A striking feature of Table 1 is the low academic ranking given women staff members as compared with men. In the two lower ranks, that of assistant professor and instructor, the percentage of women teachers is far larger than the percentage of men. For the three higher ranks of dean, professor, and associate professor, where the larger salaries are paid, the percentage of the total women teachers in these ranks, is 24.8 in contrast with 53.6 of men. Thus more than twice as many men as women staff members in proportion to the total employed are assigned the upper ranks in which the higher stipends are paid.

The compensation paid within the several academic ranks and to the men and women teachers varies widely. This is shown in detail in the table contained in Appendix A, which presents salary distributions for each of the different ranks divided by sex as well as for the total of all ranks. It is also shown in a comparison of the median salaries which are set forth in Table 2.

TABLE 2.-Median salaries of teachers by rank and sex for all fields of study combined

Women staff members receive a lower median salary than men staff members in every academic rank. As revealed by the table, the greatest discrepancy is found in the case of deans, women holding this rank being paid a median salary $1,260 less than men. In both the rank of professor and associate professor the difference between the median salaries of the two sexes is fairly large, being $558 for professors and $402 for associate professors. Only an insignificant difference exists between the median salaries of men and women instructors. The median salary for all women teachers irrespective of rank is $860 below that of men teachers, or approximately onefourth less.

Salaries in Major Divisions

Compensation of staff members considering the group as a whole, as just presented, is valuable as indicative of the general salary levels existing in the universities and colleges, of the differences between men and women holding each rank, and of the salaries paid in each

rank. Of far more interest is specific knowledge regarding the remuneration of teachers in each major division. The results of such an inquiry reveal differences in salaries between one major division and another as well as between the sexes and ranks within the same division.

In connection with the analysis of the salaries within the seven major divisions included in this investigation, attention must be called to the fact that there are a number of institutions in which the liberal arts colleges are not organized as such, but are service organizations to the specialized and professional fields. As the subjects taught in them are fundamental courses in arts and sciences, the salaries of their staff members have been classified in the liberal arts group. For several of the major divisions practically all the teachers employed are men, while in one the staff is confined entirely to women, so that no differences in salaries in those cases appear by sex. It is found that in some institutions intercollegiate athletics has been separated from the regular academic organization and is not a part of the physical education division. For the purposes of this appraisal no cognizance is taken of these diverse methods of administrative control and management. All teachers of physical education have been included regardless of whether they are athletic coaches under the jurisdiction of student-alumni associations or similar organizations or whether they are regular staff members employed by the institutional physical education division. As they are ordinarily given academic ranking, athletic coaches have been classified along with the other teachers according to the particular rank assigned them.

Table 3 presents the percentages of teachers within each of the seven divisions according to academic ranks. The data are classified by sex.

TABLE 3.-Percentage distribution of each sex by rank, in various major divisions

The tendency prevails in a number of major divisions to assign high academic ranks to their staff members. This means a higher level of salaries in those divisions. Especially in the fields of education and agriculture are found larger percentages of the teachers ranked as professors. An examination of the table discloses that of all the teachers in agriculture 37.3 per cent are professors and in education 35 per cent are professors, in contrast with 22.3 per cent for physical education and 16.5 per cent for home economics. The percentage of associate professors in education and agriculture is also large while the percentage of their staff members assigned the rank of instructor is small as compared with other divisions. Of particular significance is the large percentage of staff members in physical education, commerce and business, and home economics holding the rank of instructor.

Men receive higher academic ranking than women teachers in all the major divisions where the staffs are divided as to sex. Table 3 shows, for example, that the percentage of women professors and associate professors is in every case below that of men staff members occupying these ranks. In the lower rank of assistant professor women teachers have larger percentages than men in all divisions but one, and in the rank of instructor their percentage is distinctly larger in all divisions. In the division of commerce and business this percentage runs as high as 77.8 and in liberal arts 51.9 of the total women teachers.

