Compilation of contributions on speech training and speech correction.

Includes discus

sion of speech defects in children, the relation of emotional maladjustments to nervous speech disorders and to delinquency, college speech clinics, the administration of a speech department, and other problems of speech education.

Case, Ida Mae and Barrows, Sarah T.

Speech drills for children in form of

play. Boston, Expression company, 1929. 84 p.

A handbook of drills, exercises, games, and stories which yield material for speech correction, to be used with children in the kindergarten and first four grades of the elementary school.

Coriat, Isador H. Stammering; a psychoanalytic interpretation. New York, Nervous and mental disease publishing company, 1928. 68 p.

Considers stammering as indicative of a complex rooted in sex. Follows the Freudian point of view of the libido. "It must be realized that stammering is an infantile reaction, as shown by the character traits, the unconscious reactions, and the oral erotic tendencies which motivate the speech defect."

Ewing, Alex. W. G. Aphasia in children. Oxford university press, 1930.

152 p.

A consideration of the conditions which are essential for the development of the speech mechanism, with intensive treatment of cases which the author describes as children having "high-frequency deafness." By this term he means a failure, more or less severe, to hear the notes in the upper part of and above the piano scale, while a good deal of or total hearing is retained for the lower notes. This high-frequency deafness he considers the underlying condition of aphasia.

Fletcher, John Madison. The problem of stuttering. New York, Longmans, Green, and company, 1928. 362 p.

A scientific treatise on stuttering with reference to the various theories of causation, symptomatology, environmental and occupational therapy, and educational prophylaxis. Considers stuttering as a form of social maladjustment which demands therapeutic treatment.

Fogerty, Elsie.

64 p.

Stammering. New York, E. P. Dutton and company, 1930.

Considers stammering "a nervous trouble." Discusses its development in the child and outlines curative exercises for young children, for the child of school age, and for self-cure at a later age.

Johnson, Wendell.

Because I stutter. With an introduction by Lee Ed

ward Travis. New York, D. Appleton and company, 1930. 127 p.

Dr. Travis' theory of stuttering is based upon the concept that stuttering is a definite neuromuscular derangement of the functional type in which there is a general reduction in cortical activity, "due to transient and mutually inhibitive activities of the associative areas of the right and left hemispheres." Mr. Johnson, as a patient of Doctor Travis, writes the major portion of the book in description of his own experiences resulting from the handicap of stuttering and his development under Doctor Travis' treatment.

McDowell, Elizabeth D. Educational and emotional adjustments of stuttering children. New York, Columbia university, Teachers college, 1928. 59 p. (Teachers college. Contributions to education no. 314)

Compares 61 stuttering children, selected from more than 7,000 pupils, with a like number of normal children, in an attempt to investigate the psychological aspects of stuttering. The findings point to the desirability of emphasis in corrective work for stutterers upon "the improvement of speech habits rather than upon the eradication of neuropathic or psychopathic tendencies in the individual." These findings, however, the author feels should be subjected to further check. Bibliography.

McCullough, Grace A. and Birmingham, Agnes V. Correcting speech defects and foreign accent. New York, Chas. Scribner's sons, 1925. 232 p. The authors are supervising the work of speech improvement in the New York city schools, and this book represents the accumulation of material used for pupils needing such attention. Presents general method as well as drill exercises for specific defects. Nathanson, Y. S. Analysis of sounds and frequency words basic to a new method of corrective speech. Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, 1930. 44 p.

The author emphasizes the fact that speech production is dependent on three processes: First, correct breathing; second, correctoratans,' or kinesthetic imagery; third, the combination" of these two processes in speech output. On the basis of this concept he presents material consisting of lists of words which have been analyzed according to sound and frequency. This material is " applicable to all types of speech defect in which a prognosis could be favorable."

Peppard, Helen M. The correction of speech defects. New York, The Macmillan company, 1925. 180 p.

A handbook that gives definite methods and devices for the correction of the various speech defects found among school children. Part I discusses the psychology and philosophy of speech. Part II considers specific cases of speech correction.

Robbins, Samuel D. Stammering and its treatment. Rhode Island society for mental hygiene, 1927. 23 p.

sta

dat

Providence, R. I.,

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Discusses the causes of stammering, offers advice to parents and teachers, and presents exercises suitable for its treatment.

and Stinchfield, Sara M. A dictionary of speech. Boston, Expression company, 1931.

