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at Woods Hole, Mass., and at Beaufort, N. C., under the direction of the United States Fish Commission. While some special work was done at Woods Hole, Mass., as early as 1871, the first building of the present station was completed in 1884, and in 1888 the laboratory was incorporated and opened for the use of students and investigators of marine zoology. At the present time 84 colleges and universities throughout the country subscribe to and cooperate in the work of this station. The Woods Hole Biological Laboratory is open throughout the year for special research work. Courses of instruction for college students who have had two years of biology are provided during the summer term from June 27 to August 7. Research and instruction are available in five departments, including zoology, protozoology, embryology, physiology, and botany.

Stanford University, Stanford University, Calif., maintains a special biological station known as the Hopkins Marine Biological Station. This station was established in 1892 on Point Aulon at Pacific Grove on the south side of Monterey Bay. In 1917 it was moved to Cabrillo Point. This location provided a more complete control of the coast line and in addition an excellent sheltered landing place and harbor for boats. At this time new buildings were erected which contained 5 large laboratories for classes and 11 private laboratories for special research investigation. In 1928 a new unit known as the Jacques Loeb Laboratory was built. In 1929 the Alexander Agassiz Laboratory was added. In general, the station provides facilities for study for regular students of Stanford University pursuing studies in science and biology; students assigned from other institutions pursuing similar studies; and special students not expecting formal credit and not candidates for degrees. The station is open throughout the year for special research work and during the spring and summer for the regular classes. The courses offered include graduate and undergraduate studies. Students are provided with "ample opportunities for acquaintance with animal life along the shore" and "opportunities to solve, by their own efforts, problems in the physiology of marine organisms."

The teaching staff in each department includes leading scientists from the various subscribing schools. Special lectures are given. Seminars are held frequently for the discussion of certain topics. In addition, the students enjoy many water trips. The station is equipped with motor boats, a steam launch, and a dredging boat. "The primary purpose of this laboratory is the promotion of biological research by supplying facilities to competent investigators and by the cooperation of all interested in improving the means of investigation in the biological sciences."

A few colleges and universities maintain special biological stations in connection with the work of the department of biology. Some institutions arrange for use of research tables for their students in several of the marine biological stations. Among the institutions which provide some research facilities may be mentioned Stanford University, Stanford University, Calif.; Tufts College, Tufts College, Mass.; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Ohio State University, Columbus; Northern State Teachers College, Aberdeen, S. Dak.; and State University of Washington, Seattle.

The Biological Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, N. Y., was established in 1882 as a department of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences under the direction of Prof. Franklin W.

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Hooper. Professor Hooper was assisted in this work by Mr. Eugene G. Blackford, fish commissioner of New York, and also by a Mr. John D. Jones, who not only donated land but also erected suitable buildings for the laboratory. In 1924 the Biological Laboratory was transferred from the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences to the Long Island Biological Association (Inc.). It is open for research throughout the year. A staff of eight scientists is maintained at all times. Courses of study in zoology and botany are offered during the summer for the training of investigators and teachers. The work is usually accredited by colleges and universities. However, the arrangements between the university and the student must be made by the student in regard to the amount of credit given. During the 36 years of its existence the Biological Laboratory has been in

strumental in the training of more than 1,800 biologists, while many scientific investigations of note have been carried on by investigators in residence at Cold Spring Harbor.

The Scripps Institute of Oceanography, La Jolla, Calif., grew out of the efforts of the department of zoology of the University of California to promote "research on the animal life of the Pacific Ocean." As early as 1901 these efforts were definitely organized. While the first financial support came mainly from interested persons and only to some extent from the university, since 1912 the State of California has contributed liberally to the support of the scientific work and the management has been transferred entirely to the regents of the University of California.

Scripps Institution of Oceanography, as it is now called, is located on a 177-acre lot on the ocean front about 16 miles north of San Diego and about 2 miles north of La Jolla, Calif. The housing and equipment of the institution include a special library, a laboratory, a museum, a wharf, an aquarium, gasoline boats, and six cottages. In addition to courses offered to qualified students in general oceanography and in special oceanographic problems, there are courses in physical oceanography, marine sediments and other geological subjects, the quantitative study of microplankton, the ecology of marine organisms, and chemical oceanography. The institution also furnishes opportunities for the study of geographic variation and heredity in the smaller terrestrial mammals.

Graduate students regularly enrolled in the University of California for work at Scripps Institution may become candidates for the degrees of master of science and doctor of philosophy, in accordance with the general rules for such candidacy in other departments of the university in which higher degree work is done. Residence at La Jolla may be credited toward a higher degree as residence at Berkeley, but candidates for degrees at the Scripps Institution usually find it necessary to do some work in one or more departments at Berkeley.

