DCCXCIV.

The cargo cannot be retained on board the vessel under a pretence of fear of failure of payment of the freight; but there being just reasons for that want of confidence, the tribunal of commerce, at the instance of the captain, can authorize the detention of the effects which have been discharged, until the freight shall be paid.

DCCXCV.

Besides the cases which have been excepted in the preceding regula tions, the carrier is not obliged to sustain any diminution of the freights earned, according to the contract of affreightment.

DCCXCVI.

The primage ought to be satisfied in the same proportion which the freights shall be paid, and all the alterations and modifications which the freight shall be subjected to, shall be required, in each particular, concerning the primage.

DCCXCVII.

The cargo is especially bound (obligado,) for the security of the payment of the freight earned in its transportation.

DCCXCVIII.

One month having been completed after the consignee shall have received the cargo, the carrier has a right to demand that a portion of it which has been preserved, and which shall be necessary to cover the freight, shall be sold by judicial authority.

This act shall be verified, even when the consignee may have been decreed a bankrupt. This term of time being passed, the freight money due shall be considered as ranking in the class of ordinary credits, without any preference. The merchandises which may have passed to a third possessor, after eight days following its receipt shall have run out, shall cease to be subject to such a responsibility.

A. N.

Art. V. THE PRODUCTIVE INDUSTRY OF CONNECTICUT.

THE State of Connecticut, although limited in its territorial surface-occupying a space of only 4,764 square miles, and containing a population, during the last census of 1840, amounting to 309,948--is yet rich in the industry and morals of its people. It stretches out before the view, in its general aspect, no broad and fertile plains like those of the West, and but few navigable rivers running far into the interior. The general configu. ration of the land is comprised of hills, in which are imbedded primitive rocks, that sometimes crown their summits, alternated with sunny valleys, which yield but sparse returns to the labors of husbandry. Yet it possesses other advantages which afford scope to different kinds of enterprise than that which is connected with the cultivation of the soil. Its rocky hills pour down streams which propel the numerous manufacturing estab lishments that are scattered over its surface, and the particular portion which lies adjacent to the Atlantic contains a hardy people who have been long employed with success in the labors of the fishery; while the industrious perseverance, springing from their principles as well as their necessary requirements, has achieved the most valuable results in the various departments of inland mercantile traffic, as well as the trades. It is our

present design to exhibit, in a compendious form, the particular character and amount of Connecticut enterprise and industry.

In consequence of the want of an accurate knowledge of the actual amount of products connected with the various kinds of enterprise throughout the State, the General Assembly passed an act to obtain statistical information in relation to certain branches of industry, by which the assessors of each town were required to make return to the Secretary of State, of the facts as they existed on the first day of October, 1845, between the said first day of October and the first day of the next succeeding April; those facts being connected with the various products of the State at that period. The Secretary of State was, moreover, empowered and directed to prepare and print an abstract from the returns of the assessors, for the use of the succeeding legislature. According to those directions, an abstract was submitted to the legislature by the then Secretary of State, DANIEL P. TYLER, and from this abstract, embracing two hundred and forty-two octavo pages, and exhibiting the actual measure of the products of the State, we purpose to draw the materials for the present paper.

We before intimated, that, from the comparative barrenness and the primitive rocky nature of the soil, and its limited territorial extent, the enterprise of the people has been in a great measure directed to various kinds of manufactures. It will hardly be denied that peculiar advantages are afforded to this particular species of enterprise, in the extent of waterpower which is furnished by its numerous streams, and by its healthful skies, as well as by those principles of morality which cause occupation of some kind to be deemed a source of virtue as well as of respect. Accordingly it has happened that the interest of manufactures has gradually grown up in this State, so that it has now become not only one of its most prominent, if not the most important enterprise, of the State, and indeed the main source of its prosperity.

In considering the amount of the manufacturing interest in its various branches, we would commence with that which is connected with the production of cotton fabrics, as in this particular interest the greatest number of persons is employed, and the largest amount of capital has been invested. The prominence of this interest must be manifest to the casual observer, who may chance to journey through the interior of the State, in the numerous manufacturing villages which are scattered upon the water-falls, and in that aspect of general thrift and prosperity which has generally seemed to pervade the manufacturing establishments. Indeed, it seems difficult to determine what source of profitable and honorable occupation could have been provided for the industrious population of the interior, had this particular species of enterprise been excluded. But let us examine the actual amount of manufactured products of cotton, during the year ending the first of October, 1845, as it appears by the accurate official report which is before us.

