gives instruction, enforces the law, suspends, if necessary, a teacher's license till the meeting of the board, grants temporary certificates, settles disputed elections, and makes an annual report. An annual meeting for the election of trustees is held in each district in January. There are three trustees, of whom one retires at the annual meeting, and no trustee may be a superintendent or teacher. The trustees appoint the place of and call the annual meeting, on ten days' notice. No uncertificated teacher can be engaged in a public school. All public schools must be conducted upon strictly non-sectarian principles, no religious dogma or creed being permitted to be taught. Judges, clergymen, members of the legislature, and others interested are visitors. The compulsory clause provides that trustees may make bylaws, with the sanction of the superintendent, for requiring the attendance, at some school, of children between the ages of 7 and 14 years, with certain limitations as to distance, etc. The act of 1874 provides for the establishment of public boarding-schools. Such schools are managed by three trustees, who are appointed by the governor and hold office during his pleasure; and these officers appoint the teachers. The teachers under the board are paid on the following scale: For an average attendance of from 10 to 20 pupils, $50 a month; from 20 to 30, $60; 30 to 40, $70; 40 to 50, $80. When the average exceeds 50, the school is entitled to an assistant. Teachers whose schools are far inland receive $10 a month more.

The estimated number of children of school age was, in 1874, about 2,240, of whom 1,245 attended school some portion of the year; this was an increase of 711 over 1872. In consequence of the exceeding sparseness of the population, the boarding system has been introduced; and one such school was, in 1875, in successful operation. The compulsory clause of the act did not work successfully, its enforcement being optional with the local authorities. The total expenditure for the public schools for the year was $35,287, of which $22,219 was paid for teachers' salaries. An additional sum of $6,657 was expended by the superintendent in supplying books and apparatus. There were 36 teachers in the service. The establishment of high schools at Victoria and New Westminster was advocated by Superintendent John Jessop in 1875. The rising city of Nanaimo has a school of a higher grade (St. Paul's School), in connection with the Episcopal church. It was originally established in 1862, but was closed in 1870, and re-opened September 1874. - See MARLING, Canada Educational Directory and Yearbook for 1876 (Toronto, 1876.)

BROOKLYN, capital of Kings county, New York, the third city, in population, in the United States. It is claimed for Brooklyn that, in common with New York, it has the honor of being the seat of the first free public schools within the present territory of the United States. Education received an early attention in the Puritan colonies of New England; but the pu

pils of their schools were burdened with a portion of the cost of instruction; while, in the Dutch colonies, tuition was entirely free. The first school-tax levied in Brooklyn (Breuckelen) amounted to 50 gilders, equal to about $20; and, in 1661, Carel de Beauvois, a recent emigrant from Holland, was appointed the first school-master, to take charge of the school, as well as to act as court-messenger, bell-ringer, grave-digger, and precentor (roorzanger). Other schools were established within the next few years. After the conquest of the New Netherlands by the English, in 1664, the free-school system was abolished; and for the next century and a half, the schools were supported only by their patrons. No addition to the number of schools appears to have been made until the commencement of the revolutionary period, when a fourth school was established, which was afterwards organized as Public School No. 4. Another school was established soon after the revolution. In all these schools, tuition was afforded in both English and Dutch down to 1800, and in the Bushwick and Gowanus school still later; for all the schools in Brooklyn up to this period were located in Dutch neighborhoods, and were almost exclusively under Dutch influence and patronage. As early as 1795, the legislature made an appropriation of $50,000, which was continued annually for five years, for the encouragement of the schools, and in 1805 established the common school fund. Of the privileges granted by these acts, Brooklyn did not avail herself till 1813, when the trustees of district No. 1, then the whole village, were elected. On May 6., 1816, Public School No. 1 was opened, the sum of $2,000 having been previously levied for its support upon the district, which then contained 552 children not attending private schools. This school was conducted upon the Lancasterian or monitorial system. Prior to 1843, the government of the schools in Brooklyn was vested in the trustees of each school district, of which at that time there were ten in the village of Brooklyn, and two in the town of Bushwick. In that year, the legislature passed an act empowering the common council to appoint two or more suitable persons to represent each of the school districts, who together with the mayor and county superintendent, should form the board of education of the city of Brooklyn. The appointment of three persons from some of the districts, with the addition of the mayor and the superintendent, made the board consist of 28 members. In 1850, the law was changed, fixing the number of members at 33, at least one to reside in each school district, and giving their exclusive election to the common council.