Tufts College, Tufts College, Mass., supports research tables in the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole, Mass., and in the Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory at Salisbury Cove, Me.

The Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory was founded at South Harpswell, Me., in 1898 under the name of The Harpswell Laboratory as a summer school of biology, by Dr. J. S. Kingsley, at that time professor of biology in Tufts College, Mass. In 1913 this laboratory was reorganized as a scientific corporation under the laws of the State of Maine, with a board of 10 trustees. In 1921, under the directorship of Prof. Ulric Dahlgren, of Princeton University, the laboratory was moved to Salisbury Cove on Mount Desert Island.

The laboratory affords ample facilities for research investigators in marine biology.

The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, for more than 20 years has maintained a biological station in connection with the department of biology. Instruction in biology is available at a permanent camp on the shore of Douglas Lake in Cheboygan County. Facilities are available for about 76 students during the summer term, June 25 to August 17. The instruction at the laboratory is given chiefly in the field, and laboratory work, when necessary, is based on collections made by the students on field trips.

Ohio State University provides a special biological laboratory known as the Franz Theodore Stone Laboratory. This laboratory is located on Gibraltar Island, near Put-in-Bay on Lake Erie. It provides special facilities for advanced students, teachers, and investigators in zoology, entomology, and botany, particularly in the study of aquatic life.

In general the work of the marine biological stations is confined to the provision of research facilities for specially prepared college students, and for graduate students and teachers pursuing special research studies. The minimum entrance requirement is usually two years of science or biology. Recently, however, there has been a movement for the provision of more out-of-door practical work even for the first-year college students pursuing elementary courses in biological sciences. One college has established a general science camp; another has affiliated with an outdoor school of natural history. Several institutions have established biological stations in which not more than six semester hours of credit are required for entrance. Among the out-of-door science schools or special science camps which are being developed may be mentioned the Allegany School of Natural History, conducted by the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences in cooperation with the New York State Museum and affiliated with the University of Buffalo, and nature camps of the Pennsylvania State College, State College; Lake Enemy Swim Biological Station, maintained by the Northern State Teachers College, Aberdeen, S. Dak.; and Friday Harbor Biological Station, maintained by the University of Washington, Seattle.

The Allegany School of Natural History is located within the Allegany State Park in the southeastern part of New York State. It was established "to meet the need for outdoor training and experience in natural history," and to supplement the "conventional lecture room and laboratory instruction in botany, zoology, and physical geography as generally offered in city schools and colleges."

The department of nature education, Pennsylvania State College, State College, provides a nature study camp in the Tussey Moun

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tains, 16 miles from State College on land owned by the State of Pennsylvania. The camp is equipped to handle a maximum of about 60 students per term. There is a lecture hall and laboratory and 16 cottages are provided as living quarters for the students. Two 3-week periods of intensive camp work are given each summer. The first course includes a general survey of nature; the next two years include a more intensive survey. Graduate courses are given to students who have already to their credit 12 or more credits of undergraduate nature education.

Nature study camps for teachers have distinct advantages on account of the fact that they are given in the open. "Advantages for nature study in the field are superior to any courses offered in residence at colleges and universities. Teachers have an opportunity to study and work under exceptionally favorable conditions. Group interest and enthusiasm can be developed and held better than under other conditions."

The Northern Normal and Industrial School of the Northern State Teachers College, Aberdeen, S. Dak., provides an interesting biological station at Waubay, S. Dak., known as Lake Enemy Swim Biological Station. This station is designed to offer opportunity to investigators, teachers, and students for study and investigation of problems of biology.

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The camp affords splendid opportunity for study of life with reference to aquatic conditions *. The courses are designed to give first-hand information concerning plants and animals in their natural habitat and surroundings. The procedure of the course is an excellent supplement to the more strictly laboratory type of college training in biology. The courses of instruction open July 16 and close August 24. The following courses are given: General biology; invertebrate zoology; vertebrate zoology; economic zoology; botany; systematic botany; plant ecology; genetics and eugenics.

The University of Washington, Seattle has established near Friday Harbor, Wash., in San Juan County, a special biological station. The entire area of the station includes 485 acres. Permanent structures have been built for housing and for school purposes. A kitchen and a dining room accommodating 200 students are provided. Four special laboratories about 24 feet by 25 feet have been built. Special laboratory equipment is sent out each summer from the University at Seattle.

A sufficient amount of work is given at this summer-school station that the student may receive 13 units of credit for nine weeks of work.

The Washington State Normal School, Bellingham, cooperating with the University of Washington, also provides for students to pursue courses in science at the special biological station maintained by the University of Washington. The courses offered include plant

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