our day. Southward were Cumberland Gardens, the site now occupied by Price's Candle Company's Works, Vauxhall Bridge; Spring Garden Vauxhall; the Dog and Duck, and Apollo Gardens, St. George's Fields; Cuper's Gardens, through the site of which runs Waterloo Bridge Road Bermondsey had its Spa Gardens in the Grange Road; and Cupid' Gardens upon Jacob's Island, the ill-fated locality in which the cholera (1848-9) first broke out in the metropolis, and where it lingered last.

Few of these old Tea-Gardens remain. In the increase of London within the last half century, the environs have lost their suburban cha racter, and have become part of the great Town itself; and steamboats and railways now, for very small sums, convey the over-worked artisan out of its murky atmosphere into pure air and rural scenery.

TENNIS, from the French Hand-ball or Palm-play, was played in London in the sixteenth century, in covered courts erected for the pur pose. Henry VII. and VIII. were fond of Tennis; and the latter added to the palace of Whitehall "tennise-courts." James I. recommended Tennis to his son, as becoming a prince. Charles II. was an accomplished Tennis-player, and had particular dresses for playing in. We have a relic of these times in the Tennis-court in James Street, Haymarket, which bears the date 1676, and was formerly attached to the gaming-house, or Shavers' Hall, or Piccadilly Hall. Another famous Tennis Court was Gibbon's, in Clare Market, where Killigrew's comedians performed for some time. There are in Holborn, Blackfriars, and Southwark thoroughfares known as "Tennis Court," denoting the game to have been formerly played there.

THAMES SPORTS.-Fitzstephen relates of the ancient Londoners fighting "battles on Easter holidays on the water, by striking a shield with a lance." There was also a kind of water tournament, in which the two combatants, standing in two wherries, rowed and ran against each other, and fought with staves and shields. In the game of the water quintain the shield was fixed upon a post in the river, and the champion, stationed in a boat, struck the shield with a lance. Justing upon the ice was likewise practised by the young Londoners. Each mansion upon the Thames banks had its private retinue of barges and wherries, and the sovereign his gilded and tapestried barge. Stow computes there to have been in his time 2000 small boats, that there were 40,000 watermen upon the rolls of the company, and that they could furnish 20,000 men for the fleet. All that we have left of the gay water pageants are the state barges of the Sovereign and the Admiralty, the Lord Mayor, and a few of the wealthier City companies. In 1850, the old Barge of the Goldsmiths' Company was let at Richmond, "for Pic-nic, Wedding, and Birthday Parties," at 57. 58. per day.

Of Boat-races, the oldest is that for Dogget's Coat and Badge, ou August 1. We have also Regattas and Sailing Matches, to aid in the enjoyment of which steamers are employed.

THEATRES originated in Miracle Plays, such as were acted in fields and open places and inn-yards. The playhouse dates from the age of Elizabeth; and between 1570 and 1629, London had seventeen theatres. (See THEATRES.)

APOLLONICON, (THE),

A magnificent musical machine, constructed upon the principle of the organ; the sound being produced by a current of air urged by bellows through several series of vertical pipes, so as closely to imitate all the most admired wind instruments, with the effect of a full orchestra. It is the invention of Messrs. Flight and Robson, who spent five years Ma its completion. There are about 250 keys, upwards of 1900 pipes,

draw-stops, and 2 kettle-drums: the largest double-diapason pedalpe is twenty-four feet long and twenty-three inches square, being ht feet longer than the corresponding pipe in the great organ at Turlem. The mechanism is enclosed in a case twenty-four feet high, bellished with pilasters and paintings of Apollo, Clio, and Erato. The Apollonicon was first exhibited at the inventors' house, 101 St. Martin's Lane, in June 1817.