A compilation of terms used in the treatment of speech disorders, with definitions as given by various authorities. Proposes a new terminology and classification recommended by a committee of the American society for the study of disorders of speech. Rogers, James Frederick. The speech defective school child. Washington, D. C., Government printing office, 1931. 31 p. (United States Office of education. Bulletin, 1931, no. 7)

Considers the nature and the incidence of speech defects, and the organization of work for speech defective children in city school systems. Gives some attention also to State provisions for the program.

Scripture, Edward W. Stuttering, lisping, and correction of the speech of the deaf. Second edition. New York, The Macmillan company, 1923. 290 p. Considers the underlying causes of stuttering and lisping, their symptoms, diagnosis, and therapy. Describes exercises designed for remedial treatment. Several chapters are also given to the methods used for correcting defects of the speech of the deaf as shown by imperfect pitch, nasality, and monotony of tone.

Stinchfield, Sarah M. Formulation and standardization of a series of graded speech tests. Princeton, N. J., Psychological review company, 1923. 54 p. (Psychological monograph, vol. 33, no. 2)

A statistical study which has for its objective "the development of a series of graded speech tests to serve as a measuring scale for speech attainment," and which is "the outgrowth of the tabulation of some 600 cases by the writer during a period of approximately five years. The types of cases have differed from slight inaccuracies of speech, such as are found in letter substitution and oral inactivity, to stuttering, psychic disturbances affecting the speech function, and organic conditions which interfere with the normal functioning of the central, or peripheral parts of the speech mechanism." The study has included subjects of varying ages, from children of preschool age to adults. Selected bibliography.

A preliminary study in corrective speech. Iowa City, Iowa, University of Iowa 1920. 36 p. (Studies in child welfare, vol. 1, no. 3, 1920)

A study based upon observations of university elementary school pupils. Gives a tentative classification and analysis of defective speech conditions and causes of speech disorders, together with reports on two type cases. Lists materials used for speech examinations.

Speech pathology, with methods in speech correction. Boston, Expression company, 1928. 266 p.

"The writer offers these exercises, not with any idea of covering the vast field of speech disorders which have already been extensively treated elsewhere-nor with any idea of furnishing a complete bibliography of the types of speech defects treated in various medical texts on the subject. She wishes rather to present, as a result of her own experience. a few practical suggestions and exercises which may be useful to the busy teacher of speech who may be seeking special methods for a particular type of speech defect." This quotation gives the purpose and general content of the book, which considers a classification of speech defects, together with methods for treatment.

Trumper, Max. A hemato-respiratory study of 101 consecutive cases of stammering. Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, 1928. 72 p.

46

* Observation suggests that in stammerers there is a fundamental disturbance of the respiratory mechanism, probably of nervous origin, which results in an alteration in cerebral circulation leading to congestion before speech is actually begun." ... "The data... demonstrated the existence of a correlation between the respiratory and hematologic functions," which "resolved itself into a principle of physiologic compensation by which the subjects made up for shallow inadequate breathing, by increasing the red cells, red cell volume, and the hemoglobin content of the blood." The author believes that this "hematologic compensation concomitant with rapid shallow breathing supports Bluemel's theory of cerebral congestion with resulting transitory auditory amnesia as the explanation of stammering." Extensive bibliography

Wallin, J. E. W. Speech defective children in a large school system. Oxford, Ohio, Miami university, 1926. 45 p. (Bulletin, series 25, no. 4)

A report on a study of speech defects conducted in St. Louis. Considers the prevalence of speech defects; speech defects in relation to sex, race, and handedness; comparison of speech defects in elementary, special and high schools; age of onset; grade distribution of speech defectives; relation to pedagogical retardation; and the importance of corrective work in the schools.

Ward, Ida C. Defects of speech: Their nature and their cure. E. P. Dutton and company, 1923. 79 p.

New York,

A nontechnical discussion, intended for teachers who may not have specialized training in speech correction. Considers indistinct articulation, defective consonant sounds, nasal twang, and adenoid speech, cleft palate speech, and stammering.

West, Robert, ed. A symposium on stuttering. Boston, American society for the study of disorders of speech, 1931.

A series of papers presented at the meeting of the American society for the study of disorders of speech, held in December, 1930. Presents the opinions of various authorities with reference to causation and method of treatment; educational problems involved; personality difficulties, and other phases of the subject. Several city and State programs of speech correction are described.

