days. And no temporary appointment, designation, or assignment shall be made otherwise than as so provided. except during a recess of the Senate. (R. S., §§ 177, 178, 179, 181.)

13. The President is authorized, during a recess of the Senate, to suspend any of the civil officers appointed by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, except judges of United States courts, until the end of the next session of the Senate, and to designate some suitable person, subject to be removed by the designation of another, to perform the duties of the suspended officer. Within thirty days after the commencement of each session of the Senate, except for any office which he deems should not be filled, the President is required to nominate persons to fill all vacancies existing at the meeting of the Senate, whether temporarily filled or not, and also in the place of officers suspended; and if the Senate refuse to advise and consent to an appointment in the place of any suspended officer, then the President is required to nominate another person as soon as practicable to the same session for the office. (R. S., § 1768.)

14. The President may, under certain circumstances, discharge poor debtors under imprisonment on execution for debt due the United States. (R. S., § 3472.)

15. He may regulate and increase the sums for which official bonds are given by customs officers, receivers and registers of the Land Office, and disbursing officers under the direction of the War and Navy Departments. (R. S., § 3639.)

16. He may, in case of war between the United States and any foreign Power, and after making proclamation, apprehend, restrain, secure, and remove alien enemies, and regulate the conduct to be observed by the United States towards such persons. (R. S., § 4067.)

17. He may employ United States armed vessels to suppress piracy and to protect the merchant marine of the United States from piratical aggressions, and he may also prescribe regulations to this end. (R. S., § 4293.)

18. He may employ the land and naval forces, or the militia, to compel the departure of any foreign vessel from the United States, when by the laws of nations or treaties with the United States such vessel should not remain, (R. S., § 5288.)

19. In case of insurrection in any State against the government thereof, the President, on application of the Legislature of such State, or of the Executive when the Legislature cannot be convened, is empowered to call forth such of the militia of any other State as he may deem sufficient to suppress such insurrection; or he may employ such portion of the land or naval force as he may think necessary for the purpose.

20. He may likewise call out the militia of any State or employ the land and naval forces to suppress rebellion against the United States, when the ordinary course of judicial proceedings is in his judgment impracticable. And he is invested by law with the power to originate and take rigorous measures, as specified, to this end. (R. S., §§ 5298, 5299, &c.)

21. He is authorized to employ any armed vessel of the United States to suppress the slave trade carried on by citi zens or residents of the United States in American vessels, and to make regulations and arrangements for the safekeeping, support, and delivery outside the United States of negroes, mulattoes, or persons of color captured from vessels so engaged. (R. S., §§ 5557, 5561, 5566, 5567, 5568, 5569.)

22. The foregoing are the more important, general, and specific powers and duties of the President as laid down in

CHAPTER II.

THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS GENERALLY.

24. Provision is made in the statutes of the United States for seven executive departments of the General Government, namely:

The Department of State.

The Department of War.

The Department of the Treasury.

The Post Office Department.

The Department of Justice.

The Department of the Navy.

The Department of the Interior.

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25. Each of these departments is directed in its tions by a head, who, upon any subject relating to the duties of his office, is constituted by the supreme law of the land an adviser of the President.

The functions and duties of these high executive officers are well defined by law, in general and special provisions. aiming to restrict their operations within proper and wellguarded limits, the better to promote the political and material interests of the people, and to afford security against usurpation and abuse of power.

26. Each is authorized to prescribe rules and regulations for the government of his department, the distribution and transaction of its business, and the custody, use, and preservation of the records and property appertaining to it. He is authorized to employ such a number of clerks of the several classes as is authorized by law, or as may be appropriated for by Congress. These clerks are classified by the Revised Statutes as clerks of the fourth, third, second, and

first classes. In addition to these, provision is made from time to time, according to the requirements of any department, for a limited number of temporary clerks. The number of those of the four classes named, which are understood to constitute the regular or permanent clerical force of the departments, is restricted or enlarged from year to year by the appropriation acts, in accordance with the demands of the public business or with the judgment of Congress.

27. It is required by law that no person shall be appointed in either of the classes named until he shall have been examined and found qualified by a board of three examiners, to consist of the head of the bureau in which the appointment is to be made and two clerks to be selected by the head of the appropriate department. (R. S., § 164.)

28. Each department has a disbursing clerk, (the Treasury one additional,) who is required to give bond for the faithful discharge of his duties, which consist, mainly, of the payment of salaries and the contingent expenses of the department. With the exception of those in the Treasury Department, each is required to superintend the buildings occupied by his department. (R. S., § 176.)

29. Besides these, the Revised Statutes provide for and create an officer for each department, and for some of the bureaus thereof, designated as chief clerk, with well-defined and important duties and functions. He is to supervise the duties of the other clerks in his department or bureau, and to see that they are faithfully performed. He is to take care, from time to time, that the duties of the other clerks are distributed with equality and uniformity, according to the nature of the case. He is to revise such distribution from time to time, for the purpose of correcting any tendency to undue accumulation or reduction of duties, whether