It seems that there are existing in the State, 137 cotton mills, working up 13,319,170 pounds of cotton; that there are, in those establishments, 33,431,935 yards of cloth manufactured, to the value of $2,585,788; that there are 1,872,883 pounds of cotton yarn manufactured, to the value of $357,993; that there are 70,000 dozens of spools of cotton thread produced, to the value of $18,500; that there are 608,547 pounds of cotton batting made, to the value of $40,603; that there are 30,000 dozens of sheets of pelisse wadding manufactured, to the value of $8,400; and that there are

47,817 yards of cotton flannel manufactured, to the value of $12,042. The whole amount of the capital invested in the manufacture of cotton. throughout the State, is $3,312,450; there being employed therein, 2,312 males, and 3,050 females. Such are the statistics of the cotton interest in the State of Connecticut, at the present period.

Next in importance to the manufacture of cotton throughout the State, are those manufacturing establishments which here exist, for the production of woollen goods. It appears, from the same accurate source to which we have alluded, that there are now within the State, 123 woollen mills, with 192 sets of machinery, consuming 4,568,334 pounds of wool; that there are 208,394 yards of broad-cloth manufactured, to the value of $365,335; and that there are 787,313 yards of cassimeres manufactured, to the value of $607,870. There are 2,983,809 yards of satinet manufactured, to the value of $1,696,786; and 819,000 Kentucky jeans, to the value of $193,330. There are likewise 1,156,957 yards of flannels, blanketing and tweeds made, amounting in value to $298,476; and there are 118,777 pounds of woollen yarn produced, which is not made into wools, with a value of $33,710. The total amount of capital invested in woollen mills, throughout the State, is $1,786,640-employing 1,218 males, and 931 females. Having exhibited this statistical account of the manufacturing establishments connected with the production of cotton and woollen goods, constituting the prominent interests of the State, we now proceed to the consideration of its other products, in a more condensed form.

As connected with the production of cotton, there is likewise one calico factory, in which 2,000,000 yards of calico are annually printed; five establishments for the bleaching and coloring of cotton goods, where 7,903,000 yards of cloth and 75,000 pounds of yarn are bleached or colored, to the value of $618,000; six carpet factories, making annually 709,740 yards of carpeting; and six worsted factories, yielding in manufactured goods the annual value of $63,000. There is one hosiery factory, yielding 342,295 pairs of hosiery, and 2,074 pounds of yarn not made into hosiery, and employing a capital of $161,000. Linen is likewise produced in a very small quantity. But one of the most interesting and important branches of manufactures in the State, and one for which it was early distinguished, is that of silk. There are now existing within its bounds— and it is a fact which may surprise some of our readers-twelve silk factories, producing annually 12,000 yards of gimp and fringe, to the value of $1,200; 28,118 pounds of sewing silk, to the value of $172,182— employing a capital of $121,001, and furnishing occupation to 52 males and 220 females.

We now proceed to the consideration of the manufactures of iron. Although Connecticut does not, like the Middle States, possess extensive beds of coal and iron, constituting those natural advantages for this particular species of manufacture, which have made those States so distinguished in this respect, yet the manufactured products of this sort, which are made in the State, are considerable. Establishments here exist

where this useful mineral is melted from the ore into pigs, refined and rolled into bars, and cast or hammered into the various forms which are required for the numerous uses in which it is employed. There are five rolling, slitting, and nail mills in the State, yielding 4,586 tons of iron manufactured, and not made into nails, to the value of $442,061, and employing a capital of $234,000, and the number of 1,070 men. There

are also eighty-four forges, producing 3,586 tons of bar iron, andirons, chain cables, &c., to the value of $301,275, and employing a capital of $370,230; ten pig iron furnaces, yielding 8,500 tons of pig iron, to the value of $272,000, and involving a capital of $207,000; there are fiftysix iron foundries, yielding 5,273 tons of hollow-ware, &c., to the value of $476,450, and employing a capital of $382,639; forty-two machine factories, producing manufactures of that sort to the value of $363,860, and employing a capital of $196,380; six steam-engine and boiler factories, producing their manufactures to the amount of $16,700, and employing a capital of $7,000.

Besides these, are various establishments for the manufacture of hardware, comprised of ten scythe factories, annually making 127,632 scythes, to the value of $98,492; twenty-four axe factories, producing annually 220,590 axes, which are valued at $268,656; nine cutlery factories, yielding, in the value of the articles which they produce, the sum of $91,837; five factories for the manufacture of screws, producing 170,800 gross of those articles, to the value of $49,706; three establishments for the manufacture of butts and hinges, yielding 300,000 dozen of iron butts and hinges, to the value of $48,500; seven for the manufacture of latches and door handles, producing annually 40,100 dozen of latches and handles, which are valued at $169,500; seven for the manufacture of locks, yield. ing 56,200 dozen of locks, which are valued at $76,340; three for making tacks and brads, producing each year 190 tons of those articles, valued at $44,000; twenty-three factories for the manufacture of shovels, spades, forks, and hoes, producing an annual value of $29,468; forty factories for the manufacture of ploughs, where 12,453 ploughs are annually made, to the value of $50,435; and establishments for the manufacture of iron rail. ings, safes, &c., wherein those products are yielded to the annual value of $21,700.