Young, E. H. Overcoming cleft palate speech: help for parents and trainers. Minneapolis, Hill-Young school, 1928. 61 p.

Outlines the principles underlying speech mechanism and the necessity for the formation of correct speech habits. Advocates careful guidance in the formation of these habits in the child having a cleft palate even before the palate is closed. Gives suggestions for practice.

IX. SUBNORMAL AND BACKWARD

Barr, Martin W. and Maloney, E. F.

Types of mental defectives. Philadel

phia, P. Blakiston's son and company, 1920. 179 p.

Presents an educational classification of mental defectives, from the backward down to the idiot. Discusses the characteristics of each group and their possibilities for training on the basis of numerous illustrative case studies.

The Boston way. 2nd ed. Concord, N. H., Rumford press, 1921. 127 p. "This book is the united work of the special-class teachers of Boston (and) an outline of their united experience." Outlines extensively the educational experiences that may be offered to children of subnormal intelligence, including sense training, health training, academic work, hand work, and social reactions. Bibliography of helpful references at the close of each chapter, as well as a general bibliography at the close of the book.

Brousseau, Kate. Mongolism. Revised by H. G. Brainerd. Baltimore, Md., The Williams and Wilkins company, 1928. 210 p.

A study of the physical and mental characteristics of the Mongol, based on observation and experience. Discusses history, incidence, etiology, pathology, diagnosis, and prognosis. A closing chapter treats therapy, education, and training. Contains statistics from more than 1,000 cases. A thoroughly scientific presentation.

Carpenter, Mary S. A study of the occupations of 207 subnormal girls after leaving school. Ann Arbor, University of Michigan, School of education, 1925. 40 p. (Vocational education department special studies no. 2)

The girls studied had been enrolled in special classes of the Detroit city schools. Information was secured from the girls themselves, their parents, near relatives, and employers. Considers and evaluates the principal kinds of work done by the girls.

Davies, Stanley P. Social control of the mentally deficient. T. Y. Crowell company, 1930. 389 p.

New York,

An excellent presentation of the whole situation with reference to the feebleminded. Considers the social aspects of the problem as well as the responsibility of the school. Also includes a history of the approach made to a study of scientific analysis of their nature and needs. Bibliography.

Davis, Guy Pratt. What shall the public schools do for the feebleminded? Cambridge, Mass., Harvard university press, 1927. 225 p.

"The general aim or objective of special school training is to make of the feebleminded children coming under its instruction law-abiding citizens, socially adaptable, and economically self-sufficient through worthwhile labor and productivity." Analyzes the instructional program for mental defectives; sense training; manual training; physical training; occupational training; academic training; and mental hygiene. Emphasizes the value of object lessons. Outlines plan for organization of education of mental defectives on state-wide basis, with establishment of centers in both rural and urban communities. Gives plan of curriculum, equipment, etc. Bibliography.

Descoendres, Alice. The education of mentally defective children. Tr. from the French by Ernest F. Row. Boston, D. C. Heath and company, 1929. 313 p. Describes the general organization of special schools and classes for the defective in Europe (Germany, Switzerland, Belgium). Favors Mannheim system of (1) Hauptklassen; (2) Förderclassen (for individual help and adjustment); (3) Hilfsklassen (for those who can not proceed even with special attention in the Förderklassen). "The principle to be followed in these classes is that the more unfavorable the physical and mental constitution of the subject, the more favorable should be the teaching conditions." Discusses school programs and methods to be used in teaching various subjects of the curriculum in special classes or schools. Also gives suggestion for games and for projects in handwork and other subjects.

Gesell, Arnold. The retarded child: How to help him. Bloomington, Ill., Public school publishing company, 1925. 100 p.

A manual of practical suggestions for planning an individual program involving a variety of activities, handicraft, and vocational work for the deficient pupil. Gordon, Hugh. Mental and scholastic tests among retarded children. London, H. M. Stationery office, 1923. 92 p. (Educational pamphlet, no. 44)

On the basis of tests given to physically defective children, canal-boat children, gypsy children, and backward children in ordinary elementary schools, the author concludes that the mental tests used "do not measure native ability apart from schooling, except in the case of children under 6 or 7 years of age."

Hodgkinson, Lorna M. Mental defectives. Sydney, New South Wales, Public instruction department, 1923. 13 p.

