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In section C we find the number of repetitions among the various age groups increasing rapidly up to age 12. From this age the actual number repeating decreases, but compared to the enrollment the per cent repeating continues to increase through the higher-age groups. As with repetitions we find (see section D) the amount of skipping among grades increasing up to age 12. The amount of skipping among 13-year-olds is less than half as great as that among 12-yearolds. Few of the older pupils in schools have skipped grades, whereas the opposite is true concerning the number repeating grades.

Retardation and Physique of Pupils

Table 9 shows the amount of retardation among 2,372 boys and 2,263 girls in the elementary grades in relation to certain physical conditions. These relate to the teeth, eyesight, hearing, speech, and posture. The data for this section were obtained from reports of physical examinations. Instructors were requested to answer questions only when such reports were available.

Teeth. The per cent of retardation in this tabulation was determined by using the number of times pupils were retarded (amounting in some instances to two or more times for a single pupil) as the dividend and the number of pupils as the divisor. It will be seen that for the boys it is 50 per cent and for the girls 32 per cent.

The numbers involved are probably too small to be of great significance, but we find some interesting facts in the table. Sixty-six per cent of all boys and 61 per cent of all girls have decayed teeth. Pupils, both boys and girls, with the greatest number of decayed teeth are in age groups 5, 6, 15, and 16, the average per pupil being approximately 4. The average number of decayed teeth for the boys of all ages is approximately 3 and for the girls approximately 2.

The data reveal the fact that while there is more retardation among both the boys and the girls of certain ages who have decayed teeth than there is among those who do not have, for each group as a whole the opposite is true. The difference amounts to 15 per cent for the boys and 10 per cent for the girls. No data were collected as to the number of missing teeth.

Eyesight. The eyesight of 9 per cent of the boys and 8 per cent of the girls interferes with their school work. Among these pupils, both boys and girls, retardation is greater than among the ones with better eyesight. The percentages of retardation are as follows: For boys, 66 and 48, and for girls, 51 and 31.

Hearing. The hearing of 2.4 per cent of the boys and 1.7 per cent of the girls is deficient enough to interfere with their school work. Retardation is greater among the boys with defective hearing than among the group with good hearing; among the two groups of girls

there is very little difference and this is in favor of the ones with defective hearing.

Speech. Judging by the tabulation, defective speech-i. e., defective to the extent of interfering with school work-seems to be a cause of retardation. Among the boys and the girls with defective speech retardation amounts to 59 per cent and 53 per cent, respectively, while the corresponding percentages among those without such defects are 49 and 32. Approximately 5 per cent of the boys and approximately 3 per cent of the girls have speech defects of the kind mentioned.

Posture.-Bad posture is attributed to 11.7 per cent of the boys and to 8.2 per cent of the girls. The percentage of retardation among the boys with bad posture is 69 and among the girls it is 60, while the corresponding percentages for those with good posture are 47 and 30, respectively. Possibly some of the poor posture of the retarded pupils may be due in part to the depression which goes with the retardation.

Conclusions

A large number of pupils of both sexes enter school before the age of 6. This results in a high percentage of under age in grade 1. these pupils progress through school many of them repeat grades and the percentage under age gradually decreases. On the other hand, the percentage of over-age pupils tends to increase through the grades.

The percentage of pupils over age in six grades of the 45 rural schools is considerably larger than the percentage over age in 56 city schools reporting on age grade of pupils at the time data were collected for this study; in the other two grades the percentage of over-age pupils is slightly larger in the city schools.

An age-grade study of 352,692 elementary and high school pupils in Massachusetts in 1926 shows 26.1 per cent of the pupils under age, 61.9 per cent normal age, and 12 per cent over age as compared to the 21.3 per cent under-age, 63.5 per cent normal-age, and 15.2 per cent over-age pupils in the present study.

There are larger percentages of under-age and of normal-age girls but a smaller percentage over age than of boys. Judging from the findings in this study girls in large rural schools progress through school more rapidly than boys. There is little, if any, evidence here to show that those who survive through the upper elemetary grades progress at a more satisfactory rate than do those of the less-selected groups of the lower elementary grades.

The results shown here indicate that, in general, pupils in good physical condition progress more satisfactorily through school than do those with physical defects. While it might be assumed that pupils handicapped physically are retarded in the average consolidated

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