On the consolidation of the cities of Brooklyn and Williamsburg, by an act of the legislature passed April 17., 1854, the composition of the board was again changed. The law required the common council to appoint such additional members as the proportional increase of the inhabitants might demand. In pursuance of this provision, the number of members constituting

value of its grounds, buildings, etc. was $160,000, and its annual income from tuition fees was about $40,000. The institution is non-sectarian. For the early history of education in Brooklyn, see D. T. PRATI, Annals of Public Education in the state of New York (Albany, 1872); STILES, History of the City of Brooklyn (3 vols, N.Y., 1864—70.) BROWN, Goold, an eminent American grammarian, was born in Providence, R. I., in 1791, and died at Lynn, Mass., in 1857. He was a teacher for more than twenty years in the city of New York. His Institutes of English Grammar (N. Y., 1823), and First Lines of English Grammar (N. Y., 1823) have been more extensively used in the schools of this country than any other grammatical text-books. The edition of these works with Kiddle's Analysis of Sentences has still a very wide circulation. Goold Brown's Grammar of English Grammars (N. Y., 1851) is probably the most extensive and complete treatise on the subject ever published. This work contains a very valuable catalogue of works on English Grammar. See 10th edition with index, by SAMUEL W. BERRIAN (N. Y., 1871).

BROWN UNIVERSITY, at Providence, R. I. formerly called Rhode Island College, was founded in 1764, through the instrumentality of the association of Baptist churches at Philadelphia, and by the aid of certain prominent Baptists of Newport. A charter was obtained in 1764, one of the provisions of which was, "that into this liberal and catholic institution shall never be admitted any religious tests; but, on the contrary, all the members hereof shall forever enjoy full, free, absolute, and uninterrupted liberty of conscience; and that the public teaching shall, in general, respect the sciences, and that the sectarian differences of opinions shall not make any part of the public and classical instruction." Of the 12 members of the board of fellows, having the government of the college, 8, including the president, must be Baptists; and of the board of 36 trustees, 22 must be Baptists, 5 Friends, 4 Congregationalists, and 5 Episcopalians, representing the proportion of each denomination in the colony at the time of the charter. The first president of the college was the Rev. James Manning, D. D., who served till 1791. During this period, the seat of the college was fixed at Providence; and, during a part of the Revolutionary period, the operations of the institution were suspended, the college building being occupied by the state militia, and by the troops of Rochambeau. The Rev. Jonathan Maxey, D. D., was the second president, who served from 1791 to 1802, when he resigned, and was succeeded by the Rev. Asa Messer, D. D., who held the position till 1826. During his incumbency, in 1804, the name of the institution was changed to Brown University, in honor of Nicholas Brown, from whom it had received the most munificent donations. Dr. Messer was succeeded in 1827 by the Rev. Francis Wayland, D.D., LL. D., who resigned in 1855, and was followed by the Rev. Barnas Sears, D. D., LL. D.,

who served till 1867, and was succeeded by the Rev. Alexis Caswell, D. D., LL. D. In January, 1872, he was succeeded by the present incumbent, the Rev. E. G. Robinson, D. D., LL. D. The institution has five college buildings and a mansion for the president. Its situation is commanding and salubrious, the inclosed college grounds covering a space of 16 acres. The value of its grounds, buildings, and apparatus is estimated at $1,500,000; the amount of its productive funds, including scholarships, is stated (1876) as $662,555. The average amount of scholarship funds exceeds $50,000.

In addition to the classical and scientific courses, there have been established departments of practical science, including (1) chemistry, applied to the arts. (2) civil engineering, and (3) agriculture. This is for the benefit of students who wish to prepare themselves for such pursuits as especially require the knowledge of the mathematical and physical sciences, and their applications to the industrial arts. There are two parallel courses of instruction for the degree of bachelorof arts, and of philosophy, each extending through a period of three years. The one is largely composed of classical studies, the other substitutes for them a larger amount of scientific studies. Arrangements are made by which students have daily exercises in the gymnasium. The university library contains 45,000 volumes, the greater part of which has been collected within the last thirty years. It is especially rich in civil and ecclesiastical history, antiquities, bibliography, and patristics. Through means supplied by the munificence of John Carter Brown, a fire-proof building for the library is in process of construction, with accomodation for 150,000 volumes. There is also a valuable museum of natural history, containing about 35,000 specimens.

The corps of instruction includes 17 professors and other instructors; and the whole number of students in the university, in 1875-6, was 255. The cost of tuition is $15 per annum. Among the various forms of aid offered to students, there are about 100 scholarships. There are 58 scholar ships of $1000 each, the income of which is given, under the direction of a committee appointed by the corporation, to meritorious students needing pecuniary aid.