Report of the supervisor of the education of mental defectives of New South Wales. Calls attention to the need for greater facilities than are available.

Hollingworth, Leta S. The psychology of subnormal children. New York. The Macmillan company, 1920. 288 p.

Is addressed primarily to the large group of teachers who are working with mentally deficient children. Provides a basic knowledge of the psychology, physical traits, and general nature of the mentally defective.

Holmes, Mossie D. Handbook of suggestions and course of study for subnormal children. Mountain Lake Park, Md., National publishing company, 1926. 110 p.

This book represents the result of three years of practice, study and refinement by the author, who is a supervisor of special classes, and the teachers working under her supervision in Youngstown, Ohio. Covers the general aims of special class instruction and programs of work, and gives concrete suggestions for the teaching of the various subjects of the curriculum. An appendix shows the report card used, and gives a list of special class supplies and equipment.

Inskeep, Annie D. Teaching dull and retarded children. New York, The Macmillan company, 1926. xix, 455 p.

The author is an experienced teacher of mentally retarded children. Out of her wealth of practical experience, she gives numerous concrete suggestions as to the type of instruction which has been most effective in her own classroom. Includes discussions of reading, language, spelling, arithmetic, and other usual subjects of the curriculum, - with some attention also to games and the "education of the hand."

Johnstone, Edward R. Dear Robinson. Vineland, N. J., The Training school at Vineland, 1923. 139 p.

The author, who is the director of the Training school at Vineland, writes a series of letters to a mythical friend, describing the life and spirit of the institution which is responsible for the education of children whose minds have not developed normally.

Lapage, Charles Paget. Feeblemindedness in children of school-age. Second edition. New York, Longmans Green and company, 1920.

An English publication giving consideration to the physical, psychological, and educational aspects of feeblemindedness in children. Diagnosis, prognosis, treatment, and care are all discussed, and an appendix gives specific information and suggestions "on the training and management of feebleminded children."

MacMurchy, Helen. The almosts. Boston, Houghton Mifflin company, 1920. 178 p.

A study of the feebleminded in literature. Discusses characters in the writings of well-known authors (Dickens, George Eliot, Kate Douglas Wiggin, and others), which belonged to this group, and pleads that a place be made for such individuals in the world's work, with proper recognition of and provision for their needs.

Merrill, Maud A. On the relation of intelligence to achievement in the case of mentally retarded children. Baltimore, Williams and Wilkins company, 1924. 100 p. (Comparative psychological monograph, vol. 2, serial no. 10)

A report of a research study dealing with problems of achievement of the mentally retarded child. "In general, the results of the investigation indicate that there are characteristic differences in mental traits between normal and retarded children of the same mental level but that capacity for learning' in the two groups is not significantly different at any given level." Bibliography.

Morrison, Beulah May. A study of the major emotions in persons of defective intelligence. Berkeley, Calif., University of California press, 1924. 145 p. Report of a detailed study of anger, fear, and affection in mental defectives resident in a State school for the feeble-minded. Considers also the correlation of these traits with intelligence, and with one another. "It would seem that anger and affection are complementary emotions that spring from a common source of emotionality which is highly correlated with intelligence," but "there is no direct connection apparent between the expression of fear and the degree of intelligence."

subjects the mentally subnormal Includes anthropometric studies, results of the Binet-Simon scale

Portens, S. D. Studies in mental deviations. Vineland, N. J., Training school at Vineland, 1922. 276 p. (Publication no. 24) A group of psychological studies having as their children at the Training school at Vineland, N. J. analysis of personality traits, educational attainment, and of other scales and tests devised by the author. Pressey, Sidney L. and Pressey, Luella C. ficiency. New York, The Macmillan company, 1926. 356 p. Outlines the methods for study of the individual with reference to his mental health and emotional problems. Considers the extent to which supposedly abnormal characteristics appear in "normal" persons; the causes of mental ill health and deficiency, their treatment, and methods of prevention and control. Extensive bibliography.

Report of the mental deficiency committee.

Stationery office, 1929. 170 p. 3 vols.

Mental abnormality and de

Vol. I. London, His Majesty's

A comprehensive review of legislation in England dealing with the mentally defective, and of the present administrative arrangements and provisions made for mentally defec tive children. Discusses the relationship between mentally defective and retarded children, and makes recommendations for future policies, standards, and educational practice.