APOTHECARIES' HALL,

Water Lane, Blackfriars, at the east end of Union Street, Bridgeeet, was built for the Company of Apothecaries, in 1670. Here are eral portraits, including James I., Charles L, William and Mary, da bust of Gideon Delaune, who brought about the separation of Company from the Grocers'. Adjoining the Hall are laboratories, arehouses, drug-mills, and a retail shop for the sale of medicines to public. Here are prepared medicines for the army and navy. On June 4, 1842, Mr. H. Hennell, the principal Chemical Operator the Apothecaries' Company, met a terrific death in the laboratoryrd, by the explosion of between five and six pounds of fulminating rcury, which he was manufacturing for the East India Company. The Apothecaries rank as the 58th in the list of City companies. heir arms are azure, Apollo in his glory, holding in his left hand a bow, and in his right an arrow, bestriding the serpent Python; supporters, two icorns; crest, a rhinoceros, all or; motto, Opiferque per orbem dicor.

ARCADES.

Only a few of these covered passages (series of arches on insulated ers,) have been constructed in London; although Paris contains upards of twenty passages or galleries of similar design.

BURLINGTON ARCADE, on the west side of Burlington House, and ading from Piccadilly to Burlington Gardens, was built by Samuel Ware, in 1819. It consists of a double row of shops, with apartments ever them, a roof of skylights, and a triple arch at each end; it is about 10 yards long, and the shops, seventy-two in number, produce to the oble family of Cavendish 4000l. a-year; though the property, by subJetting and otherwise, is stated to yield 86407. a-year.

EXETER CHANGE (the second building of the name, but on a different site from the first,) is on the estate of the Marquis of Exeter, and rans obliquely from Catherine-street to Wellington-street North, Strand. It was designed by Sydney Smirke; and consists of a polygonal compartent at each extremity, the intermediate passage being about twelve feet width, by sixty in length, and twenty in height, coved and groined, and lighted from above, and containing ten neat shops, with dwellings ever. The cove, fascia, piers, &c., have polychromic arabesque decorations; at each entrance to the Arcade is an imitation bronze gate; and the fronts in Catherine-street and Wellington-street are of fine red brick, with stone dressings, in the style of the street architecture of the reign of James I.

LOWTHER ARCADE (named from Lord Lowther, Chief Commissioner of the Woods and Forests when it was built,) leads from the triangle of the West Strand to Adelaide-street, north of St. "Martin's Church. It was designed by Witherden Young, and far surpasses the Burlington Arcade in architectural character: the ceiling vista of small pendentive domes is very beautiful, and the caducei in the angles are well executed. The length is 245 feet, breadth 20 feet, and height 35 feet. The sides consist of twenty-five dwellings and shops, principally kept by dealers in foreign goods, who, by mutaal consent, hold in the avenue a sort of fair for German and French

C

toys, cheap glass, and jewellery, &c. At the north end of the Arcade the Adelaide Gallery, where Mr. Jacob Perkins exhibited his Steam Gun; and a living Electrical Eel was shewn from August, 1838, to March 14, 1843, when it died; and in 1832 was formed here a Society for the Exhibition of Models of Inventions, &c. The rooms were subsequently let for concerts, dancing, &c.

THE PIAZZA OR ARCADE OF COVENT GARDEN was designed about 1631, for Francis Earl of Bedford; but only the north and east sides were built, and half of the latter was destroyed by fire about the middle of the last century. The northern was called the Great Piazza, the eastern side, the Little Piazza: Inigo Jones probably took his idea from an Italian city, Bologna, for instance. "The proportions of the arcades and piers, crossed with elliptical and semi-circular arches into groins, are exquisitely beautiful, and are masterpieces of architecture.” (Elmes.)

The elevation was originally built with stone pilasters on red brick, which have been for many years covered with compo' and white paint. Properly speaking, the term Piazza (place, Ital.) is only applicable to the enclosed area or square, the covered portion being strictly an Arcade.

The Arcade in the rear of Her Majesty's Theatre has no architectural pretension; but the Arcade in the front of this theatre is a good specimen of Italian architecture, by Nash; and the colonnades of fluted Doric columns in the centre and sides are of iron, cast at the Butterley Foundry, Derbyshire, and worth notice.

ARCHEOLOGICAL SOCIETIES.

There are two Societies to aid the study of the Arts and Monuments of the Middle Ages: 1. The British Archæological Association, established 1843 (apartments, 32, Sackville-street, Piccadilly). 2. Archæological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, established 1843 (apartments, 26, Suffolk Street, Haymarket). Each Society holds weekly or monthly meetings; publishes its Journal; has local secretaries; and meets annually in a different cathedral town, where a Museum of Antiquities is exhibited, and whence excursions are made to sites of archæological interest in the neighbourhood. Subscription to each Society, one guinea a-year.