The effect of the differentiations in rank assignment is reflected in the levels of compensation for the several fields. Appendix B contains the detailed salary distribution tables for each of the major divisions. In Table 4 are the median salaries by academic rank. TABLE 4.-Median salaries of teachers in the 7 major divisions by academic rank

As is evident by an inspection of Table 4, median salaries in the seven major divisions are characterized by a wide diversity.

The highest median salary for any of the fields of study is found in the major division of education, although agriculture has a median salary almost as large. Home economics pays its staff members the lowest median salary. Between education and home economics,

1

the margin of difference is great, amounting to $810. Of special significance is the small median salary for liberal arts, which is next to the lowest of all the major divisions. The liberal arts college employs the largest number of teachers and enrolls the largest number of students of any of the fields.

The division of physical education has the highest median salary for deans, professors, and assistant professors, while commerce and business has the highest median salary for associate professors and education for instructors. Compensation in home economics is on a consistently low basis. This field has the lowest median salaries for every one of the academic ranks with the exception of instructor. In this case the lowest median salary is in liberal arts.

The foregoing figures concern the staffs as a whole without reference to sex distinctions. In Table 5 are contained the median salaries of men and women teachers by rank for each of the major divisions.

TABLE 5.-Median salaries of men and women teachers in different major divisions classified by rank

Major division

Men

Women

Liberal arts.

Education.

5, 583

3, 579

$5, 638 $4, 375 $4, 154 $3, 675 $3, 230 $2, 828 $2, 705 $2, 388 $2, 031 $1, 967 $3, 048 $2, 162 4,015 3, 188 3, 558 3, 125 3,058 2, 663 2, 232 2, 102 3,632 2,529

2,875

2,579

5, 235

2,095

2,548

4,072 4, 142

Commerce and business..

3,315 3,250

6, 000

Physical education..

4,073 2, 625 3, 521

6, 625

2,864 2, 141 3,310 2,711 2,098 2,964 2, 684 2, 125 2, 174 1,938 3,025 2,000 5,063 3,600 3,438 3, 250 3, 568 2, 625 2, 437 1,929

3, 562 2, 186

Men

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Women teachers receive a lower median salary than men teachers in every academic rank for every major division. In physical education is shown the greatest discrepancy, women teachers in this field having a median salary $1,376 less than men teachers. Large differences ranging from $1,103 to $886 exist also in education, commerce and business, and liberal arts. If reduced to percentage basis, it is found that women staff members in the several major divisions receive median salaries from 29 to 39 per cent below those of men. In the major divisions of home economics, agriculture, and engineering the staffs are not segregated as to sex.

Salaries by Departments in Arts and Sciences

The remuneration of individual staff members in the different branches of arts and sciences is controlled by the salary levels within the department units rather than in the major division at large.

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Women

In the present study the annual salaries of 2,576 teachers in arts and sciences distributed among 9 departments are used. The department of English with 555 has the largest number, while psychology with 110 has the smallest. The number of teachers in the other 7 departments varies from 374 to 124.

Because of the close relationship existing between the subjects of biology, physiology, botany, zoology, and bacteriology, salaries of teachers in these branches have been grouped under the heading of biological sciences, although separate departments for each of them are maintained in some of the institutions. Similarly, the salaries of teachers in ancient and modern languages have been classified under the single heading of foreign languages. As in the case of the major divisions, the distribution of staff members among the academic ranks within a department bears a direct relation to their compensation. The following table shows the percentages of teachers holding the several ranks in each department classified by sex:

TABLE 6.-Percentage distribution of each sex by academic rank in arts and sciences departments

Little uniformity prevails in the academic ranking of the staffs in the various arts and science departments. As shown by Table 6, in the department of English 21.1 per cent of the staff hold the professorial rank as compared with 37.3 per cent for psychology, the department with the largest proportion of its teachers ranked as professors. Similar differences prevail in the other ranks, particularly for the rank of instructor. In the department of English 44.8 per cent or more than twice that for history and political science hold the rank of instructor. Comparatively large percentages of the staffs in chemistry, mathematics, and physics likewise are ranked as instructors.

Academic ranking of women teachers in practically all the departments is much lower than that of men teachers. Of the different 85381-32

Women

Total

Men

Women

Total