Beside the manufactures of iron, there is one copper factory, yielding annually 1,200,000 pounds of copper, which is valued at $275,000; fortyeight brass foundries, kettle and wire factories, producing in their manufactures the value of $1,126,494; twenty-three establishments for the manufacture of Britannia ware, yielding those products to the annual value of $145,157; forty-two for the manufacture of buttons, in which 698,500 gross of metal buttons, and 888,266 gross of other buttons are produced, the former valued at $377,330, and the latter at $51,432; no els fac. tory, the annual value of whose products is $10,800; & laboratories, the annual value of whose chemical preparat

emical

89,550. within the

Paper is likewise made to a considerable extent, there b bounds of the State, thirty-seven paper factories, using annually 13,541 tons of stock, and making 3,286 tons, or 166,160 reams, which are valued at $1,186,302. There are, moreover, ten factories for the making of musical instruments, in which the annual amount of their products is $25,250; thirty-two clock factories, making annually 200,300 clocks, valued at $771,115; six for the manufacture of pins, in which 200,000 packs of pins are made each year, which are valued at $170,000; thirty-two shops for the manufacture of chronometers, watches, gold and silver ware, and jewelry, wherein those products are yielded to the annual amount of $206,770. There is also one brush factory, whose annual product is valued at $1,500.

The various articles required for ordinary and domestic use are likewise

manufactured by individuals throughout the State to a considerable extent. There are 139 saddle, harness, and trunk factories, the value of whose annual product is estimated at $547,990, and one where upholstery is annually made to the value of $2,623; 199 factories for the manufacture of hats and caps, where those are annually produced to the value of $915,806, and there are likewise here made 3,158 muffs, which are valued at $5,000; cordage to the annual value of $132,566, is here produced in thirteen factories devoted to this purpose; there is one card factory, which annually yields $12,000 worth of cards; one salt factory, where that product is yielded to the annual value of $15,000; 323 devoted to the manufacture of carriages and wagons, where those articles are annually made to the value of $1,222,091; four lead factories, producing this arti cle to the yearly value of $75,600; four establishments for the manufacture of sperm oil and candles, where those articles are yielded to the annual amount of 58,380 gallons of oil, valued at $39,900, and 34,885 pounds of sperm candles, valued at $8,608. 351,540 pounds of hard soap, and 3,756 pounds of soft soap, the annual value of both being estimated at $37,687, are produced in twenty-nine soap and tallow candle manufactories, which are devoted to this purpose. There are only three powder-mills in the State, producing 135,500 pounds of powder, which is valued at $15,125; seven manufactories of fire-arms, making 430 muskets, 4,045 rifles, and 14,000 pistols, the whole being valued at $155,825; 128 factories of chair and cabinet ware, producing a value of $318,201 yearly; 101 factories for the manufacture of tin, in which the value of $487,810 is yearly produced; thirty-seven comb factories, producing an annual value of $243,638; there are sixty tons of lead and other paints made, which are valued at $6,850; fifty tons of litharge, valued at $5,500; 1,832 tons of barytes, which are valued at $55,000; nine linseed oil mills, yielding annually 55,600 gallons of oil, which are valued at $39,120; one establishment for the manufacture of cotton gins, producing those articles annually to the value of $880; 114 flouring mills, manufacturing 63,730 barrels of flour each year, which are valued at $334,698; 187 tanneries, producing 535,036 tanned hides each year, the value of the leather which is manufactured, being $735,827. There are 360,379 pairs of boots annually manufactured within the State, and 6,800,372 pairs of shoes, the value of both being $1,741,920; 23,249,000 bricks, valued at $113,060; are also produced 26,162 straw hats, valued at $90,700; $6509 worth of braid; 124,849 palm leaf hats, which are valued at $22,471; $83,890 worth of snuff, tobacco, and cigars; $330,023 being the value of the building stone that is quarried, and $64,276 being the value of the marble, curb and flagging stone made.

Besides the articles which we have enumerated, there are manufactured throughout the State, 27,500 casks of lime, which are valued at $27,273; the value of the iron ore mined is $44,500; the value of the whips made, is $3,931; blacking is produced to the value of $3,570 yearly; the value of the blocks and pumps is $23,510; mechanics' tools to the value of $154,980 are likewise manufactured; 526,111 gross of hooks and eyes are made, which are valued at $111,600; there is the value of $59,304 in wooden ware also made; 112,421 corn and other brooms produced, which are valued at $14,093; and 700 gross of steel pens, valued at $700; lumber to the amount of 21,977,955 feet is produced, and 206,463 cords of fire-wood are prepared for market. Ship-building has, moreover,