ARCHES.

London differs essentially from many other European capitals in the paucity of its Arches, or ornamental gateways. It has only three grand triumphal Arches; whereas Paris, not half the size of our metropolis, bas four magnificent Arches, and the principal entrances are graced with trophied gateways and storied columns. The last erected of the Parisian arches is the Arc de l'Etoile, without exception, the most gigantic work of its kind either in ancient or modern times; within its centre arch would stand eight such structures as Temple Bar, that is, four in depth, and as many above them: it cost 416,6667.

BUCKINGHAM-PALACE ARCH, St. James's Park, reserved for the especial entrance of the Sovereign and the Royal Family, was the largest work of mere ornament ever attempted in Great Britain. It was adopted by Nash from the arch of Constantine at Rome, and has a centre gateway and two side openings; the larger archway, as first designed, was not sufficiently wide to admit the royal statecoach; fortunately, the blunder was discovered in time to be remedied. The material is Carrara marble, which soon became discoloured by smoke and damp, so as to resemble in appearance dirty sugar. In each face are four Corinthian columus; the other sculpture being a keystone to the centre archway, and a pair of figures in the spandrils, a panel of figures over each side entrance, and wreaths at each end these are by Flaxman, Westmacott, and Rossi. The centre

gates, designed and cast by Samuel Parker of Argyll-street, are the largest and most superb in Europe, not excepting those of the Ducal Palace at Venice, and of the Louvre at Paris. They are of a beautiful alloy, the base refined copper, bronzed; design, scroll-work, with six circular openings, two filled with St. George and the Dragon, two with G. R., and above, two lions passant-gardant; height to the top of arch, 21 feet; width, 15 feet; extreme thickness, 3 inches; weight 5 tons 6 cwt.; cost, 3000 guineas, including a frieze and semicircle, to fill the archway, the most beautiful portion of the design, but irretrievably mutilated in removal from the foundry. This Arch was not included in the design for building the new front to the Palace.

up

THE GREEN PARK ARCH, at Hyde Park Corner, was built by Deeirmus Burton in 1828. It is Corinthian, and each face has six fluted pilasters, with two fluted columns, flanking the single archway, raised upon a lofty stylobate, and supporting a richly-decorated entablature, in which are sculptured alternately G. R. IV. and the imperial crown, within wreaths of laurel. The soffite of the arch is sculptured in sunk panels. The gates, by Bramah, are of massive iron scroll-work, bronzed, with the royal arms in a circular centre. Within the pier of the arch are porter's apartments, and stairs ascending to the platform, where, upon a vast slab, laid upon a brick arch, the colossal equestrian statue of the Duke of Wellington was placed Sept. 30, 1846. The height of the arch, its attic, and platform is about 90 feet; of the statue,

30 feet. (See STATUES.)

Opposite the above arch is the elegant entrance to Hyde Park, by three carriage archways and sides, in a screen of fluted Ionic columns, of 107 feet frontage, designed and built by Decimus Burton, in 1828. The blocking of the central archway has a beautiful frieze (Grecian naval and military triumphal processions), designed by the son of Mr. Henning, known for his successful models of the Elgin marbles. The gates, by Bramah, are a beautiful arrangement of the Grecian honeysuckle in bronzed iron; the hanging, by rings of gun-metal, is very ingenious.

Altogether, these two Park entrances, with St. George's Hospital north, and the Duke of Wellington's palatial mansion south, form the finest architectural group in the metropolis, and its most embellished entrance, Sir John Soane, however, proposed two triumphal arches, connected by a colonnade and arches, stretching across the main road a design of superb grandeur. (See TEMPLE BAR.)

