgia State College for Women, Milledgeville; Illinois Woman's College, Jacksonville; Iowa State Teachers College, Cedar Falls; Simpson College, Indianola, Iowa; Western Kentucky State Normal School, Bowling Green; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Western State Teachers College, Kalamazoo, Mich.; Northwest Missouri State Teachers College, Kirksville; State Teachers College, Mayville, N. Dak.; State Teachers College, Valley City, N. Dak.; Ohio State University, Columbus; Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware, Ohio; Kent State Normal College, Kent, Ohio; Wittenburg College, Springfield, Ohio; University of Oregon, Eugene; Beaver College, Jenkintown, Pa.; State Teachers College, West Chester, Pa.; George Peabody College, Nashville, Tenn.; University of Texas, Austin; and Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah.

Camp Fire leadership and Scout leadership which include instruction in camp organization.-In general, a large number of colleges and universities provide courses of training in the special activities of the Boy Scouts, the Girl Scouts, and the Camp Fire Girls. Some of these institutions include in these courses special attention to the problems of organization and management of summer camps. Among the institutions which provide courses of this type may be mentioned the following:

Camp Fire Girls' leadership, including methods of camping.— Northern Arizona State Teachers College, Flagstaff; College of the Pacific, Stockton, Calif.; Illinois Woman's College, Jacksonville; Central State Teachers College, Mount Pleasant, Mich.; Concordia College, Moorhead, Minn.; Cotner College, Bethany, Nebr.; Nebraska State Normal School and Teachers College, Peru; Ohio State University, Columbus; Sam Houston State Teachers College, Huntsville, Tex.; Bellingham State Normal School, Bellingham, Wash. (courses in camp-fire work and campcraft have been offered in past years and will probably be scheduled again).

Scout leadership, including instruction in camping.—Lombard College, Galesburg, Ill.; Illinois Woman's College, Jacksonville; Kansas State Teachers College, Emporia; Kansas State Teachers College, Pittsburg; State Normal School and Teachers College, Murray, Ky.; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Central State