BUCHTEL COLLEGE, at Akron, Ohio, was founded, in 1872, by the Universalists, in order to afford to students of both sexes equal opportunities for a thorough practical and liberal education. The full curriculum embraces a complete college course of four years, a thorough philosophical course of two years, a normal course, and a preparatory course. The corps of instructors, in 1874, included 15 professors and other instructors; and the whole number of students was 212, of whom 112 were in the collegiate department. The value of the college grounds, buildings, and apparatus is estimated at $250,000, and its productive fund amounts to about $25,000. The Rev. S. H. McCollester, A. M., is (1876) the president of the institution. The annual tuition fee is $30.

BUFFALO, a large and flourishing city in western New York, having a population, according to the state census of 1875, of 134,573. Educational History. The first school-district embraced the village of Buffalo, in which the first school-house was built in 1806. The first school tax appears to have been levied in 1818, for the purpose, probably, of rebuilding the school-house, burned, with the rest of the village, in 1813. In 1822, Millard Fillmore taught the village school. At the time of the incorporation of the city (1832), there were 6 districts, each having one small school-house and one teacher. In 1836-7, a law was passed authorizing the appointment by the common council of a superintendent; from which event dates the beginning of the school system. In 1838, the 7 school-districts were divided into 15, and a resolution was adopted to establish a common school in each, with departments according to its needs and numbers, and a "Central School, where all the higher branches necessary to a complete English education could be pursued;" and, in all these schools, education was to be entirely free. In 1839, five new and commodious school-houses were built. In 1853-4, important changes were made in the city charter, by which, and by ordinances of the city council in pursuance of the same, the system received its present organization. In 1873, Superintendent Larned endeavored to secure the passage of a law creating a board of education, to have the management of the schools; but the measure met with but little popular favor, and did not prevail.-The city superintendents have been as follows: Under election for one year by the common council, R. W. Haskins, N. P. Sprague, and O. G. Steele, successively, during 1837; Oliver G. Steele, 1838, -39, 45, and -51; Daniel Bowen, 1840, -46, and 49; Silas Kingsley, 1841; Samuel Caldwell, 1842 and -43; Elias S. Hawley, 1844, -47, and -48; Henry K. Viele, 1850; Victor M. Rice, -52 and -53; under the new law, electing for two years, Ephraim F. Cook, 1854-5 and 1856 -7; Joseph Warren, 1858-9; Sandford B. Hunt, 1860-61; John B. Sackett, 1862-3; Henry D. Garvin, 1864-5; John S. Fosdick, 1866-7; Samuel Slade, 1868-9; Thomas Lothrop, 1870-71; Josephus N. Larned, 1872-3; William S. Rice, 1874-5, and re-elected for the term which expires Dec. 31., 1877.

School System.-By the charter of 1853-4, the schools are under the control of the common council, and are free to all persons between the ages of 5 and 20 years. Colored children are admitted to any of the schools, but one colored school must be maintained. The cost of sites and school-houses must be assessed on the property of school - districts; but all other expenses are paid out of the general fund or by tax. The Central High School is entitled to share in all appropriations to academies; and the districts participate in the apportionment to public schools. The superintendent of education is elected on general city ticket for two years. He is the chief executive officer of the depart

Of the 42 principals employed, 33 are males, with salaries ranging from $550 to $1,450; and 9 are females, with salaries ranging from $550 to $800. The salaries of assistants range from $400 to $650. The amount paid for salaries is $275,000.

In the Central School, the courses of study are a shorter English course, requiring two years, and an English and a classical course, each requiring three years. The Regent's examination in full admits to the two regular courses. In 1876, there were in attendance 159 boys and 220 girls; and the number of teachers was 14, the amount of whose salaries was $15,750. The state normal school at Buffalo was opened in 1871. The common council appropriated $45,000, and the supervisors of the county, an equal sum, for the erection of a building, on a site comprising 5 acres, given for the purpose by Jesse Ketchum, for the nominal sum of $4,500. Pupils are admitted, at 16 years of age, on the recommendation of the local school officers, and after passing an examination in the common English branches.

Parochial Schools.-There are 15 parochial schools for instruction in common branches, in connection with the Roman Catholic Church, 2 colleges, and several convent and Sisters' schools. In the first, during the year ending Dec. 31., 1876, there were 7,976 pupils, taught by 98 teachers. Canisius College is conducted by Jesuit Fathers, assisted by lay teachers; in 1876, it had 146 students. St. Joseph's College is under the charge of Christian Brothers, with 300 pupils.

Private Schools.-The Buffalo Female Academy was organized in 1851. It is under the control of a board of trustees, and has a collegiate department, academic departments, and a primary department. Other schools are, the Heathcote school for boys, and the Buffalo Classical School, the latter a school of long standing. Besides these, there are numerous other schools, Catholic and Protestant, both for boys and for girls.