ARGYLL ROOMS,

Regent Street, a large house purchased by Col. Greville, of sporting notoriety, and converted into a place of public entertainment, where balls, concerts, and masquerades were much patronised by the haut ton. In 1818, the Rooms were rebuilt in handsome style, by Nash, at the down in February, 1830, when Mr. Braithwaite first publicly applied north corner of Little Argyll Street, Regent Street: they were burnt nutes to raise the water in the boiler to 212°, when the engine threw team-power to the working of a fire-engine; it required eighteen miup from thirty to forty

At the Argyll Rooms, June 9, 1829, Signor Velluti, the contralto singer, gave a concert. In the same year, M. Chabert, "the Fire-King,' exhibited here his power of resisting the effects of poisons, and withstanding extreme heat. He swallowed 40 grains of phosphorus, sipped oil at 333 with impunity, and rubbed a red-hot shovel over his tongue, hair, and face unharmed. Sept. 23, on a challenge of 501., Chabert repeated these feats, and won the wager; he next swallowed a an oven heated to 380°, sang a song, and cooked two dishes of beef.

tons of water per hour to a height of ninety feet.

steaks! Still, the performances were suspected, and in part proved, to be a chemical juggle.

ARTESIAN WELLS

Have been bored in various parts of the metropolis, the London basin being thought well adapted for them; there being on it a thick lining of sand, and a deep bed of "London blue clay," on boring which the water rises to various heights. With this view the New River Company sunk a vast well at the foot of their reservoir in the Hampstead Road: the excavation was steined with brick, 12 ft. 6 in. in diameter, and then reduced and continued with iron cylinders, (like those of a telescope), to 183 feet. The expense was 12,4127.; but the supply of water was too inconsiderable for the purpose.

Artesian Wells are mostly formed by boring and driving pipes, varying from 6 to 10 inches or more in diameter; but many of these only enter the sand immediately below the clay, instead of obtaining the supply of water from the chalk. Thus, an Artesian Well sunk in Covent Garden for more than fourteen years failed to supply the ordinary wants of the Market; but having been deepened and carried ninety feet into the chalk, it yielded an abundant supply, and is constantly worked, without materially reducing the level of the water, or lowering it in neighbouring wells, as in cases where the chalk is not reached. It has been long known that Calvert's well, in the Thames-street Brewery, and Barclay's well at the Southwark Brewery, affect each other so mucheven though the Thames lies between them-that the two firms have agreed not to pump at the same time.

The following are the depths of a few of the Wells bored in London: Berkeley Square, 320 feet; Meux's Brewery, 180 feet; Reid and Co.'s, Liquorpond-street, 260 feet; Whitbread and Co.'s, Chiswellstreet, 160 feet; Combe and Co.'s, Castle-street, Long Acre, 190 feet; Covent Garden Market, 340 feet; Calvert and Co.'s, 240 feet; Barclay and Co.'s, 367 feet; Piccadilly (St. James's Church), 240 feet; Elliot's Brewery, Pimlico, 390 feet; Royal Mint, Tower Hill, 400 feet. The Trafalgar Square Wells, 300 feet and 400 feet deep, supply the two jets d'eau at the rate of 500 gallons a minute; and the Admiralty, Treasury, Houses of Parliament, &c., at the rate of 100 gallons a minute, for ten hours in the day, at an outlay of 90007., and an annual rental of 5001.

Dr. Buckland, the eminent geologist, states that, although there are from 250 to 300 so-called Artesian Wells in the metropolis, there is not one real Artesian Well within three miles of St. Paul's; such being a well that is always overflowing, either from its natural source or from an artificial tube; and when the overflowing ceases, it is no longer an Artesian Well. The wells which are now made by boring through the London clay are merely common wells. It has been said that a supply of water, if bored for, will rise of its own accord; but the water obtained for the fountains in Trafalgar Square does not rise within forty feet of the surface, and is pumped up by means of a steam-engine-the same water over and over again. Dr. Buckland maintains that the supply of water formerly obtained from the so-called Artesian Wells in London has been greatly diminished by the sinking of new wells; the more than 250 wells, one-half have broken down, and others are only kept in action at an enormous expense. The average depth at which water can be obtained from these defective wells is 60 feet below the Trinity House water-mark.

ARTILLERY COMPANY (ROYAL).

of

This Company originated in the body of volunteers known as the City Trained Band, raised in 1585, at the period of the menaced Spanish invasion; and within two years there were enrolled nearly 300 mer